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1.
Zhi-Hua Yin Yun-Ze Long Chang-Zhi Gu Mei-Xiang Wan Jean-Luc Duvail 《Nanoscale research letters》2009,4(1):63-69
In this paper, we focus on current–voltage (I–V) characteristics in several kinds of quasi-one-dimensional (quasi-1D) nanofibers to investigate their electronic transport
properties covering a wide temperature range from 300 down to 2 K. Since the complex structures composed of ordered conductive
regions in series with disordered barriers in conducting polymer nanotubes/wires and CdS nanowires, all measured nonlinear
I–V characteristics show temperature and field-dependent features and are well fitted to the extended fluctuation-induced tunneling
and thermal excitation model (Kaiser expression). However, we find that there are surprisingly similar deviations emerged
between the I–V data and fitting curves at the low bias voltages and low temperatures, which can be possibly ascribed to the electron–electron
interaction in such quasi-1D systems with inhomogeneous nanostructures. 相似文献
2.
H. H. Jeleń S. Mildner-Szkudlarz I. Jasińska E. Wąsowicz 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2007,84(6):509-517
Headspace SPME–MS was used to analyze volatile compounds from rapeseed oil subjected to an accelerated storage test consisting
of 0–12 days of storage at 60 °C. The SPME–MS data was compared with the data obtained by solid phase microextraction–gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME–GC/MS). The SPME–GC/MS method allowed detection of 37 volatile compounds, of which
28 were identified. Predominant ones were hexanal, 2,4-heptadienal, 2-heptenal and 1-pentene-3-ol. Volatile compounds were
not separated in SPME–MS—a single peak reflecting the total amount of volatiles was obtained. An increase in the abundance
of characteristic ions in this peak could be used to detect of compounds characteristic for rapeseed oil autoxidation. These
compounds (with their characteristic ions) were hexanal (m/z 56), 1-pentene-3-ol and 1-octene-3-ol (m/z 57), 2-pentenal and 2-heptenal (m/z 83 and 84), and 2,4-heptadienal (ions m/z 81 and 110). The SPME–MS peak area was correlated with peroxide value at 0.9779 and with Totox at 0.9841. Principal component
analysis (PCA) of fatty acid volatile oxidation products from a model rapeseed oil indicated that SPME–MS was able to differentiate
samples containing hexanal at a concentration of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 mg/L with proportional amounts of other compounds.
Further, samples that were subjected to 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 days of storage at 60 °C were differentiated using SPME–MS–PCA.
PCA showed similarities in clustering of the data obtained by SPME–MS and sensory analysis. 相似文献
3.
Borg-Karlson AK Nordlander G Mudalige A Nordenhem H Unelius CR 《Journal of chemical ecology》2006,32(5):943-957
Egg-laying females of the pine weevil, Hylobius abietis (L.), regularly deposit feces adjacent to each egg. Egg cavities are gnawed in the bark of roots of recently dead conifer trees. After egg deposition, the cavity is sealed by feces and a plug of bark fragments. Root bark containing egg cavities with feces is avoided as food by pine weevils, which indicates the presence of natural antifeedants. Here we present the first results of the isolation and chemical analyses of antifeedant compounds in the feces of H. abietis. In feeding bioassays, methanol extracts of the feces revealed strong antifeedant properties. Methanol extracts were fractionated by medium-pressure liquid chromatography and the antifeedant effects were mainly found in the fractions of highest polarity. Volatile compounds in the active fractions were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and the nonvolatile compounds were characterized by pyrolysis–GC–MS. Based on mass spectra, a number of compounds with various chemical structures were selected to be tested for their antifeedant properties. Antifeedant effects were found among compounds apparently originating from lignin: e.g., a methylanisol, guaiacol, veratrol, dihydroxybenzenes, and dihydroconiferyl alcohol. A weak effect by fatty acid derivatives was found. The types of naturally occurring antifeedant compounds identified in this study may become useful for the protection of planted conifer seedlings against damage by H. abietis. 相似文献
4.
In this work the changing structure of nickel–phosphorus deposits on aluminium and its alloys at the early stage of electroless
nickel phosphorus deposition using hypophosphite ion as reducing agent has been studied. Prior to electroless nickel deposition,
zincating is used for pre-treatment of aluminium substrates. The surface morphology and structure of the electroless Ni–P
layers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Results show that Ni–P deposition
is closely related to the dissolution of the zincating layer, followed by progressive nickel nucleation. The nuclei serve
as a catalytic surface for further Ni–P deposition which increases with deposition time. The growth and coalescence of the
nuclei on the aluminium substrate results in crystalline layers of Ni–P. 相似文献
5.
Using cyclic-voltammetric techniques, a pyrophosphate-cyanide electrolyte for the electrodeposition of compact Ag–Sn alloy
coatings is investigated. This electrolyte is suited to further investigations on the alloy composition, structure and properties.
The electrodeposition of coatings with up to 40 wt% Sn is possible from the investigated complex electrolytes. The alloy surpasses
the saturation limit of the silver lattice with Sn and allows the formation of coatings with phase heterogeneity. At high
tin content an ordered spatial distribution of different alloy phases on the cathodic surface can be observed. The pattern
formation in this system looks very similar to the phenomena and structures observed during electrodeposition of other silver
alloys, such as Ag–Sb, Ag–Bi and Ag–In. 相似文献
6.
M. M. Abou-Krisha F. H. Assaf S. A. El-Naby 《Journal of Coatings Technology and Research》2009,6(3):391-399
The present work is directed at collecting the properties of Zn–Ni and Zn–Fe alloys in one alloy via the electrodeposition
of Zn–Ni–Fe ternary alloy. Electrodeposition of ternary Zn–Ni–Fe alloy was investigated and compared with the characteristics
of Zn–Ni electrodeposits. The electrodeposition was performed from a sulfate bath onto a steel substrate. Structural analysis
by X-ray diffraction (XRD) method revealed that the Zn–Ni–Fe alloys consisted of a mixture of zinc, and (γ-Ni2Zn11) and (Fe3Ni2) phases. The study was carried out using electrochemical methods such as cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic for electrodeposition,
while anodic linear polarization resistance and anodic linear sweeping voltammetry techniques were used for the corrosion
study. Surface morphology and chemical composition of the deposits were also examined by using scanning electron microscopy
and atomic absorption spectroscopy, respectively. It was found that the obtained Zn–Ni–Fe alloy exhibited more preferred surface
appearance and better corrosion resistance without adding any organic brighteners to the plating bath in comparison to Zn–Ni
alloy that electrodeposited at similar conditions. Results obtained revealed that the increase in corrosion resistance of
ternary deposits is not only attributed to the formation of (γ-Ni2Zn11) phase, but also to iron codeposition and formation of (Fe3Ni2) phase. 相似文献
7.
The potential of ETS-10 as a Lewis acid catalyst was investigated using the MPV reaction at one atmosphere total pressure
and 273 K. ETS-10 was hypothesized to be a potential Lewis acid catalyst as it has titanium in octahedral symmetry, which
is the symmetry shown in zeolite Beta to be the most active site for the Lewis acid catalyzed Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley (MPV) reaction. The MPV reaction is a hydrogen transfer reaction that can be used for obtaining information about the structure
and performance of catalysts by comparing the product selectivities and catalytic activities. Due to their similar structures,
the catalytic activity of ETS-10 was compared to zeolite Beta samples that were space-grown (flight, fewer defects) and to
their earth-grown terrestrial controls. The higher tr-alcohol selectivity (i.e., trans-4-tert-butylcyclohexanol, ∼80% vs. 40%) observed over ETS-10 was attributed to a larger volume being available in the pores of ETS-10
compared to the zeolite Beta samples. By-product formation (i.e., 4-tert-butylcyclohexene) was significantly less over ETS-10
(∼5%) in comparison with the zeolite Beta samples (flight and control; ∼35%). These results reaffirm the octahedral symmetry
as the Lewis active site for the MPV reaction, and illustrate that ETS-10 is a good catalyst for MPV type reactions. 相似文献
8.
Vadim V. Guliants Hidde H. Brongersma Arie Knoester Anne M. Gaffney Scott Han 《Topics in Catalysis》2006,38(1-3):41-50
The outermost surface compositions and chemical nature of active surface sites present on the orthorhombic (M1) Mo–V–O and
Mo–V–Te–Nb–O phases were determined employing methanol and allyl alcohol chemisorption and surface reaction in combination
with low energy ion scattering (LEIS). These orthorhombic phases exhibited vastly different behavior in propane (amm)oxidation
reactions and, therefore, represented highly promising model systems for the study of the surface active sites. The LEIS data
for the Mo–V–Te–Nb–O catalyst indicated surface depletion for V (−23%) and Mo (−27%), and enrichments for Nb (+55%) and Te
(+165%) with respect to its bulk composition. Only minor changes in the topmost surface composition were observed for this
catalyst under the conditions of the LEIS experiments at 400 °C, which is a typical temperature employed in these propane
transformation reactions. These findings strongly suggested that the bulk orthorhombic Mo–V–Te–Nb–O structure is terminated
by a unique active and selective surface layer in propane (amm)oxidation. Moreover, direct evidence was obtained that the
topmost surface VO
x
sites in the orthorhombic Mo–V–Te–Nb–O catalyst were preferentially covered by chemisorbed allyloxy species, whereas methanol
was a significantly less discriminating probe molecule. The surface TeO
x
and NbO
x
sites on the Mo–V–Te–Nb–O catalyst were unable to chemisorb these probe molecules to the same extent as the VO
x
and MoO
x
sites. These findings suggested that vastly different catalytic behavior exhibited by the Mo–V–O and Mo–V–Te–Nb–O phases
is related to different surface locations of V5+ ions in the orthorhombic Mo–V–O and Mo–V–Te–Nb–O catalysts. Although the proposed isolated V5+ pentagonal bipyramidal sites in the orthorhombic Mo–V–O phase may be capable of converting propane to propylene with modest
selectivity, the selective 8-electron transformation of propane to acrylic acid and acrylonitrile may require the presence
of several surface VO
x
redox sites lining the entrances to the hexagonal and heptagonal channels of the orthorhombic Mo–V–Te–Nb–O phase. Finally,
the present study strongly indicated that chemical probe chemisorption combined with low energy ion scattering (LEIS) is a
novel and highly promising surface characterization technique for the investigation of the active surface sites present in
the bulk mixed metal oxides. 相似文献
9.
M.I.C.F. Costa A.M. Fundo L. M. Abrantes J. R. Romero 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2006,36(1):43-47
The preparation of a novel electrode material is described. The ionic exchange properties of polymer films electrochemically
prepared from the allyl ether of the p-benzenessulphonic acid monomer were explored with an incorporated ion of metallic crystallites in the polymeric matrix. The
autocatalytic activity of the pristine and modified polymer for the electroless deposition of Ni–P from a hypophosphite containing
solution was analyzed and conditions for the use of the deposition method to modify the nature and the size of the metal particles
established. The performance of typical electrodes prepared by this route, e.g., polymer/Cu/Ni–P, towards the proton reduction
reaction in buffer solution, when contrasted to polymer/Ni, revealed promising electrocatalytic activity. This behaviour,
along with the simplicity of the preparation route makes these modified electrodes strong candidates to replace other systems
for electrohydrogenation purposes. 相似文献
10.
Yong De Yan Mi Lin Zhang Yun Xue Wei Han Dian Xue Cao Li Yi He 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2009,39(3):455-461
This work presents a novel electrochemical study on the codeposition of Mg, Li and Al on a molybdenum electrode in LiCl–KCl–MgCl2–AlCl3 melts at 943 K to form Mg–Li–Al alloys. Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) showed that the underpotential deposition (UPD) of magnesium
on pre-deposited aluminum leads to the formation of a liquid Mg–Al solution, and the succeeding underpotential deposition
of lithium on pre-deposited Mg–Al leads to the formation of a liquid Mg–Li–Al solution. Chronopotentiometric measurements
indicated that the codeposition of Mg, Li and Al occurs at current densities lower than −0.47 A cm−2 in LiCl–KCl–MgCl2 (0.525 mol kg−1) melts containing 0.075 mol kg−1 AlCl3. Chronoamperograms demonstrated that the onset potential for the codeposition of Mg, Li and Al is −2.100 V, and the codeposition
of Mg, Li and Al is formed when the applied potentials are more negative than −2.100 V. The diffusion coefficient of aluminum
ions in the melts was determined by different electrochemical techniques. X-ray diffraction and inductively coupled plasma
analysis indicated that α, α + β and β Mg–Li–Al alloys with different lithium and aluminum contents were obtained via potentiostatic
and galvanostatic electrolysis. 相似文献
11.
Sn–Ni alloy coatings on mild steel substrates produced by selective area deposition process with layer thickness of about
14 μm were investigated with regard to the structural and corrosion properties. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the
selective area plated Sn–Ni alloy was heterogeneous and composed of NiSn, Ni3Sn2 and Ni3Sn4 phases. Uniform surface coverage of the substrate by granular morphology was observed from SEM and AFM. The alloy composition
was determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The corrosion protection performance of Sn–Ni alloy on mild steel was assessed
using salt-water immersion and electrochemical corrosion tests. A sharp decrease in I
corr and high charge transfer resistance indicated improved corrosion resistant behavior of the selective area deposited Sn–Ni
alloy. 相似文献
12.
Dongzhi Zhang Hengbo Yin Ruichao Zhang Jinjuan Xue Tingshun Jiang 《Catalysis Letters》2008,122(1-2):176-182
A series of Cu–Zn–Ce catalysts were prepared by coprecipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy, temperature programmed reduction, and N2 adsorption. The catalytic activities of the Cu–Zn–Ce catalysts in gas phase hydrogenation of maleic anhydride in the presence
of n-butanol were studied at 220–280 °C and 1 MPa. The conversion of maleic anhydride was more than 97%. After reduction, CuO
species present in the calcined Cu–Zn–Ce catalysts were converted to metallic copper (Cu°). The presence of ZnO in the Cu–Zn–Ce
catalysts was beneficial to stabilizing the catalytic activity in maleic anhydride hydrogenation to γ-butyrolactone. At the
same time, n-butanol was dehydrogenated to butyl aldehyde, then to butyl butyrate via reactions, such as disproportionation and esterification.
Cu–Zn–Ce catalysts are beneficial to the H2 compensation in the coupling process of hydrogenation and dehydrogenation. 相似文献
13.
Valéria A. Alves Luís A. da Silva Luís F. de F. Santos Dane T. Cestarolli Alexandre Rossi Leonardo M. da Silva 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2007,37(8):961-969
The electrochemical behaviour of biomaterials based on Cu–Zn–Al (cubic Cu3Zn phase) and Ag–Sn (orthorhombic Ag3Sn and hexagonal Ag4Sn phases) alloys was investigated in carbonate buffer solutions (pH 9.66) in the absence and presence of chloride, using
different electrochemical techniques. Analyses of the open circuit potential and the potentiodynamic polarisation curves showed
that the passivation domain and the corrosion parameters depend on alloy composition and chloride concentration. Chronoamperometric
studies showed that passivation kinetics and corrosion of the passive film are both well described by a linear ln(i) versus ln(t) relation. The passive film formed on the Ag–Sn alloy is less susceptible to corrosion when compared to the Cu–Zn–Al system.
The impedance data obtained in the passive region for the Cu–Zn–Al alloy showed that the passive layer is compact. In contrast,
the impedance data obtained for the Ag–Sn alloy showed that the passive layer is formed by a compact oxide layer covered by
a porous oxide gel layer. Mott–Schottky analysis showed that the passive film formed on the Cu–Zn–Al alloy behaves as a p-type
semiconductor. 相似文献
14.
Melina Roana de Oliveira Hansen Morten Madsen Jakob Kjelstrup-Hansen Horst-Günter Rubahn 《Nanoscale research letters》2011,6(1):11
Organic nanostructures made from organic molecules such as para-hexaphenylene (p-6P) could form nanoscale components in future electronic and optoelectronic devices. However, the integration of such fragile
nanostructures with the necessary interface circuitry such as metal electrodes for electrical connection continues to be a
significant hindrance toward their large-scale implementation. Here, we demonstrate in situ–directed growth of such organic
nanostructures between pre-fabricated contacts, which are source–drain gold electrodes on a transistor platform (bottom-gate)
on silicon dioxide patterned by a combination of optical lithography and electron beam lithography. The dimensions of the
gold electrodes strongly influence the morphology of the resulting structures leading to notably different electrical properties.
The ability to control such nanofiber or nanoflake growth opens the possibility for large-scale optoelectronic device fabrication. 相似文献
15.
María Angeles Aramendía Victoriano Borau César Jiménez José María Marinas Francisco José Romero 《Catalysis Letters》1999,58(1):53-58
Various magnesium phosphates were tested as catalysts for the vapour-phase Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley–Oppenauer (MPVO) reaction
between 2-hexanol and cyclohexanone. Some of the solids studied are as selective as MgO in this reaction. Others are also
active in the dehydration of the alcohols. The activity and selectivity of the catalysts are related to their structure and
surface chemical properties.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
16.
Mesoporous Ni–alumina catalysts (Ni–alumina-pre and Ni–alumina-post) were synthesized by one-step sol–gel method using micelle
complex comprising lauric acid and nickel ion as a template with metal source and using aluminum sec-butoxide as an aluminum source. The Ni–alumina catalysts showed relatively high surface areas (303 m2/g for Ni–alumina-pre and 331 m2/g for Ni–alumina-post) and narrow pore size distributions centered at ca. 4 nm. Highly dispersed Ni particles were observed
in the Ni–alumina catalysts (ca. 5.2 nm for Ni–alumina-pre and ca. 6.8 nm for Ni–alumina-post) after reduction at 550 °C,
while a catalyst prepared without a template (NiAl-comp) exhibited inferior porosity with large metal particles (ca. 12.3 nm).
Mesoporous Ni–alumina catalysts with different porosity were obtained by employing different hydrolysis step of aluminum source.
When aluminum source was hydrolyzed under the presence of micelle complex, a supported Ni catalyst with highly developed framework
mesoporosity was obtained (Ni–alumina-post). On the other hand, when aluminum source was pre-hydrolyzed followed by mixing
with micelle solution, the resulting catalyst (Ni–alumina-pre) retained high portion of textural porosity. It was revealed
that the hydrolysis method employed in this research affected not only textural properties but also metal-support interaction
in the Ni–alumina catalysts. It was also found that the Ni–alumina-pre catalyst exhibited weaker interaction between nickel
and alumina than the Ni–alumina-post, leading to higher degree of reduction in the Ni–alumina-pre catalyst. In the hydrodechlorination
of o-dichlorobenzene, the Ni–alumina catalysts exhibited better catalytic performance than the NiAl-comp catalyst, which was attributed
to higher metal dispersion in the Ni–alumina catalysts. In particular, the Ni–alumina-pre catalyst showing 1.5 times higher
degree of reduction and larger amounts of o-dichlorobenzene adsorption exhibited better catalytic performance than the Ni–alumina-post catalyst. 相似文献
17.
Abdel Salam Hamdy M. A. Shoeib H. Hady O. F. Abdel Salam 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2008,38(3):385-394
The performance of ternary electroless deposited Ni–P–W and Ni–P–alumina composite coatings on low carbon steel substrates
was studied. The effect of experimental parameters, such as temperature, pH, nickel sulfate concentration, sodium hypophosphite
concentration, sodium citrate concentration, and deposition time on the deposition rate were investigated. The coating brightness,
coherence, and uniform surface distribution were improved due to addition of W and alumina. The coating performance was evaluated
based on the wear-resistance, micro-hardness, and corrosion resistance. The Ni–P–W ternary alloy coatings showed the highest
micro hardness, wear-resistance, brightness, and corrosion resistance. The improvement in the performance of Ni–P–W coatings
can be explained by the formation of a tungsten phosphide phase. 相似文献
18.
Jakob B. Wagner Olaf Timpe Fazliana A. Hamid Annette Trunschke Ute Wild Dang Sheng Su Restu Kartiko Widi Sharifah Bee Abd Hamid Robert Schlögl 《Topics in Catalysis》2006,38(1-3):51-58
The paper concentrates on the study of Mo–V–Te–Nb oxide mixtures by electron microscopy combined with catalytic investigation
of these materials in the partial oxidation of propane. Surface texturing of catalyst particles composed of two phases referred
to in the literature as M1 and M2 is revealed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy of high performing catalysts.
The chemical composition of the catalyst surface is modified by treatment in water to obtain a significant increment in yield
of acrylic acid. A chemical realization of the site isolation concept recurring on a supramolecular arrangement of catalyst
and reactant rather than on atomic site isolation is suggested. A complex Mo–V–Te–Nb–O
x
precursor phase carries nanoparticles made from a network of oxoclusters active as catalyst for the conversion of propane
to acrylic acid. The designed synthesis of the multi-element oxide bulk and of the surface structure with a different composition
than the precursor phase improved the performance by a factor of 4. 相似文献
19.
R. Touir H. Larhzil M. EbnTouhami M. Cherkaoui E. Chassaing 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2006,36(1):69-75
A new bath formulation was developed, which allowed deposition of copper-rich Cu–Ni–P alloys in electroless acidic solutions
in the absence of formaldehyde. The reducing agent was sodium hypophosphite. Though cupric ions do not catalyse the oxidation
of hypophosphite, we show that, in the presence of a low concentration of Ni(II) species, it is possible, even at low pHs,
to induce the reduction of the cupric species. A very strong preferential deposition of copper was observed, which gives Cu–Ni–P
layers with copper content up to 97 wt%. The phosphorus content decreased from 13% to 1% with increasing copper content. The
plating rate decreased when the copper sulfate concentration in the solution increased. It increased with increasing pH or
temperature, but the influence was less pronounced than in alkaline solutions. Compact layers were obtained with a nodular
morphology which did not markedly changed with composition. 相似文献
20.
Zhijin Chen Dexin Yu Shaojie Wang Na Zhang Chunhong Ma Zaijun Lu 《Nanoscale research letters》2009,4(7):618-626
Accurate diagnosis in early stage is vital for the treatment of Hepatocellular carcinoma. The aim of this study was to investigate
the potential of poly lactic acid–polyethylene glycol/gadolinium–diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid (PLA–PEG/Gd–DTPA) nanocomplexes
using as biocompatible molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent. The PLA–PEG/Gd–DTPA nanocomplexes were obtained
using self-assembly nanotechnology by incubation of PLA–PEG nanoparticles and the commercial contrast agent, Gd–DTPA. The
physicochemical properties of nanocomplexes were measured by atomic force microscopy and photon correlation spectroscopy.
The T1-weighted MR images of the nanocomplexes were obtained in a 3.0 T clinical MR imager. The stability study was carried out
in human plasma and the distribution in vivo was investigated in rats. The mean size of the PLA–PEG/Gd–DTPA nanocomplexes
was 187.9 ± 2.30 nm, and the polydispersity index was 0.108, and the zeta potential was −12.36 ± 3.58 mV. The results of MRI
test confirmed that the PLA–PEG/Gd–DTPA nanocomplexes possessed the ability of MRI, and the direct correlation between the
MRI imaging intensities and the nano-complex concentrations was observed (r = 0.987). The signal intensity was still stable within 2 h after incubation of the nanocomplexes in human plasma. The nanocomplexes
gave much better image contrast effects and longer stagnation time than that of commercial contrast agent in rat liver. A
dose of 0.04 mmol of gadolinium per kilogram of body weight was sufficient to increase the MRI imaging intensities in rat
livers by five-fold compared with the commercial Gd–DTPA. PLA–PEG/Gd–DTPA nanocomplexes could be prepared easily with small
particle sizes. The nanocomplexes had high plasma stability, better image contrast effect, and liver targeting property. These
results indicated that the PLA–PEG/Gd–DTPA nanocomplexes might be potential as molecular targeted imaging contrast agent. 相似文献