N-苯基马来酰亚胺合成方法研究进展

N-苯基马来酰亚胺(N-PMI)是一种良好的高分子材料耐热改性剂,主要用来提高材料耐热性。本文综述了近些年来有关N-苯基马来酰亚胺的新型合成方法,并对现有的合成方法进行了初步分析评价。     

N-苯基马来酰亚胺改性酚醛树脂的合成及其结构性能

采用滴加苯酚的方式合成了N-苯基马来酰亚胺改性酚醛树脂（PPMF）, 考察了N-苯基马来酰亚胺（PMI）参与酚醛缩聚反应的转化程度和树脂黏度特性的变化规律.发现延长苯酚滴加时间能提高PMI参与共缩聚反应的竞争能力和转化率;随着回流反应时间的增加,PMI转化率增加,树脂的黏度也随之增大;较高的反应温度或较大的PMI用量均会导致PMI转化率的显著下降.利用核磁、红外和元素分析等表征了改性酚醛树脂的结构及组成,确定N-苯基马来酰亚胺已共缩合于酚醛树脂中,其中PMI含量可达33％左右.利用DSC和TGA研究了N-苯基马来酰亚胺改性酚醛树脂的固化特性和耐热性能,发现PPMF树脂经历了两个固化阶段, 第一阶段是少量羟甲基的缩合, 第二阶段为马来酰亚胺的双键打开自交联形成. PPMF树脂固化产物的耐热性能优于传统的热塑性酚醛树脂.     

耐热ABS树脂制备技术进展

概述国内外耐热ＡＢＳ树脂发展状况，介绍制备耐热ＡＢＳ树脂的共聚掺混，合金化和玻纤填充三种主要方法。从提高聚合物耐热性的途径出发，对以α－甲基苯乙烯、马来酸酐、Ｎ－苯基马来酰亚胺为单体的耐热ＡＢＳ树脂进行了讨论。     

耐热剂N-苯基马来酰亚胺的合成与表征

N-苯基马来酰亚胺用途广泛,在高分子材料领域中作为一种耐热改性剂使用。文章采用共沸法合成了耐热改性剂N-苯基马来酰亚胺,中间体N-苯基马来酰胺酸无需分离,直接在反应体系中经过脱水闭环,生成最终产物,收率率为92%。同时对合成的N-苯基马来酰亚胺分别进行了FT-IR、DSC和HPLC表征,纯度为99.3%,熔点约为89℃。     

PMI-St-AN耐热改性剂的合成及应用

以提高聚氯乙烯(PVC)的耐热性能为目的,用悬浮聚合的方法,合成了N-苯基马来酰亚胺-苯乙烯-丙烯腈三元共聚物型耐热改性剂。通过差热分析、元素分析、凝胶渗透色谱分析等手段对共聚物的玻璃化转变温度、组成及其分布、分子量及其分布进行了表征。初步考察了丙烯腈的加入对N-苯基马来酰亚胺-苯乙烯交替共聚体系共聚合规律的影响。将合成的耐热改性剂用于PVC共混改性,取得了较好的效果。     

N-苯基马来酰亚胺的合成方法、应用及市场展望

综述了N-苯基马来酰亚胺的合成方法和其作为新一代树脂耐热改性剂在ABS及PVC树脂改性以及其它方面的应用.通过分析耐热ABS及PVC的市场状况及国内外N-苯基马来酰亚胺的产需状况,对国内N-苯基马来酰亚胺的发展前景进行了预测,并提出了发展建议.     

N-苯基马来酰亚胺的合成方法、应用及市场展望

通过分析耐热ABS及PVC的市场状况及国内外N-苯基马来酰亚胺的产需状况,对国内N-苯基马来酰亚胺的发展前景进行了预测。     

N-苯基马来酰亚胺的合成方法、应用及市场展望

通过分析耐热ABS及PVC的市场状况及国内外N-苯基马来酰亚胺的产需状况,对国内N-苯基马来酰亚胺的发展前景进行了预测.     

合成N-苯基马来酰亚胺的研究

以马来酸酐和苯胺为原料合成N-苯基马来酰亚胺(N-PMI)的过程中，采用对甲苯磺酸和硫酸铜为催化剂，对羟基苯甲醚为阻聚剂，并采用甲苯／二甲基甲酰胺混合溶剂，有效提高了N-苯基马来酰亚胺的产率。加入金属铜盐催化剂后，N-苯基马来酰亚胺的纯度提高到99．4％左右。同时研究了反应物摩尔比、催化剂用量以及混合溶剂配比等因素对合成N-苯基马来酰亚胺的影响。     

N-(4-羟基苯基)马来酰亚胺改性酚醛树脂的制备与表征

采用N-(4-羟基苯基)马来酰亚胺(4-HPM)改性酚醛树脂(PF),改性后PF的耐热性能明显优于传统的热塑性PF。质量分数2%的4-HPM改性PF的热分解温度比纯PF提高104.6℃,冲击强度提高130%。改性PF的固化过程分为两个固化阶段:第一阶段是少量羟甲基的缩合;第二阶段为马来酰亚胺的双键打开进行自交联。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。