Predictions of the optimized friction stir welding process parameters for joining AA7075-T6 aluminum alloy using preheating system

The scope of this investigation is to evaluate the effect of welding parameters on the mechanical properties and microstructural features of 3-mm-thick AA7075-T6 aluminum alloy subjected to gas heating system as a preheating source during friction stir welding. Toward this end, a gas heating system was designed to heat up the weld seam just ahead of rotating tool to soften the material before being stirred. Three welding parameters, five levels, and a central composite design (CCD) have been used to minimize the number of experimental conditions. The joining parameters such as tool rotational speed, welding speed, and shoulder diameter have a significant influence on determining the mechanical properties of the welded joints. It was found that using preheating system mostly can result in higher total heat input into the weld joint and effectively reduces the formation of defects when unsuitable process parameters were used. Also, an attempt has been made to establish the mathematical model to predict the tensile strength and microhardness of the joints. The optimal welding conditions to maximize the final responses were investigated and reported. The results show that the joint fabricated at a rotational speed of 1,050 rpm, welding speed of 100 mm/min, and shoulder diameter of 14 mm exhibited higher mechanical properties compared to other joints.     

低碳贝氏体钢20SiMnMo的摩擦焊接性研究

研究了低碳贝氏体钢２０ＳｉＭｎＭｏ在不同的摩擦焊接工艺参数下的组织和性能，探讨了热处理回火温度对焊接接头强度和韧性的影响，优化了低碳贝氏体钢的摩擦焊工艺参数和热处理规范参数     

SX110型汽车半轴摩擦焊接工艺及焊态冶金质量控制

研究了ＳＸ１１０型汽车半轴的摩擦焊接工艺，优化了焊接规范参数及其相关技术环节的匹配组合；对焊态冶金质量控制中的某些焊接冶金现象的形成机制及行为进行了分析探讨。     

热处理对TC11/LF6异种金属摩擦焊质量的影响

对TC11/LF6钛铝异种金属进行了连续驱动摩擦焊接工艺及其焊后热处理工艺的研究,观察了热处理前后焊接接头焊合区微观组织并测定了试样力学性能。研究结果表明：未经热处理的焊接接头晶粒较为粗大,有明显的晶间化合物产生,接头显微硬度较高;经280℃退火1h后,焊接接头晶粒均匀细化,焊接界面产生较薄的不连续扩散层;热处理后接头晶粒明显细化,抗弯强度提高10.7%,显微硬度下降38%。通过组织和力学性能综合分析,得到最优化的TC11/LF6连续驱动摩擦焊接工艺参数。     

Analysis of transient temperature and residual thermal stresses in friction stir welding of aluminum alloy 6061-T6 via numerical simulation

Residual stress is lower in friction stir welding (FSW) compared with other melting weldment processes. This is due to being solid-state process in its nature. There are several advantages in utilizing stir welding process. Lower fluctuation and shrinkage in weldment metal-enhanced mechanical characteristics, less defects, and ability to weld certain metals otherwise impractical by other welding processes are to name just a few of these advantages. These have caused an ever increasing attention by the concerned to the process of FSW. In this investigation, three-dimensional numerical simulation of friction stir welding was concerned to study the impact of tool moving speed in relation with heat distribution as well as residual stress. Simulation was composed of two stages. Firstly, thermal behavior of the piece while undergoing the welding process was studied. Heat is generated due to the friction between tool and the piece being welded. In the second stage, attained thermal behavior of the piece from previous stage is considered as inlet heat of an elasto-plastic, thermo-mechanical model for the prediction of residual stress. Also, in the second stage, tool is eliminated and residual stress distribution is found after complete cooling of the piece and disassembly of the clamp. Material characteristic are introduced into the proposed model as temperature-dependent parameters. Obtained residual indicate that heat distribution along thickness varies and is asymmetrical enormously. Moreover, longitudinal residual stress in the weld which increases as speed of process and tool movement ascends. In the prediction of results of residual stress, only heat impact was studied. This was recognized as the main element causing minor difference in results obtained for simulation in comparison with that of actual experiment.     

Effect of Heat Sink and Cooling Mediums on Ferrite Austenite Ratio and Distortion in Laser Welding of Duplex Stainless Steel 2205

In order to control the ferrite and austenite percentage in duplex stainless steel welding, many researchers try to change the laser welding parameters and cooling medium, but ignore to study the influence of heat sink e ect on weld strength. In this work, the e ect of aluminium heat sink and varying cooling medium on the laser welding of duplex stainless steel(DSS) 2205 is studied. The 2 mm thick DSS sheets welded with pulsed Nd: YAG laser welding machine by varying the cooling medium(air and oil) and an aluminium plate used as a heat sink. The welded specimens tested for tensile strength, micro-hardness, distortion, microstructure and radiography analysis. The faster cooling rate in the oil quenching process enhances the ferrite percentage compared with air-cooled samples. But the faster cooling rate in oil quenching leads to more distortion and using aluminium as a heat sink influenced positively the distortion to a small extent. The lower cooling rate in air quenching leads to a higher tensile strength of the welded specimen. The objective of this work is to analyse experimentally the e ect of cooling medium and heat sink in the mechanical and metallurgical properties of laser welded duplex stainless steel.     

紫铜板搅拌摩擦焊接温度场有限元分析

FSW传热过程直接决定工件所经历的热循环,进而影响焊接接头的微观组织和力学性能。同时温度场的分析对于预测接头残余应力和变形,以及焊缝区硬度都具有重要意义。本文在工艺研究基础上,分析了FSW的产热过程;根据搅拌头形状与尺寸,建立了FSW三维传热有限元模型。使用Ansys有限元分析软件,结合有限几个测量点温度变化的实验数据,对6 mm厚度紫铜板FSW焊接过程的温度场进行了有限元分析和计算,获得了该焊接过程的温度场分布与变化规律。计算过程中考虑了工件下表面与支撑板接触热传导对温度场的影响,以及温度对紫铜材料热传导系数的影响,有限元计算结果与实验测量结果接近。     

点焊熔核形成过程的有限元模型

介绍了模拟点焊熔核形成过程的轴对称电、热、力学有限元模型。提出了点焊过程导电、传热和力学行为之间耦合作用的模拟方法和接触电阻分析方法。模型中也考虑了焊机特性、随温度变化的材料性能以及各种边界冷却条件的影响。试验验证结果表明，数值模拟结果与实际吻合良好。该模型提供了一种有效的点焊过程理论分析手段。     

Optimization of friction stir welding process of AA7075 aluminum alloy to achieve desirable mechanical properties using ANFIS models and simulated annealing algorithm

Current work deals with experimental investigation, modeling, and optimization of friction stir welding process (FSW) to reach desirable mechanical properties of aluminum 7075 plates. Main factors of process were tool pin profile, tool rotary speed, welding speed, and welding axial force. Also, main responses were tensile strength, yield strength, and hardness of welded zone. Four factors and five levels of central composite design have been utilized to minimize the number of experimental observations. Then, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) have been used to generate mapping relationship between process factors and main response using experimental observations. Afterward, the developed models were applied as objective function to select optimal parameters, in which the process reaches to its desirable mechanical properties by using the simulated annealing algorithm. Results indicated that the tool with square pin profile, rotary speed of 1,400 RPM, welding speed of 1.75 mm/s, and axial force of 7.5 KN resulted in desirable mechanical properties in both cases of single response and multi-response optimization. Also, these solutions have been verified by confirmation tests and FSW process physical behavior. These verifications indicated that both ANFIS model and simulated annealing algorithm are appropriate tools for modeling and optimization of process.     

大功率潜水电机冷却系统分析方法与试验研究

为了研究大功率潜水电机的温度分布规律,以580 kW潜水电机为例进行分析.依据工作条件建立温度场计算模型,实现流固耦合自动传热并可模拟内外冷却介质的流动;以定转子铁耗定值、油摩损耗和铜耗变量作为热源施加方式,基于冷却系统参数影响关系得到温度场与流场间双向耦合关系,由此提出一种冷却系统分析方法;采用该方法研究冷却系统结构...     

Simulation of friction welding of alumina and steel with aluminum interlayer

Friction welding is a complicated metallurgical process that is accompanied by frictional heat generation and plastic deformation. Since the thermal cycle of friction welding is very short, simulation becomes very significant. In the present work, a finite element-based numerical model has been developed to understand the thermo-mechanical phenomenon involved in the process of friction welding. The developed model is capable of predicting thermal distribution during friction welding of ceramics with metal using an aluminum interlayer for various time increments. Frictional heating at the interfacial region consumes the aluminum interlayer and establishes a bond between alumina and mild steel. Though there is mechanical mixing, the bond is incomplete in the aluminum-alumina interface. Due to the variation of thermal properties between alumina and mild steel, more amount of thermal stress is induced at the joint interface. Numerical simulation predicts the formation of residual stress in the alumina-mild steel side of the interface. This leads to incomplete interlocking that results in poor joint strength.     

深窄间隙焊接技术在大厚度构件材料焊接中的应用研究

窄间隙焊接技术作为一种高效焊接方法以其大大降低熔敷量和节约制造时间的优点,使其在大厚度构件制造中具有广阔的应用前景,但是焊接过程的稳定性及侧壁熔合等缺陷的存在,成为影响构件高品质制造的关键问题。利用深窄间隙埋弧焊接方法成功制造了外径尺寸为2 500 mm,厚度达150 mm的转子模拟件,采用多层双道焊接方法,实现了良好的侧壁熔合效果,且未发现夹杂等缺陷,表面该焊接接头具有较高的成形质量。基于该焊接接头开展冲击韧度、拉伸等力学性能试验,表明该接头的力学性能完全满足使用需求。从而验证了深窄间隙焊接技术在大厚度核电转子焊接中应用的可靠性。     

Stability of the friction stir welding process in presence of workpiece mating variations

This paper explores common process variations encountered in friction stir welding (FSW) and the limits to which acceptable joint strength is maintained while welding with a robotic FSW system. Part fit-up and mating variations are common in manufacturing, yet the limits to which a friction stir welding process can weld without major process adjustment are unclear. The effects on joint strength and mechanical properties of several of the most common mating variations (i.e., faying surface gap, misalignment, mismatch, etc.) are experimentally determined as individual effects as well as among common welding parameters. Experimental results on 5-mm-thick aluminum alloy 5083-H111 show that ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation begin to decrease from nominal weld conditions when either the tool offset distance from weld centerline or gap in abutted plates exceeds 25% of the average pin diameter (6?mm). In addition, vertical plate mismatch and lack of penetration can be tolerated up to 2.5% and 10%, respectively, before adverse effects on mechanical properties are observed. The work also indicates that of all the mating variations tested in this study, tool misalignment, followed by travel angle, has the most significant effect on the measured joint strength. Process stability testing has shown that the FSW process is able to endure part fit-up and mating variations within a defined tolerance, giving the practitioner an awareness of how well stock workpiece tolerances must be controlled before joint strength is adversely effected.     

集成固相焊接方法在液冷板制造中的应用

为了提高6063铝合金翅片式大宽度流道液冷板的散热性能和焊接可靠性,满足雷达系统功放组件高集成、大型化带来的热耗快速增加的散热需求,文中提出采用2种固相焊接方法(扩散焊和搅拌摩擦焊)集成完成液冷板的制造方案,明确了集成焊接方法的工艺性结构设计要求,验证了工艺制造路径,仿真分析了集成焊接方法对结构刚性的影响。结果表明,集成焊接方法能够实现液冷板的高质量焊接,焊后结构刚性得到大幅提高。某功放组件采用集成固相焊接方法成功成型了液冷流道,其焊接质量满足设计要求,在1.5 MPa服役压力下的流道表面变形量仅为0.015 mm。     

45钢/W8Co3N高速钢刀具的摩擦焊接研究

对 45钢 /W8Co3N高速钢刀具的摩擦焊接工艺及焊接效果进行了试验研究 ,结果表明 ,采用优化的摩擦焊接工艺参数及合理的焊后热处理工艺可获得具有良好显微组织和力学性能的焊接接头。     

Simulation of a nonstationary contact in a sliding bearing with allowance for frictional heating and convective heat transfer

The serviceability of polymer dry sliding bearings is governed by a number of parameters, such as the rotational velocity of the shaft, the friction coefficient, еру thermal and mechanical properties of bearing members, and hence, the resulting contact temperatures. This work was aimed at developing a calculation model of the operation of a two-layer polymer dry sliding bearing, determining the temperatures distributions and the equivalent and contact stresses in bearing members, and choosing the optimum parameters of the bearing system for which heat balance is achieved.     

摩擦焊接过程的热力耦合有限元分析

采用热力耦合有限元分析方法,综合考虑摩擦焊接过程中不同的产热机制、随温度变化的材料性能、飞边形成及摩擦系数随速度、温度、压力的变化规律,直接由焊件材料的性能参数及设定的焊接规范参数(轴向压力与转速随时间的变化曲线)对焊接全过程的焊接参数(摩擦转矩、轴向缩短量及平均温度)、物理参量场(温度场、应力场、变形场)及焊合区金属晶粒尺寸的变化规律进行了数值模拟,得到了焊接过程中摩擦表面上切应力、加热功率、温度及轴向压应力的分布及变化规律,实现了对焊合区金属晶粒尺寸的数值模拟。     

Analysis of pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding of AISI 304 steel

Pulsed laser welding of AISI 304 stainless steel plate was simulated using commercial finite element software to determine the optimal welding conditions. Due to geometric symmetry, only one plate was modeled to reduce the simulation computation time. User subroutines were created to account for a moving three-dimensional heat source and to apply boundary conditions. The material properties such as conductivity, specific heat, and mass density were determined as functions of temperature. The latent heat was considered within the given temperature range. The three-dimensional heat source model for pulsed laser beam butt welding was designed by comparing the finite element analysis results and experimental data. This successful simulation of pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding for AISI 304 stainless steel will prove useful for determining optimal welding conditions.     

船用汽轮机转子盘轴耦合振动特性研究

基于小长径比建模理论,建立了盘轴耦合转子的有限元模型,并对采用工程实际的斜切方式和轮盘单元等不同建模方法下船用汽轮机转子的振动特性进行了分析,给出了较为系统的、适用于小长径比、短粗转子等结构的建模方法对转子系统振动特性的影响规律。不同的建模方法会对转子盘轴耦合振动特性计算结果有显著影响。轮盘单元会使得转子轴承系统出现附加的振型,表现为轮盘与转轴的耦合模态振型,轮盘单元建模的计算方法能准确描述盘轴耦合转子的振动特性。研究结果表明,对于厚度较大的轮盘,轮盘对转子耦合振动的影响较小,工程常用的斜切建模会引入附加刚度,引起较大求解误差,且这种误差随着轮盘厚度的减小而逐渐降低。     

一种搅拌头轴肩临界值的计算方法

为提高搅拌摩擦焊焊接成功率,基于相关工程经验和热传导理论,提出了一种在确定被焊工件厚度情况下保证焊接成功所需要的搅拌头最小轴肩直径的方法.讨论搅拌针直径和长度等参数的选取方法,以稳态焊接时搅拌头摩擦产热量等于工件内固塑分界面的散热量为基础,推导被焊工件厚度与所需搅拌头最小轴肩直径的关系方程,并探讨该方程相关参数的取值范...