无人直升机云台控制系统的设计与实现

针对小型无人机的航拍应用,设计了一种基于ARM的机载云台控制系统,实现了通过地面PC的键盘操作来远程控制云台姿态和摄像机参数.根据地面接收到的实时图像信息,手动给定云台的期望偏转角度;利用电位传感器采集云台的实际角度数据作反馈,然后依据控制算法驱动云台及时调整摄像机,使得摄像机始终能拍摄到目标对象;同时通过地面监控软件,可以实时观察机载云台的状态信息.该设计已在某小型无人机上成功应用,并且达到了不错的控制与拍摄效果.     

基于云台摄像机的自适应无人机跟踪系统

针对当前光电跟踪系统作用距离短、目标跟踪易丢失、视频图像抖动等问题,设计了一种适用于远近距离目标稳定跟踪的系统.首先利用云台摄像机连续采集图像;其次图像处理模块预测目标图像区域进行目标检测;然后利用目标大小进行镜头的变倍变焦自适应控制;最后将视场划分三个区域,根据连续时间目标偏移中心趋势及所在区域位置逐步控制云台的速度和方向,使目标保持在图像中心附近,实现自动实时跟踪.测试表明,在能见度大于10 km的条件下,系统对轴距0.3 m的无人机(UAV)跟踪距离可达3 km,角度跟踪误差低于0.35°,平均单次检测时间小于20 ms.该系统实现了对空中无人机全方位、远近距离的实时稳定跟踪.     

基于视觉目标跟踪的PTZ控制方法

针对目前基于主动视觉的PTZ摄像机控制跟踪性能差,无法连续、实时跟踪动态目标,且跟踪目标的准确度低下等缺陷,提出了一种基于核相关视觉目标跟踪算法的云台摄像机控制方法。首先设计了云台摄像机系统的整体架构。视觉目标跟踪采用核相关目标跟踪方法,时效性很高,跟踪精确度也位列于目标跟踪领域的高等水平。根据跟踪结果信息,通过PELCO-D协议控制PTZ摄像机,始终保持目标在视频画面内。并用C++实现了KCF算法控制PTZ摄像机上位机,实验验证了该种PTZ控制方法的准确性、适用性及稳定性。     

基于移动机器人机载视觉云台的有限时间目标跟踪控制

研究面向移动目标的移动机器人机载视觉云台跟踪控制系统.首先,对视觉云台跟踪控制系统进行数学建模;然后,为提高移动目标的跟踪快速性和精度,基于有限时间控制技术提出一种新的有限时间视觉跟踪控制算法.严格的理论分析证明即使系统存在外部干扰也可以在有限时间内跟踪上目标,即通过控制云台转动能够保持在机器人运动过程中移动目标始终在相机视觉中心.仿真结果表明,所提出的有限时间控制算法可以实现移动目标的有限时间跟踪.     

移动机器人自适应视觉伺服镇定控制

对有单目视觉的移动机器人系统,提出了一种自适应视觉伺服镇定控制算法;在缺乏深度信息传感器并且摄像机外参数未知的情况下,该算法利用视觉反馈实现了移动机器人位置和姿态的渐近稳定.由于机器人坐标系与摄像机坐标系之间的平移外参数(手眼参数)是未知的,本文利用静态特征点的位姿变化特性,建立移动机器人在摄像机坐标系下的运动学模型.然后,利用单应矩阵分解的方法得到了可测的角度误差信号,并结合2维图像误差信号,通过一组坐标变换,得到了系统的开环误差方程.在此基础之上,基于Lyapunov稳定性理论设计了一种自适应镇定控制算法.理论分析、仿真与实验结果均证明了本文所设计的单目视觉控制器在摄像机外参数未知的情况下,可以使移动机器人渐近稳定到期望的位姿.     

动态云台摄像机无人机检测与跟踪算法

为应对小型无人机的黑飞、滥飞对个人隐私、公共安全造成的威胁,本文采用高清云台摄像机定点巡航的方式对近地动态复杂背景中的无人机进行检测与跟踪,并提出了一种适用于动态云台摄像机的闭环无人机检测与跟踪算法,包含检测与跟踪两种模式。在检测模式下,本文设计了一种基于运动背景补偿的运动目标检测算法来提取分类候选区域,然后利用基于神经网络结构搜索得到的轻量级卷积神经网络对候选区域进行分类识别,可在不缩小高清视频图像的条件下实现无人机检测;在跟踪模式下,本文提出了一种结合卡尔曼滤波的局部搜索区域重定位策略改进了核相关滤波跟踪算法,使之在高清云台伺服追踪过程中仍能对目标进行快速稳定的跟踪;为将检测模式与跟踪模式结合在闭环框架中,本文还提出了一种基于检测概率和跟踪响应图状态的自适应检测与跟踪切换机制。实验表明,本文算法可应用于定点巡航状态的高清云台摄像机,实现近地复杂动态背景中无人机的实时准确检测、识别与快速跟踪。     

高速球形摄像机PTZ跟踪策略设计及实现

针对智能监控中基于高速球形摄像机的PTZ跟踪功能模块,设计了一种PTZ跟踪控制策略。该策略在球机机械参数未知的情况下,一方面能控制球机实时地跟踪目标使目标始终处于视野中央,另一方面可自动进行变倍动作来放大拍摄目标的局部细节。针对球机Zoom控制中跟踪窗口大小自适应调整的问题,利用SIFT算法设计了一种计算球机变倍率的方法。利用VS2005和OpenCV软件平台实现了PTZ跟踪的整体流程。实验表明,该策略能有效、稳定地进行PTZ跟踪。     

一种无人机自主着陆视觉跟踪方法

视觉导航是利用图像信息进行飞机定位的,在无人机着陆过程中,为使机载传感器能始终追踪到机场跑道,提出了一种基于摄像机姿态与变焦控制的视觉跟踪方法;该方法通过调节摄像机姿态来追踪目标特征点,使目标特征点尽量位于成像平面的中心,然后根据无人机与机场跑道的距离,适时的调节焦距,以保证图像特征点完全位于图像平面内;实验结果表明,该法能很好地控制摄像机姿态角,使目标特征点位于图像中心附近,达到很好的跟踪效果;且该法操作简单,不需要增加图像处理的难度,实时响应速度快,可以满足工程需要。     

基于CamShift的跟踪系统的设计

介绍了一套目标跟踪系统.上位机采用基于CamShih算法,利用目标的颜色直方图模型得到每帧图像的颜色投影图,并根据上一帧得到的结果自适应调整搜索窗口的位置和大小,得到当前图像中目标的尺寸和中心位置,然后计算中心位置距离图像中心的偏移量;下位机是利用DSP设计的一套运动控制系统,由自主研发的DSP型伺服放大器、直流伺服电机和云台、伺服驱动单元组成,能够根据运动偏差控制云台跟踪运动目标的移动.实验证明:本系统可以较好地实现简单背景下物体的跟踪.     

基于FPGA的高帧频图像跟踪系统设计

针对高速运动的导弹末端制导、弹道实验或机载武器姿态跟踪中目标图像模糊及跟踪精度较低的问题,给出一套基于CMOS高帧频图像传感器与FPGA的高速图像跟踪系统。在FPGA中采用流水线方式,设计了的图像采集模块、乒乓高速缓存模块、图像处理及跟踪控制模块,采用动态阈值分割法获取目标,计算出目标形心偏移图像视场中央的偏移量,依据二维视场的偏移量控制云台跟踪目标。实验结果表明,该系统能够有效获得高帧频图像传感器数据,数据读出速率可达80Mb/S,提高了系统跟踪精度。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.