Ru/Al2O3催化剂表面分形分析

利用静态氮吸附仪在-196.15 ℃液氮气氛中,测定Ru/Al2O3催化剂的比表面积以及孔结构参数,研究了催化剂的孔容-孔径分布和吸附-脱附等温线。基于FHH多层吸附模型,利用全吸附数据计算出Ru/Al2O3催化剂的表面分形维数。结果表明,3种Ru/Al2O3催化剂的表面分形维数均约2.4,分形维数与比表面积和总孔体积无直接关联。     

粉煤灰-水泥浆体的孔体积分形维数及其与孔结构和强度的关系

采用压汞法对不同龄期粉煤灰-水泥浆体的孔分形结构进行了实验研究，测定了复合浆体孔体积分形维数，探讨了孔体积分形维数与孔隙率，孔表面积、平均孔径、孔分布及宏观力学性能的关系。实验结果表明：粉煤灰-水泥浆体的孔结构具有明显的分形特征，孔体积分形维数在3．3～3．5之间；孔体积分形维数越大，浆体的孔径越小、孔隙率越低，孔表面积越大，小于20nm的微孔越多，大于100nm的大孔越少，而且复合体系的抗压及抗折强度也越高。     

淮南煤焦颗粒内部孔隙结构在燃烧过程中的变化

用氮气等温吸附/脱附（77 K）方法测量了淮南低变质煤及其在850℃条件下燃烧得到半焦的内部孔隙结构.通过分析得到有关煤焦颗粒内部孔隙结构的参数及其与燃尽率之间的关系.由吸附/脱附曲线判断煤焦孔洞的形状呈多样性.结合吸附理论,认为分形BET和分形Freundlich方程回归得到的分形维数分别表征颗粒内部大中孔表面分形维数和微孔体积分形维数.发现在燃烧过程中煤焦的表面分形维数及体积分形维数具有不同的变化趋势.     

用氮气吸附法研究二甲醚催化剂表面分形维数

在77K下对四种二甲醚催化剂进行N2吸附—脱附等温线测定,得到了催化剂的孔结构参数,研究了其孔径分布、比表面积、等温线形态变化,并利用等温吸附数据计算其分形维数。结果表明,四种催化剂分形维数在2～3之间,将催化剂颗粒机械成型得到的片剂都具有分形特性,但其分形维数与比表面积和孔容积没有直接联系。     

中孔纯硅分子筛的表面分形结构表征

采用计盒维数方法对中孔纯硅分子筛的结构进行了分形研究.结果表明:所研究的多孔分子筛结构存在分形现象.根据计算,室温晶化(25℃)和水热晶化(125℃)工艺所得到的产物分形维数分别为2.56和2.61,高于典型活性炭的分形维数2.21;而且3个样品的分形维数与其BET低温氮吸附法测试的比表面积变化趋势一致.因此,对多孔材料表面进行分形表征可与其表面性质相联系.     

生物质焦分形维数计算

采用压汞法的实验数据,计算两种分形模型下生物质焦样的分形维数。其中根据Menger海绵模型计算得到的分形维数Dm的值在2．7～3．1之间,基于热力学关系的分形模型计算得到的分形维数Dr的值在2．7～2．9之间。分析认为第二种模型更好的描述了焦样的孔隙结构,Dr的值比Dm的值更为合理。实验结果表明,分形维数与生物质种类有关,树叶焦样的分形维数整体上大于稻壳焦样的分形维数。生物质焦样的平均孔径与分形维数有关。总的来看,同一生物质焦样的分形维数随着平均孔径的增大而减小。     

混凝土孔结构及其分形维数与氯离子扩散性能的关系

氯离子扩散系数是研究海洋环境下混凝土结构耐久性的重要参数之一。通过开展不同水胶比混凝土的压汞试验和盐雾扩散试验,研究了混凝土内部孔隙率、孔径分布及临界孔径对氯离子扩散系数的影响规律。结合Menger海绵体模型,建立孔体积分形维数与氯离子扩散系数的关系。结果表明:孔隙率和临界孔径与无量纲化氯离子扩散系数的相关性很高,可作为反映混凝土氯离子扩散性能的重要参数;通过数学分析计算得到的孔表面分形维数分布在2.56~3.86之间,孔体积分形维数分布在2.85~2.98之间;基于压汞法和分形理论计算得到的孔体积分形维数可以作为评价氯离子扩散系数的指标,在孔径小于10 nm、10～100 nm、100～1 000 nm以及大于1 000 nm四类区间,氯离子扩散系数随孔体积分形维数的增加而下降。     

由吸附等温线分析膨润土的分形孔隙

膨润土是一种多孔的粘土材料，对气相和液相中的污染物均有很好的净化效果。为了了解其对气体的吸附性能，用氮气吸附等温线分析了2种膨润土和1种活性白土的BET比表面积和孔隙分布，并应用基于FHH模型的方法计算了它们的分形维数。结果表明，普通膨润土的分形维数接近2，而活性白土的达到了2．59。讨论了孔隙度、比表面积以及分形维数等参数与吸附量的关系，表明分形维数更能反映膨润土对气体的吸附性能。     

油页岩半焦与锯末混烧过程孔隙结构变化研究

利用氮等温吸附脱附法研究了燃烧过程对油页岩半焦和锯末混合物表面孔隙结构特性的影响,并应用分形维数来定量描述混合物表面形态的复杂程度。结果表明:混合物各个孔径范围内的孔体积较半焦明显减少,在失水段尤为明显,燃烧前期表面孔隙以中微孔为主,后期以中大孔和大孔为主;混合物的中微孔结构在挥发分燃烧阶段得到充分发展,比表面积在显著增大,对反应进程具有促进作用。通过FHH方程线性回归得到的分形维数反映出混合物内部孔隙的立体化程度比半焦更高,燃烧阶段化学反应及力学作用的交替影响,引起分形维数随温度而变化。     

不同方式养护高强水泥基材料孔表面积分形维数与孔结构的关系

采用压汞法测定了不同龄期及不同养护方式的高强水泥基材料的孔结构,基于孔表面积分形模型计算得到了高强水泥基材料的孔表面积分形维数,并探讨了孔表面积分形维数与孔隙率、平均孔径、中值孔径、孔表面积、孔径分布及养护方式和龄期的关系。结果表明:高强水泥基材料的孔结构具有明显的分形特征,孔表面积分形维数在2.7~2.8之间;孔表面积分形维数与高强水泥基材料的抗压强度和孔隙率的相关性较差;孔表面积分形维数越大,高强水泥基材料的孔径越大,孔表面积越大,小于20 nm和大于100 nm的孔越少;随着龄期的增加,孔表面积分形维数增加;与标准养护相比,热水养护和蒸汽养护降低了孔结构的复杂性。     

干馏终温对油砂半焦表面特性的影响

利用氮气等温吸附脱附法和电镜扫描研究了印尼油砂干馏热解过程中半焦表面特性的变化,并利用分形维数来定量描述半焦表面形态的复杂程度。结果表明,半焦BET比表面积与孔容积随干馏终温的变化趋势相近,均呈现先增大后减小的趋势。通过FHH方程回归得到的分形维数能够较好地反映半焦内部孔隙结构的分形特性,挥发分的吸出、塑性变形、气体产物的逸出以及油蒸汽的再凝结造成的闭孔效应的多种作用的交替影响,使分形维数在不同的温度区间有不同的变化趋势。电镜扫描能够直观地观察到半焦表面的孔结构特征,利用Matlab编程分析电镜图片得到的盒子维数与氮吸附数据拟合得到的FHH分形维数变化趋势基本一致。     

石墨基浸金属多孔材料微观孔隙结构及其分形特征

为定量描述石墨基浸渍金属材料的孔隙结构特征并研究其对浸渍过程的影响规律,在石墨基多孔材料孔隙形成机理研究的基础上,分析形成浸不透孔洞的原因,并运用分形理论对孔隙结构特征进行了描述. 研究表明,石墨基浸渍金属多孔材料的孔隙结构具有典型的分形特征,其基体、孔隙、浸渍金属分形维数分别为1.80~1.85, 1.55~1.65, 1.50~1.55,未浸渍区域的分形维数为1.42~1.60,孔隙率为17.25%~24.85%. 分形维数反映了孔隙结构的非均质性,与采用压汞实验获得的孔隙率变化规律有较好的一致性,证明可用分形维数表征石墨基浸金属材料的孔隙率.     

Effects of decalcification on the microstructure and surface area of cement and tricalcium silicate pastes

Thin coupons of white portland cement (WPC) and tricalcium silicate paste were decalcified by leaching in concentrated ammonium nitrate solutions, resulting in calcium-to-silicon molar ratios (C/S) ranging from 3.0 (control) down to 0.3. The microstructure and surface area were measured using both small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and nitrogen gas sorption. The intensity in the SANS data regime corresponding to the volume fractal C-S-H gel phase increased significantly on leaching, and the total surface area per unit specimen volume measured by SANS doubled on leaching from C/S=3.0 to near C/S=1.0. The nitrogen BET surface area of the WPC pastes, expressed in the same units, increased on decalcification as well, although not as sharply. The primary cause of these changes is a transformation of the high-density “inner product” C-S-H gel, which normally has a low specific surface area as measured by SANS and nitrogen gas sorption, into a morphology with a high specific surface area. The volume fractal exponent corresponding to the C-S-H gel phase decreased with decalcification from 2.3 to 2.0, indicating that the equiaxed 5 nm C-S-H globule building blocks that form the volume fractal microstructure of normal, unleached cement paste are transformed by decalcification into sheetlike structures of increasing thickness.     

Fabrication of Macroporous Alumina with Tailored Porosity

Macroporous alumina materials were fabricated via colloidal processing using polymer spheres as the template and ceramic particles as the building blocks. The influence of the suspension conditions and volume ratio of the polymer/ceramic particles on the formation of the pore structure has been investigated. The results showed that the suspension conditions have a significant effect on the pore morphology. A well-defined three-dimensional, ordered porous structure with a controllable pore size and porosity could be obtained through the hetero-coagulation, self-assembled processing of the polymer/ceramic particles. The pore size and porosity could be easily tailored by varying the polymer size and the volume ratio of the polymer/ceramic particles.     

混杂钢纤维超高性能混凝土梁裂缝分形理论研究

混凝土梁在受弯过程中表面裂缝分布及演化的宏观特征可以反映其受弯性能,本文基于不同废旧轮胎钢纤维(WTSF)取代率的玄武岩纤维增强复合材料(BFRP)筋混杂钢纤维超高性能混凝土梁受弯试验结果,利用分形理论分析试验梁表面裂缝开展情况。结果表明,BFRP筋混杂钢纤维超高性能混凝土梁表面裂缝分布具有分形特征,满足自相似性,分形维数的变化区间为[0.892,1.064]。探讨了梁表面裂缝分形维数与施加荷载值、WTSF取代率、跨中挠度和最大裂缝宽度之间的关系,并分别拟合了WTSF取代率与完全破坏状态下全梁区和纯弯段分形维数的函数关系。分形维数与施加荷载值、跨中挠度和最大裂缝宽度均呈对数函数关系,完全破坏状态下,WTSF取代率变大会增大梁表面裂缝的分形维数,但总体来说不利影响并不明显,研究结果可为超高性能混凝土的工程实际应用提供参考。     

On-line measurement of ultrafine aggregate surface area and volume distributions by electrical mobility analysis: I. Theoretical analysis

Electrical mobility analyzers are usually calibrated for spherical particles, and provide number, area and volume distributions for spherical particles. However, these instruments cannot be directly used to obtain the surface area and volume distributions for aggregates. Aggregates are important in technological applications, such as the manufacture of fine powdered materials, and in air pollution and atmospheric sciences. Thus, nanoparticle chain aggregates of low fractal dimension are another important limiting case, in addition to spheres; a method is described which makes it possible to relate aggregate surface area and volume distributions to the electrical mobility diameter. This is accomplished by equating the migration velocity of an aggregate to that of a sphere. Particles of equal migration velocities will trace similar paths in the mobility analyzer and have the same mobility diameter (neglecting the Brownian diffusive spread). By equating the migration velocities of a sphere and aggregate, the number and size of the primary particles composing the aggregate can be related to the diameter of a sphere with the same migration velocity.The calculation of aggregate surface areas and volumes requires two theoretical “modules”, one for the drag on the aggregates and the other for aggregate charging efficiency. Two modules selected from the literature were used. The results indicate that the surface area distributions of aggregates with random orientation are somewhat over-predicted when calculated directly from the mobility diameter. However, the volume distributions are greatly over-predicted, up to a factor of ten compared with values based on the mobility diameter. The affect of aggregate orientation on surface area estimates was also examined.     

Comparison of fractal properties of porous structures during coal devolatilization

This paper investigates fractal property changes of pore structures during coal devolatilization. Similar to char pores, coal pores can also be classified as micro pores and macro pores based on their fractal dimensions. The specific surface area and fractal dimension of micro pores in coal particles are basically unchanged after devolatilization. However, the specific surface area and fractal dimension of macro pores, which are key factors in char combustion, are increased after devolatilization. In fact, the fractal dimensions are basically doubled. These parameters will affect another fractal geometrical factor β in char pores that is correlated to char combustion rate. Since the rate of char combustion can be predicted from their fractal pore properties, it may be possible to predict char combustion directly from the properties of their parent coal pores in the future. This work was presented at the 6 ^th Korea-China Workshop on Clean Energy Technology held at Busan, Korea, July 4–7, 2006.     

非均匀多孔介质表面变压过程的分形特征研究

多孔物质的表面结构可以用分形维数D来表征,D与微孔结构存在对应的关系,不同的表面分形维数对应不同的微孔结构．详细讨论了分形维数和微孔结构随压力的变化规律．随着压力的增大,多孔介质表面形成更小的吸附微孔,孔径分布广．表面变得更粗糙,分形维数增大,至到趋于稳定值．分形维数表达表面结构简洁明了．     

非均匀多孔介质表面变压过程的分形特征

多孔物质的表面结构可以用分形维数D来表征,D与微孔结构存在对应的关系,不同的表面分形维数对应不同的微孔结构.详细讨论了分形维数和微孔结构随压力的变化规律.随着压力的增大,多孔介质表面形成更小的吸附微孔,孔径分布广,表面变得更粗糙,分形维数增大,至到趋于稳定值.分形维数表达表面结构简洁明了.