铍铜合金断续切削过程切削参数对后刀面温度的影响

为了分析切削参数对刀具温度的影响,以期在加工过程中改善刀具磨损和提高加工质量。采用以断续车削代替铣削加工的仿铣削试验平台,选取热电偶法对断续切削过程中不同切削参数下的后刀面温度进行测量,通过正交试验和单因素试验研究了切削参数对刀具温度的影响。结果表明,在v=200m/min,f=0.15mm/r,a p=0.75mm时,刀具温度最低,切削速度v和进给速度f对刀具温度的影响高度显著,背吃刀量对刀具温度的影响并不显著。在铍铜合金断续切削过程中,刀具温度在v=500m/min出现峰值,随着进给量的增大,刀具温度呈减小趋势,在f=0.11mm/r出现突变的趋势,与后刀面上的热量生成、热源移动和分配等因素的影响密不可分。     

绿色切削SiCp／Al复合材料的刀具温度研究

采用嵌埋人工热电偶的方法,通过正交试验研究了干切削SiCp／Al复合材料时切削参数对刀具前、后刀面切削温度的影响。选定切削参数,实验研究了干式切削、压缩空气风冷、油液浇注和MQL等冷却方式对前、后刀面切削温度的影响。试验结果表明,对于车削SiCp／Al复合材料,后刀面温度高于前刀面温度,进给量对刀具温度影响最显著,MQL切削条件下刀具温度最低。     

钛合金铣削过程刀具前刀面磨损解析建模

钛合金Ti6Al4V作为典型的航空航天难加工材料,在其铣削过程中硬质合金刀具的磨损会降低加工过程稳定性,进而影响加工效率和已加工表面表面质量。刀具前刀面磨损会导致刀具刃口强度降低,并影响切屑的流向和折断情况。针对前刀面磨损机理进行分析并构建了月牙洼磨损深度预测模型。首先运用解析方法构建了前刀面应力场模型,得到切屑在前刀面滑动过程中的刀具前刀面应力分布情况及磨损位置。基于刀-屑接触关系的基础上建立了前刀面温度场模型。然后,基于所得刀具前刀面应力与温度分布,构建综合考虑磨粒磨损、粘结磨损与扩散磨损的铣刀月牙洼磨损深度预测模型,获得月牙洼磨损预测曲线;结合铣刀月牙洼磨损带沿切削刃方向分布的特点,建立了随时间变化的铣刀前刀面磨损体积预测模型。最后通过试验验证了切削宽度对前刀面磨损的影响规律,预测结果与试验测量值具有较好的吻合性。结果表明随着切削宽度的增加,月牙洼磨损深度及前刀面磨损体积都随之增加。研究结果为钛合金铣削用刀具的设计和切削参数的合理选择提供了理论基础。     

球头铣刀铣削模式与切削性能的计算机辅助预报

讨论并建立了球头铣刀切削几何参数数学模型和铣削过程中切削力、扭矩及切削功率计算机预报数学模型。分析了球头铣刀的铣削模式和铣削中刀具一工件的干涉过程。以车削斜角切削数据库为基础，实现了平面前刀面球头铣刀铣削性能的计算机预报，并通过数值模拟和切削实验对所建立的数学模型进行了验证。     

高速铣削高强度钢时涂层刀具磨损及对工件表面温度的影响

使用涂层硬质合金刀具对AF1410高强度钢进行长时间高速铣削试验,研究高速铣削高强度钢时的刀具磨损及其对已加工表面温度的影响。结果表明：CVD TiCrN+Al₂O₃+TiN涂层硬质合金刀具能够长时间对AF1410高强度钢进行稳定铣削,切削过程中,刀具磨损以后刀面的正常磨损为主,前刀面磨损量较小;工件已加工表面温度较低,随刀具磨损的增加而略有增加,刀具切出点温度的升高速率受到刀具磨损速率影响。     

钛合金TC4高速切削温度场数值仿真

利用专用有限元切削仿真软件,对钛合金TC4高速铣削温度场进行数值仿真。研究切削参数与刀具几何参数对刀具前、后刀面温度及其分布的影响规律。在设定的切削条件下,仿真结果表明:前刀面和后刀面随主轴转速、每齿进给量和径向切深的增加而有不同程度的温升,而轴向切深几乎不对切削温度产生影响;切削温度随刀具直径的增加而增加,但是随着刀具前、后角的增加,切削温度呈先增后减的趋势。     

涂层刀具硬态车削H13钢温度场模拟研究

基于有限元方法建立了H13钢硬态车削的仿真模型,应用Ti N、Ti C、Ti Al N、Al2O3涂层刀具对硬态切削H13钢在切削速度100-400m/min范围内的切削温度进行了模拟研究,重点分析了刀具前刀面上关键点的温度变化趋势及切削速度对该点温度的影响。仿真结果表明:涂层材料对切削温度产生一定影响,Ti C涂层刀具切削时温度最低;切削速度对切削温度有直接影响,切削速度越高,切削温度越高,越容易形成锯齿形切屑;刀具前刀面温度最高点出现在前刀面靠近刀尖的一点,即容易形成月牙洼磨损的位置。     

PCD刀具高速车削和铣削钛基复合材料的切削温度研究

使用聚晶金刚石刀具,在切削速度为15-150m/min范围内对体分比为0-10%的颗粒增强及颗粒/晶须混合增强钛基复合材料进行车削和铣削试验。分别采用自然热电偶和半自然夹丝热电偶法对车削和铣削时的切削热电势进行了测量,并用比较法快速标定系统对热电势进行了标定。结果表明:PCD刀具切削钛基复合材料时,切削温度随切削速度的增加而显著增加,切削速度从15m/min增大到150m/min时,切削温度从260℃增加到590℃。研究发现,刀具磨损对切削温度存在显著影响,磨损刀具(VB=0.1mm)比新刀的切削温度普遍高60-90℃。切削体分比为5%钛基复合材料时的温度高于其基体材料(钛合金TC4)的切削温度,但随增强相含量的进一步增大,切削温度反而略有降低(降低5%)。由于PCD刀具在较高速度下切削钛基复合材料时切削温度接近或超过PCD刀具在空气中的使用温度,切削过程中刀具会发生明显的化学磨损,从而在前刀面形成显著的月牙洼磨损形态。     

钛合金高速旋转超声椭圆振动侧铣削切屑特征和刀具磨损研究

难加工材料钛合金在采用传统铣削方式时,随着切削速度的增加,切削力和切削温度都迅速增加,使得切削条件恶化并加速刀具磨损,从而导致刀具过早失效。将超声椭圆振动加工技术引入到高速铣削中,进行了钛合金高速旋转超声椭圆振动侧铣削试验。从切屑特征以及刀具后刀面磨损两个方面研究了高速超声椭圆振动铣削参数匹配对钛合金加工的影响。首先基于高速超声椭圆振动铣削过程中刀具-工件的运动学特点推导出高速超声椭圆振动铣削加工参数与振动参数间的匹配关系,然后利用本实验室自行研制的超声椭圆振动铣削装置进行了不同参数匹配关系下的验证性切削试验。试验结果表明：合理的参数匹配使得超声椭圆振动铣削在高速条件下依然能够实现分离型断续切削加工。相比普通铣削加工,分离型的高速超声椭圆振动铣削能够获得更加微细的切屑,切削热能够被及时地带走;良好的切削条件使得刀具的后刀面磨损均匀而缓慢,从而延长刀具的使用寿命;高速超声椭圆振动铣削能够有效地提高生产效率。     

冷却方式对H13A硬质合金切削性能试验分析

在MAZARK车铣加工中心和高速铣床上选用切削速度150m/min和200m/min进行顺铣干/湿切削加工,采用H13A硬质合金刀具对TC4钛合金进行高速车铣和高速铣削加工试验。分别对比分析两种加工方式下冷却方式不同时的刀具磨损形态,结果表明:干切削时,无论正交车铣或高速铣削,刀具都是以粘结磨损为主;正交车铣干切削时,刀具表面有较多的切屑粘结物,易形成积屑瘤;切削液条件下,刀面粘结物相对减少,切屑粘走刀具材料,形成较多的粘结凹坑;铣削干切削时,粘结到刀面的切屑较正交车铣少,但切屑粘走刀具材料更为严重,前刀面出现较深的月牙洼,采用切削液时前刀面出现层状剥落。试验表明,当金属切除率一定时,正交车铣干切削金属切出总量最大,刀具寿命最长,湿切削加工时刀具寿命较短,切削液对刀具磨损形态和刀具寿命影响较大,可能与热交变应力和Co元素流失有关。试验结果表明,H13A刀具正交车铣钛合金干切削时切削性能较好。     

带卷屑槽刀具最大前角的数学模型与求解

由于现代数控刀具都设计有卷屑槽,从而使其前刀面不是平面,而是曲面。本文针对前刀面为圆柱面的一部分时,采用向量矩阵法建立最大前角计算的数学模型,应用该模型可以在给定条件下,计算曲面型前刀面车刀的最大前角和其它重要的几何参数。最后,给出了计算实例。     

Wear mechanism of the loose layer on the rake face of a new cemented carbide micro groove turning tool

The loose layer can appear on the rake face of a turning tool under certain cutting conditions and have an important influence on the rake face wear. In this paper, wear morphology and wear mechanism of loose layer on the rake face of the original turning tool and the new cemented carbide micro groove turning tool developed independently during the cutting process are studied, by the combination of theoretical analysis and cutting test. And the relationships between the diffusion wear and the adhesive wear of the loose layer on the rake face of the new micro groove turning tool are further analyzed and revealed. The research results show that the loose layer on the rake face of two turning tools is caused by the diffusion wear, which is formed by the brittleness-weakening of tool material in the region resulting from elements diffusion. Meanwhile, the wear degree of the rake face of tools is aggravated by the mutual promotion of diffusion wear and adhesive wear. In the normal wear stage, the degree of looseness and brittleness of the rake face of the original turning tool is greater than the one of the micro groove turning tool. In the severe wear stage, cobalt elements in the rake face of the two turning tools are dissolved and diffused in varying degrees, which further aggravates the brittle-weakening of materials in the region. But the degree of loose brittleness of the rake face of the original turning tool is still greater than the one of the micro groove turning tool. It can be concluded that the micro groove on the rake face of the new turning tool can improve the rake face wear to a certain extent.     

基于铣削力精确建模的工件表面让刀误差预测分析

航空航天制造业结构件的高速铣削加工中,在切削力作用下由整体铣削刀具挠度变形所引起的工件表面让刀误差,严重制约零件的加工精度和效率。针对这一问题,通过建立铣削力精确预测模型,结合刀具刚度特点,对工件让刀误差进行预测分析。将切削速度和刀具前角对切削力的影响规律引入二维直角单位切削力预测模型,并通过试验进行相关系数标定。借助等效前角将直角切削力预测系数应用到斜角切削力的预测,通过矢量叠加构建整体刀具三维切削力模型。分析刀具挠度变形对铣削层厚度及铣削接触中心角范围影响规律。基于离散化的刀具模型和切削力模型,建立铣削载荷条件下刀具等效直径悬臂梁模型弯曲变形计算方法。构建以刀具变形对铣削过程影响作用规律为反馈的刚性工件表面让刀误差及切削力柔性预测模型,通过整体铣刀铣削试验验证所建立理论模型的预测精度。     

A FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF BURR FORMATION IN FACE MILLING OF A CAST ALUMINUM ALLOY

The research discussed in this article focuses on the effects of tool geometry (i.e., rake angle and cutting edge radius) and flank wear upon burr formation in face milling of a cast aluminum alloy. As to tool edge preparation, the use of a tool with variable cutting edge radius was investigated using FEM, and compared for its cutting performance (i.e., burr reduction and tool life) with a conventional tool with uniform cutting edge radius. In order to evaluate 3D face milling through 2D orthogonal cutting simulations, the cross-sections that consist in the cutting speed direction and chip flow direction were selected at different locations along the tool rounded corner. At these cross-sections, the local value of cutting edge radius and their associated tool rake angles as well as the effective uncut chip thickness were determined for 2D cutting simulations. In addition, 3D face milling simulations were conducted to investigate more realistic chip flow and burr generation. Comparisons were made for burrs produced from 3D simulations with a sharp tool, 3D simulations with a worn tool and face milling experiments. Finally, recommendations for cutting tool design are made to reduce burr formation in face milling.     

On the contribution of primary deformation zone-generated chip temperature to heat partition in machining

In machining, the percentage of heat flux that enters the cutting tool can have a critical impact on tool wear especially in dry cutting or high speed machining. In previous work, heat partition was evaluated by iteratively reducing the secondary deformation zone heat flux to the tool until the finite element simulated temperatures matched the experimental measured rake face temperatures. This follow-on work quantifies the contribution of primary zone heat flux to heat partition in machining. In this study, an analytical model was used to evaluate the rise in chip temperature due to primary deformation zone heat source. The heat partition and thermal modelling on the rake face was then conducted with an appropriate initial rake face temperature. Thus primary zone heat loads and shear-force-derived secondary zone heat flux were applied in finite element transient heat transfer analysis to evaluate heat flux into the cutting tool. External dry turning of AISI/SAE 4140 with tungsten carbide-based multilayer TiCN/Al₂O₃-coated tools was conducted for a wide range of cutting speeds between 314 and 879 m/min. Results further support the dominance of secondary zone heat flux on heat partition. The contribution of primary zone heat generation to the cutting tool heat flux in machining was less than 9.5 %. These findings suggest that, to address the thermal problem in machining, research and development should also focus on reducing friction on the rake face (e.g. coating innovations) and reducing contact areas (e.g. rake face design) in addition to the modification of shear angle and hence primary zone heat intensity.     

Prediction of cutting temperature distributions on rake face of coated cutting tools

Coated cutting tools have been widely employed in metal cutting operations owing to its excellent abrasion resistance and heat transfer performances. Rake face temperature is the primary factor that determines the temperature distribution in the cutting tool body. Based on the heat source theory, a new prediction model is proposed in this paper to forecast the temperature distribution on the rake face. Infrared image is used to develop a new turning experimental apparatus to measure the rake face temperature of coated tool during the cutting process. Rake face temperature measurement results are used to verify the proposed model prediction results of temperature distribution. Several cutting tests are carried out with monolayer coated tools in the machining of H13 hardened steel. The rake face temperature in monolayer coated tool for machining H13 shows an increase trend as the cutting speed increases. The influence parameters including thermo-physical properties and tool/workpiece frictional coefficient of coating material on temperature distribution in coated tools are discussed and illustrated. The research results presented in this paper can help to access the potential of coated tools used in the hardened steel machining.     

三维复杂槽型铣刀片切削温度与粘接破损研究

通过对难加工材料3Cr1Mo1/4V钢面铣加工的试验研究得出，在相同的切削条件下，波形刃铣刀片和大前角铣刀片的切削温度明显低于平前刀面铣刀片，抗粘结破损的能力较高：并证明切削速度越低、进给量越大，刀具的粘接破损越严重，最后给出了切削温度与前刀面最大粘结破损深度之间的重化关系，定性分析了切削温度对刀具粘结破损的影响规律。     

Tool Wear Prediction and Surface Improvement in Vibration Cutting

Prolongation of tool life in metal cutting is an effective factor to produce lower cutting forces and better machined surfaces. In this study, the influence of ultrasonic vibration is analyzed using experimental and numerical methods. Accordingly, turning tests are carried out on an AISI 4140 steel bar in two types of machining: conventional and ultrasonic-assisted turning. After verification of the developed model, tool wear results are discussed with respect to analysis of heat and stress distributed on tool faces. Finally, it was revealed that periodic movement of the cutting tool in vibratory turning resulted in reduced contact time, resulting in lower heat conduction from the deformed chip to tool rake face. As a result, lower wear has been propagated on tool faces compared to a tool worn in conventional turning. In addition, the effect of cutting parameters on surface roughness is investigated by measurement and 3D analysis of surface topography.