近红外结合Si-ELM检测食醋品质指标

为了提高近红外光谱技术检测食醋中可溶性无盐固形物含量(SSFSC)的精度和稳定性,提出采用联合区间偏最小二乘(Si-PLS)筛选光谱特征区间,再利用极限学习机(ELM)算法建立非线性回归模型,并对该方法的优越性进行系统比较;试验通过交互验证优化模型相关参数,以预测时的相关系数(Rp)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)作为模型的评价指标。结果表明,Si-PLS结合ELM算法(Si-ELM)所建模型最佳,预测结果:Rp=0.973 9,RMSEP=1.232g/100mL。说明利用近红外光谱技术可以快速准确检测食醋中的SSF-SC,Si-ELM的应用可以适当提高该预测模型的精度。     

Rapid measurement of total acid content (TAC) in vinegar using near infrared spectroscopy based on efficient variables selection algorithm and nonlinear regression tools

Total acid content (TAC) is an important index in assessing vinegar quality. This work attempted to determine TAC in vinegar using near infrared spectroscopy. We systematically studied variable selection and nonlinear regression in calibrating regression models. First, the efficient spectra intervals were selected by synergy interval PLS (Si-PLS); then, two nonlinear regression tools, which were extreme learning machine (ELM) and back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN), were attempted. Experiments showed that the model based on ELM and Si-PLS (Si-ELM) was superior to others, and the optimum results were achieved as follows: the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) was 0.2486 g/100mL, and the correlation coefficient (R(p)) was 0.9712 in the prediction set. This work demonstrated that the TAC in vinegar could be rapidly measured by NIR spectroscopy and Si-ELM algorithm showed its superiority in model calibration.     

Rapid detecting total acid content and classifying different types of vinegar based on near infrared spectroscopy and least-squares support vector machine

More than 3.2 million litres of vinegar is consumed every day in China. There are many types of vinegar in China. How to control the quality of vinegar is problem. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) transmission technique was applied to achieve this purpose. Ninety-five vinegar samples from 14 origins covering 11 provinces in China were collected. They were classified into mature vinegar, aromatic vinegar, rice vinegar, fruit vinegar, and white vinegar. Fruit vinegar and white vinegar were separated from the other traditional categories in the two-dimension principal component space of NIR after principle component analysis (PCA). Least-squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) as the pattern recognition was firstly applied to identify mature vinegar, aromatic vinegar, rice vinegar in this study. The top two principal components (PCs) were extracted as the input of LS-SVM classifiers by principal component analysis (PCA). The best experimental results were obtained using the radial basis function (RBF) LS-SVM classifier with σ = 0.8. The accuracies of identification were more than 85% for three traditional vinegar categories. Compared with the back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) approach, LS-SVM algorithm showed its excellent generalisation for identification results. As total acid content (TAC) is highly connecting with the quality of vinegar, NIR was used to prediction the TAC of samples. LS-SVM was applied to building the TAC prediction model based on spectral transmission rate. Compared with partial least-square (PLS) model, LS-SVM model gave better precision and accuracy in predicting TAC. The determination coefficient for prediction (R_p) of the LS-SVM model was 0.919 and root mean square error for prediction (RMSEP) was 0.3226. This work demonstrated that near infrared spectroscopy technique coupled with LS-SVM could be used as a quality control method for vinegar.     

基于近红外光谱的淀粉含水量快速检测研究

运用近红外光谱分析技术检测淀粉的含水量,收集了国内常用的不同种类的淀粉,选择最优的光谱预处理方法和光谱范围,运用偏最小二乘法(PLS)进行定量分析研究。结果表明,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)所建的定量分析模型的相关系数R2达0.9912,预测均方根误差RMSEP为0.0784,偏差为0.132。研究发现,近红外光谱技术用于快速无损检测淀粉含水量是可行的。      

Near-infrared spectroscopy coupled chemometric algorithms for prediction of antioxidant activity of black goji berries (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lycium ruthenicum</Emphasis> Murr.)

In this study, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy coupled with partial least-squares (PLS) regression and various efficient variable selection algorithms, synergy interval-PLS (Si-PLS), backward interval PLS (Bi-PLS) and genetic algorithm-PLS (GA-PLS) were applied comparatively for the prediction of antioxidant activity in black wolfberry (BW). The eight assays were used for quantification of antioxidant content. The developed models were assessed using correlation coefficients (R²) of the calibration (Cal.) and prediction (Pre.); root mean square error of prediction, RMSEP; standard Error of Cross-Validation, RMSECV and residual predictive deviation, RPD. The performance of the built model greatly improved by the application of Si-PLS, Bi-PLS and GA-PLS compared with full spectrum PLS. The R² values determined for calibration and prediction set ranged from 0.8479 to 0.9696 and 0.8401 to 0.9638, respectively. These findings revealed that NIR spectroscopy combined with chemometric algorithms can be used for quantification of antioxidant activity in BW samples.     

遗传算法联合LS-SVM的苹果原醋成分定量分析

利用近红外光谱技术对苹果原醋中的重要指标进行定量分析,并进行模型优化以提高性能。采用遗传偏最小二乘法（GA-PLS）提取的特征波长作为最小二乘支持向量机（LS-SVM）的输入变量,先后建立苹果原醋中总酸、可溶性固形物的近红外定量模型,并与建立的偏最小二乘（PLS）模型结果进行比较。用决定系数（R2）、预测均方根误差（RMSEP）以及相对分析误差（RPD）对模型进行评价,确定最佳建模方法。结果表明,相比于PLS模型,总酸及可溶性固形物指标的LS-SVM定量模型的R2、RMSEP以及RPD值均有更好的表现,且在进行独立测试集验证时,LS-SVM模型的预测精度也明显优于PLS模型。说明遗传算法联合LS-SVM建立的定量模型有很高的准确度及稳定性,可以应用于苹果原醋总酸和可溶性固形物含量的快速检测。     

磨盘柿褐变指标的可见/近红外漫反射无损预测研究

为了建立可见/近红外漫反射光谱与磨盘柿果皮和果肉褐变之间的关系,作者在全光谱区域(570～1 848 nm)对比分析了不同处理方法对磨盘柿果皮颜色b*和果肉浊度定标模型的影响。结果表明,应用MPLS、原始光谱和无散射处理建立果皮颜色b*的定标模型预测性能较好,Rp2为0.968,RMSEP为1.417 7,RPD为7.92。应用PLS、一阶导处理和无散射处理建立磨盘柿果肉浊度的定标模型预测性能较好,Rp2为0.757,RMSEP为0.107 9,RPD为2.22。因此,可见/近红外漫反射技术对磨盘柿果皮颜色b*和果肉浊度的快速无损检测具有可行性。     

北虫草中虫草素的NIR快速定量测定

应用近红外光谱(NIR)和偏最小二乘法(PLS),建立了北虫草中虫草素的定量分析校正模型。分别采集北虫草子实体的近红外光谱图,应用TQ化学计量学分析软件,对不同化学计量学处理方法进行了比较,并对光谱区域,光谱预处理方法,主成分因子数进行筛选。依据预测效果确定了最佳的校正模型,虫草素含量的预测结果与HPLC检测结果的相关系数为0.9919,校正模型的定标均方差(RMSEC)为102 mg/kg、预测均方差(RMSEP)为281 mg/kg。本方法操作简便,快速无损,可用于北虫草中虫草素含量的快速检测。      

枣醋发酵液中pH值与总酸含量的高光谱图像技术定量分析

利用高光谱图像技术（HS-IT）对灵武枣醋发酵过程中pH值和总酸含量进行定量分析,并通过偏最小二乘法（PLS）建立定量分析模型,同时采用竞争性自适应加权算法（CARS）和遗传算法（GA）对整个谱区进行特征波长筛选。以决定系数（R2）、预测均方根偏差（RMSEP）、相对分析误差（RPD）以及最佳主因子数作为模型质量的评价参数,其中使用CARS进行的波长筛选法对模型的优化效果最佳,pH值和总酸含量的R2分别达到0.928 4和0.935 1,RMSEP分别为0.122 6和0.301 5,RPD分别为3.75和3.91。结果表明,CARS-PLS法可提高枣醋发酵液中pH值与总酸含量预测模型的准确度和稳定性。     

Feasibility study on the use of Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy together with chemometrics to discriminate and quantify adulteration in cocoa beans

Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy combined with Support Vector Machine (SVM) and synergy interval partial least square (Si-PLS) was attempted in this study for cocoa bean authentication. SVM was used to develop an identification model to discriminate between fermented cocoa beans (FC), unfermented cocoa beans (UFC) and adulterated cocoa bean (5–40 wt/wt.% content of UFC). Si-PLS model was used to quantify the addition of UFC in FC. SVM model accurately discriminated the cocoa bean samples used. After cross-validation, the optimal identification rate was 100% in both the training set and prediction set at three principal components. For quantitative analysis, Si-PLS model was evaluated according to root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and coefficient of correlation in prediction (R_pred). The results revealed that Si-PLS model in this work was promising. The optimal performance of Si-PLS model showed an excellent predictive potential, RMSEP = 1.68 and R_pred = 0.98 in the prediction set. The overall results indicated that FT-NIR spectroscopy together with an appropriate multivariate algorithm could be employed for rapid identification of fermented and unfermented cocoa beans as well as the quantification of UFC down to 5% in FC for quality control management.     

近红外光谱变量选择及其在苹果可溶性固形物含量无损速测中的应用

目的采用近红外光谱技术,筛选有效变量对苹果可溶性固形物含量进行无损快速检测。方法以改进无变量信息消除算法为变量筛选方法,采用多元线性回归算法建立校正模型,采用外部盲样对模型进行预测准确度评价。结果基于改进无信息变量消除算法,筛选1391、1435、1521、1589nm4个关键波长作为变量,其所建校正模型的测定系数为0.6823,校正误差均方根为1.06,交互验证测定系数为0.6780,交互验证误差均方根为1.06。外部验证测定系数为0.6585,预测误差均方根为1.07。经F检验,预测模型的预测值与测定值之间具有显著相关性。结论该方法基本能够满足苹果可溶性固形物含量无损快速检测的需求,并可为水果可溶性固形物含量无损快速检测仪器的研制提供一定的技术参考。     

鸡蛋蛋白质含量无损检测技术研究

为了探索傅立叶近红外光谱（FT-NIR）快速无损检测鸡蛋蛋白质的方法,采集83枚新鲜种鸡蛋赤道位和锐端的近红外光谱（12000⁴000cm-1）,用凯氏定氮法测定对应鸡蛋的粗蛋白含量,运用The Unscrambler软件中的一阶导数（First Derivative,FD）、二阶导数（Second Derivative,SD）、多元散射校正（Multiplication Scatter Correction,MSC）、变量标准化（Standard Normalized Variate,SNV）和光谱转换（Spectroscopic Transformation,ST）方法预处理光谱,结合偏最小二乘法（PLS）建立蛋白质的数学模型并用杠杆校正（Leverage Correction）检验,通过模型的比较来判断FT-NIR快速无损检测鸡蛋蛋白质的可行性。结果表明:鸡蛋蛋白质与其近红外光谱信号间存在线性关系,在未作预处理下用赤道位和锐端原始光谱建立的蛋白质校正模型R2在0.74以上;在不同预处理中,SD处理下建立模型效果最优,赤道位和锐端模型的R2均在0.97以上,RMSEE、RMSEP值都较小且相互接近;SD处理下建立的赤道位和锐端光谱模型差异不显著,R2及RMSEE、RMSEP都较为接近。利用FT-NIR快速无损检测鸡蛋蛋白质的含量是可行的。      

基于微型近红外光谱仪的油菜籽含油率模型参数优化研究

为实现油菜籽含油率快速无损检测,采用微型近红外光谱仪,结合竞争性自适应重加权(CARS)、遗传算法(GA)、连续投影算法(SPA)、无信息变量消除法(UVE)、向后区间偏最小二乘法(BIPLS)、联合区间偏最小二乘法(SIPLS)等方法优选油菜籽含油率近红外光谱特征波长,建立偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)和最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)定量分析模型,同时对LS-SVM模型参数进行优化。研究表明,对PLSR模型,BIPLS+GA优选的26个特征波长建模效果最好,其预测相关系数(Rp)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.9330和0.0075,对LS-SVM模型,SIPLS+GA优选的13个特征波长建模效果最好,预测相关系数(Rp)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别0.9192和0.0055。证明了波长优选和参数优化可有效简化油菜籽含油率近红外光谱定量分析模型,提高模型预测精度和稳定性,为进一步拓展微型近红外光谱仪的应用提供技术参考。     

长波近红外光谱-偏最小二乘法快速分析白酒中乙醇含量

研究近红外光谱结合偏最小二乘法(NIRS-PLS)快速测定白酒中的乙醇含量的可行性,应用NIRS-PLS所建的模型相关系数达到0.99991,校正均方根误差(RMSEC)为0.00181,通过交互验证得出交互验证均方根误差(RMSECV)为0.00296,预测参差平方和(PRESS)为0.00016.用模型对预测集和白酒样品进行预测,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)为0.00258,结果表明NIRS-PLS可用于白酒生产中的在线质量监控和白酒市场的快速质量检测.     

Simultaneous analysis of main catechins contents in green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.)) by Fourier transform near infrared reflectance (FT-NIR) spectroscopy

This paper reported the results of simultaneous analysis of main catechins (i.e., EGC, EC, EGCG and ECG) contents in green tea by the Fourier transform near infrared reflectance (FT-NIR) spectroscopy and the multivariate calibration. Partial least squares (PLS) algorithm was conducted on the calibration of regression model. The number of PLS factors and the spectral preprocessing methods were optimised simultaneously by cross-validation in the model calibration. The performance of the final model was evaluated according to root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and correlation coefficient (R). The correlations coefficients (R) in the prediction set were achieved as follows: R = 0.9852 for EGC model, R = 0.9596 for EC model, R = 0.9760 for EGCG model and R = 0.9763 for ECG model. This work demonstrated that NIR spectroscopy with PLS algorithm could be used to analyse main catechins contents in green tea.     

Determination of Amino Acid Nitrogen in Soy Sauce Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Characteristic Variables Selection and Extreme Learning Machine

Amino acid nitrogen (AAN) is one of the most important indicators to assess the quality grade of soy sauce in China. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy technique combined with characteristic variable selection and extreme learning machine (ELM) was applied to detect AAN content in soy sauce in this work. First, the optimal spectral intervals were selected by synergy interval partial least square. Then, ELM model based on the optimal spectral intervals was established, called synergy interval extreme learning machine (Si-ELM) model. Support vector machine model based on the optimal intervals was established comparatively. These models were optimized by cross validation, and the performance of each final model was evaluated according to correlation coefficient ( $ R_{\text{p}}^2 $ ) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) in prediction set. Si-ELM showed excellent performance. The best Si-ELM model was achieved with $ R_{\text{p}}^2 = 0.9657 $ and RMSEP?=?0.0371 in the prediction set. It was concluded that NIR spectroscopy combined with Si-ELM was an appropriate method to detect AAN content in soy sauce.     

基于siPLS的猕猴桃糖度近红外光谱检测

为了探寻一种快速无损检测猕猴桃糖度的方法,利用小波滤噪法对猕猴桃1000～2500nm 近红外光谱进行了预处理,并用偏最小二乘法(PLS)、区间偏最小二乘法(iPLS)和联合区间偏最小二乘法(siPLS)分别建立预测模型。结果表明,采用联合区间偏最小二乘法将光谱划分为16 个子区间,利用其中的第9、11、13 号3 个子区间联合建立的糖度模型效果最佳,其校正集相关系数和均方根误差分别为0.9414 和0.3788。预测集相关系数和均方根误差分别为0.9295 和0.3904,主因子数为7 个。研究表明,用小波滤噪和联合区间偏最小二乘法所建立的猕猴桃糖度模型不但减少建模运算时间,剔除噪声过大的谱区,而且预测能力和精度均有所提高。     

基于可见/近红外光谱无损检测苹果可溶性固形物的光照优化

为优化光照在提高可见/近红外光谱无损检测苹果可溶性固形物含量（SSC）精度中的应用,实验比较了四种光照方式对USB2000+微型光谱仪采集苹果随机摆放位置时的透射光谱信号。在剔除光谱异常样本并经光谱预处理后,与常规方法检测的SSC建立偏最小二乘（PLS）回归模型。通过比较模型的预测均方根误差（RMSEP）与相关系数（rp）,结果发现低角度、多光源组合的光照方式最好,模型预测结果为rp=0.804、RMSEP=0.635。该光照方式可为今后便携装置、在线检测的光源设计提供参考。      

光谱预处理结合模拟退火算法的小麦粉面筋含量检测

为得到可靠的小麦粉中面筋含量定量分析模型,基于光谱预处理及模拟退火算法（simulated annealing algorithm,SAA）对近红外光谱（near infrared spectroscopy,NIR）进行优化处理。偏最小二乘（partial least squares,PLS）回归用于建立预测模型,以决定系数R2、校正均方根误差（root mean square error of calibration,RMSEC）、预测均方根误差（root mean square error of prediction,RMSEP）为指标,对比在不同光谱预处理条件下建立的回归模型与光谱预处理结合模拟退火算法优化处理条件下的回归模型。结果表明光谱预处理结合SAA-PLS模型能够有效提高模型的稳定性和预测能力,将R2从0.763?7提高到0.949?1、RMSEC从1.371?2降低到0.589?8、RMSEP从1.450?2降低到0.534?1。结果说明,光谱预处理结合模拟退火算法对光谱进行优化处理是可行的,模型预测能力和稳定性均优于未处理模型和仅进行光谱预处理的模型。     

Application of successive projections algorithm for variable selection to determine organic acids of plum vinegar

Visible and near infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy was investigated to determine the acetic, tartaric and lactic acids of plum vinegar based on a newly proposed combination of successive projections algorithm-least squares-support vector machine (SPA-LS-SVM). SPA, compared with regression coefficients (RC), was applied to select effective wavelengths (EWs) with least collinearity and redundancies. Five concentration levels (100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20%) of plum vinegar were studied. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and partial least squares (PLS) models were developed for comparison. The results indicated that SPA-LS-SVM achieved the optimal performance for three acids comparing with full-spectrum PLS, SPA-MLR, SPA-PLS, RC-PLS and RC-LS-SVM. The root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) was 0.3581, 0.0714 and 0.0201 for acetic, tartaric and lactic acids, respectively. The overall results indicated that Vis/NIR spectroscopy incorporated to SPA-LS-SVM could be applied as an alternative fast and accurate method for the determination of organic acids of plum vinegars.