A Technique for Measuring Phase Modulation or Rapid Phase Changes of a Microwave Signal

The system takes advantage of the fact that a phase-modulated carrier signal will produce equivalent frequency modulation, where the change of frequency is proportional to the time rate of change of the phase variation. A mirowave carrier frequency, FC, is shifted in a single sideband generator to a frequency, FC+FM. The upper sideband is transmitted through the phase modulating medium and then mixed with the original carrier frequency. The difference frequency FM contains the phase modulation information and, after preamplification, the signal is put through a wide-band limiter-discriminator of center frequency, FM. The discriminator output voltage will be directly proportional to the rate of phase change. To compensate for the time rate of change dependency, the discriminator output is followed by an integrating network (E/sub 0/~1/f) which will produce an output voltage proportional to the phase change only. Calibration is accomplished by imposing a known amount of phase modulation on the sideband modulating signal FM and observing the system output signal. This measuring scheme has been built in the 70 Gc/s band and is capable of following a wide range of phase changes over microsecond periods.     

Signal Design and Detection in Presence of Nonlinear Phase Noise

In optical fiber transmission systems using inline amplifiers, the interaction of a signal and amplifier noise through the Kerr effect leads to nonlinear phase noise that can impair the detection of phase-modulated signals. We present analytical expressions for the maximum-likelihood (ML) decision boundaries and symbol-error rate (SER) for phase-shift keying and differential phase-shift keying systems with coherent and differentially coherent detection, respectively. The ML decision boundaries are in the form thetas(r) = c₂r² + c₁r + c₀, where thetas and r are the phase and the amplitude of the received signal, respectively. Using the expressions for the SER, we show that the impact of phase error from carrier synchronization is small, particularly for transoceanic links. For modulation formats such as 16-quadrature amplitude modulation, we propose various transmitter and receiver phase rotation strategies such that the ML detection is well approximated by using straight-line decision boundaries. The problem of signal constellation design for optimal SER performance is also studied for a system with four signal points.     

Short-term frequency stability of an L band oscillator with a superconducting cavity

An L band oscillator with a superconducting cavity is described, and the measurement of the oscillator's short-term frequency stability is presented. The sideband power density is ?120 dB/Hz relative to the carrier at modulation frequencies greater than 1 kHz from the carrier.     

一种同时传输基带信号的RoF双工系统

分析了用光载波抑制耦合基带信号的RoF系统,给出RoF下行链路传输的改进方案:在中心站将基带信号耦合到被抑制掉的频段处传输到基站,并重复利用边带传输上行链路信号.通过仿真得到的系统光谱图、误码率曲线表明:耦合基带信号传输后,下行链路信号的光纤能量损耗降低,基带信号和上行链路信号也具有较好的抗色散能力.     

Tracking Loops for Carrier Reconstruction in Vestigial Sideband (VSB) Suppressed-Carrier Data Transmission

This paper deals with a tracking-loop-type approximation to the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator of the carrier phase in a suppressed-carrier vestigial sideband (VSB) data-transmission system. Two different tracking loops are considered, the one resembling a Costas loop, the other a data-aided receiver (DAR). The performance of these circuits is analyzed in the presence of thermal noise and intersymbol interference, and the results are compared with those relevant to a conventional scheme wherein a pilot tone is used to reconstruct the carrier at the receiver.     

Optimal reception of digital data over the Gaussian channel with unknown delay and phase jitter

Asymptotically optimum (in the sense of minimum per-symbol error rate) receiver structures for data communication over the white Gaussian channel with unknown time delay and carrier phase jitter are developed. The receiver structures apply to the following suppressed-carrier modulation systems: double sideband (DSB), quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) with an arbitrary constellation, vestigial sideband (VSB) and single sideband. The resulting minimum error probability receivers are asymptotically equivalent to maximum-likelihood digital {em sequence}-estimating receivers. The optimum structures implicitly derive joint maximum-likelihood estimates of the unknown parameters and of the sequence of data symbols. It is shown that the parameter estimates can be obtained from two data-directed stochastic approximation algorithms. Unlike traditional theoretical treatments of this communication situation, which have separated the highly important carrier phase and timing recovery problem from the detection problem, a unified theory is presented from which the complete ideal receiver structure can be deduced.     

A Novel Direct Detection Microwave Photonic Vector Modulation Scheme for Radio-Over-Fiber System

This letter demonstrates the feasibility of a novel direct detection microwave photonic vector modulation scheme for the radio-over-fiber (RoF) system. Unlike the traditional double-sideband with optical carrier suppression modulation scheme, which can carry only the on-off keying data format, the proposed scheme encodes the electrical vector signal on either the upper sideband (USB) or the lower sideband (LSB) only and a pure optical subcarrier on the other sideband. Therefore, phase and amplitude information will be preserved after direct detection. A frequency doubling scheme is employed to reduce the cost of RoF systems. Additionally, the relative intensity between USB and LSB can be easily tuned by adjusting the individual power of electrical driving signals to optimize the performance of the optical radio-frequency signals. A proof-of-concept experiment is conducted by using a 1.25 Gb/s BPSK signal at a carrier frequency of 20 GHz. After transmission over 50-km single-mode fiber, the receiver sensitivity penalty is less than 0.5 dB.     

硅基单片集成单边带调制器

基于CMOS兼容的硅基光子集成工艺,设计并实现了一种具有高边带抑制比的硅基单片集成单边带调制器。单边带调制器采用正交混合耦合器实现上下两臂等幅度、90°相位差的射频信号加载,基于硅基双驱动马赫曾德尔调制器的热移相器调控上下两臂光相位差为90°,实现了效果显著的单边带抑制。基于CUMEC公司CSiP180 Al工艺和工艺设计包(PDK)完成芯片制备,采用金丝引线实现了正交混合耦合器的空气桥结构。测试结果显示该硅基单片集成单边带调制器在18~32 GHz频率内边带抑制比均高于12 dB,在21 GHz工作频率时边带抑制比达到了32 dB。该单边带调制器有望应用在光通信和微波光子系统中。     

Synthetic-Aperture Radar Based on Nonsinusoidal Functions: IX ?Array Beam Forming

For sinusoidal waves with bandwidth zero, one obtains the classical formula ? = ? ?/ L = ?c/fL for the resolution angle of a sensor array, where L is the length of the array, ? the wavelength, f the frequency, and c the phase velocity of the wave, while ? is a constant whose value is usually chosen to be 1. Waves with the time variation of a rectangular pulse of duration ?T yield the resolution angle e = 2?cf?P/PN, where P/PN is the signal-to-noise ratio and ?f = 1/2?T the nominal bandwidth of the pulse; the same result holds for coded pulse sequences, such as Barker codes or complementary codes, if the main lobe of their auto-correlation function has the shape of a triangle with rise time ?T. Hence, the resolution angle e can be reduced by increasing the signal power, as well as by increasing the array length L or the bandwidth ?f. For sinusoidal waves, an increase of the signal power brings no reduction of the resolution angle. The trade between signal power and frequency bandwidth is of interest whenever the attenuation increases rapidly with frequency, e.g., in high-resolution all-weather radar or in underwater acoustic beam forming.     

10‐Gbit/s Wireless Communication System at 300 GHz

A 10‐Gbit/s wireless communication system operating at a carrier frequency of 300 GHz is presented. The modulation scheme is amplitude shift keying in incoherent mode with a high intermediate frequency (IF) of 30 GHz and a bandwidth of 20 GHz for transmitting a 10‐Gbit/s baseband (BB) data signal. A single sideband transmission is implemented using a waveguide‐tapered 270‐GHz highpass filter with a lower sideband rejection of around 60 dB. This paper presents an all‐electronic design of a terahertz communication system, including the major modules of the BB and IF band as well as the RF modules. The wireless link shows that, aided by a clock and data recovery circuit, it can receive 2⁷?1 pseudorandom binary sequence data without error at up to 10 Gbit/s for over 1.2 m using collimating lenses, where the transmitted power is 10 μW.     

Noncoherent maximum-likelihood block detection of orthogonalNFSK-LDPSK signals

This paper investigates the noncoherent block detection of orthogonal N frequency-shift keying (FSK)-L differential phase shift keying (DPSK) signals transmitted over the additive white Gaussian noise channel, based on the principle of maximum-likelihood (ML) sequence estimation. By virtue of a union bound argument, asymptotic upper bounds for the bit error probability of the developed ML block receiver are derived and verified by simulation. It is analytically shown that the noncoherent NFSK-LDPSK ML block receiver performs comparably with the ideal coherent NFSK-L phase shift keying (PSK) receiver for L = 2 and 4, as the observation block length is large enough. Furthermore, substantial performance improvement can be achieved by the ML block detection of the NFSK-LDPSK signal with L > 2 by increasing the observation block length     

高效太阳电池硅衬底特性对原子层沉积Al2O3薄膜钝化性能的影响

Atom layer deposition （ALD）-Al2O3 thin films are considered effective passivation layers for p-type silicon surfaces. A lower surface recombination rate was obtained through optimizing the deposition parameters. The effects of some of the basic substrate characteristics including material type, bulk resistivity and surface morphology on the passivation performance of ALD-Al2O3 are evaluated in this paper. Surface recombination velocities of 7.8 cm/s and 6.5 cm/s were obtained for p-type and n-type wafers without emitters, respectively. Substrates with bulk resistivity ranging from 1.5 to 4 Ω · cm were all great for such passivation films, and a higher implied Voc of 660 mV on the 3 Ω · cm substrate was achieved. A minority carrier lifetime （MCL） of nearly 10 μs higher was obtained for cells with a polished back surface compared to those with a textured surface, which indicates the necessity of the polishing process for high-efficiency solar cells. For n-type semi-finished solar cells, a lower effective front surface recombination velocity of 31.8 cm/s was acquired, implying the great potential of （ALD）-Al2O3 thin films for high-efficiency n-type solar cells.     

Arbitrary spectral separation of upper and lower sidebands in linear modulation

A technique to spectrally separate the sidebands in amplitude and narrow-band frequency modulation is presented. With this technique, the upper and lower sidebands can be right and left shifted respectively by an arbitrary amount and thus either sideband can be selected by a bandpass filter.     

A 10-GHz Single Sideband Modulator With 1-kHz Frequency Shift (Correspondence)

A single sideband modulator which frequency shifts a 10-GHz signal by 1 kHz and which suppresses the carrier and unwanted sideband by 65 dB and >57 dB, respectively, with respect to the wanted sideband, is described. The modulator comprises two commercially available double sideband modulators and a readily constructed high-pass filter. Using the modulator in one arm of a microwave bridge, phase shtits and changes in attenuation of <1/spl deg/ and 0.05 dB have been measured; the low modulating frequency allows audio-frequency circuitry to be used to measure the phase shift and attenuation.     

Two-dimensional dynamic analysis of short-channel thin-film MOS transistors using a minicomputer

A computer program is described for simulating two-dimensional thin-film MOS transistors on a minicomputer. Data are presented showing the variation of internal carrier density with time until a steady-state condition is reached. These data show the formation of a drain-induced back channel whose conduction properties depend on the back-channel length and carrier mobility. For channel length below 2.0 µm, the two-dimensional steady-state drain current is shown to fit the expressionI_{D}/W = frac{micro_{0}C_{0}}{L[1+(micro_{0}/upsilon_{s} V_{D}{L})^{2}]^{1/2}}(V_{G} - V_{T} - V_{D/2})V{D}for values of drain voltage below a specific saturation value (V_{DM}); andI_{D}/W = frac{10^{-8)(V_{G} - V_{T})^{1/2}}{(T_{ox})^{1/2}L}.(V_{D} - V_{DM}) + I_{DM}for drain voltages above the saturation value.     

Spectral linewidth reduction in semiconductor lasers by an external cavity with weak optical feedback

The linewidth narrowing of a semiconductor laser due to weak optical feedback is analysed, taking into account both phase condition and threshold change for the feedback-induced modes. The achievable linewidth reduction lies in between two limiting cases, 1/(1 + X ?(1 + ?2))2 and 1/(1 + X)2, where ? and X are the linewidth enhancement factor and the feedback parameter, respectively.     

基于双平行相位调制器的OFDM–ROF系统仿真

建立一种基于双平行相位调制器的OFDM-ROF实验仿真系统.在中心站采用双平行相位调制器产生双边带光载毫米波,利用光交错复用器将信号进行上边带和下边带分离,将OFDM信号通过马赫曾德尔调制器调制到一个边带上进行传输.OFDM的调制和解调部分使用MATLAB软件编写,OFDM-ROF系统实验仿真平台基于软件Optisystem进行搭建,并给出了光载OFDM信号的产生模型和系统仿真结果.实验表明,OFDM-ROF系统经过色散补偿后大幅度提高了系统的传输距离.     

碱金属氧化物添加剂对(Mg_(1–x)Ca_x)TiO_3陶瓷微波性能的影响

采用固相反应法制备了(Mg1–xCax)TiO3微波介质陶瓷。探讨了复合添加Na2O和K2O对(Mg1–xCax)TiO3陶瓷烧结性能和介电性能的影响。结果表明:复合添加碱金属氧化物,陶瓷的主晶相为MgTiO3和CaTiO3,同时,可以抑制中间相MgTi2O5的产生,有效降低陶瓷的烧结温度至1280℃。当Na2O和K2O添加总量为质量分数1.2%,且Na2O/K2O质量比为2∶1时,所制陶瓷介电性能最佳:εr=19.71,Q.f=3.59×104GHz(7.58 GHz),τf=–1.40×10–6/℃。     

A Microwave Ferrite Single-Sideband Modulator

A microwave single-sideband modulator has been designed utilizing two reflection types of Faraday rotation ferrite-balanced modulators. Power is fed to the two balanced modulators by means of a 3-db quadrature hybrid such that each modulator has equal incident power with a 90-degree phase difference. The output power of the balanced modulators is combined by means of a magic tee sum and difference circuit. It is shown that if the modulation signals applied to the balanced modulators are in phase quadrature, the upper sideband will appear at the output sum arm and the lower sideband will appear in the output difference arm. An analysis of the device relates the spurious and undesired sidebands to the conversion loss, and a method is proposed for minimizing carrier output. The drive power is reduced due to the use of reflection-type balanced modulators, and experimental data is presented for the modulation frequency impedance and drive power requirements. The temperature and frequency sensitivity of the undesired sidebands have also been measured. A number of applications of the device are discussed.     

On the Statistics of the Sum of Squared Complex Gaussian Random Variables

In this letter, we derive new results for the statistics of the complex random variable z=^DeltaSigma_n=1 ^N x _n ²=z ₁+jz _Q = re ^jphi where {x _n} is a set of mutually independent complex-valued Gaussian random variables with arbitrary means and equal variances. Each random variable x _n is assumed to have independent real and imaginary components with equal variance for all n. Expressions are derived for the joint probability density function (pdf) of (z ₁,z _Q), for the joint pdf of (r,phi) and also for the marginal pdf of the modulus r. An useful Fourier series expansion for the pdf of the phase phi is also derived. As an application of the results, a theoretical performance analysis of the well-known nondata-aided Viterbi and Viterbi feedforward carrier phase estimator operating with BPSK signals is presented. In particular, the expressions for the exact pdf, variance, and equivocation probability of the carrier phase estimates are derived.