节能降耗的电力计量技术的应用

电力能源的消耗是我国社会发展的重要组成部分,其对国民经济的增长和人民生活水平的提高具有十分重大的意义和作用.为了实现节能降耗的目的,就需要采用合理的措施来进行节能的计量工作,其中,供电计量的准确与否是影响电能质量的关键因素.因此,如何有效的控制电力的能耗就成为了必须要解决的问题.     

换热站控制策略优化与节能的探讨

节能技术的应用成为现阶段我国供热行业的热门话题和关注的焦点。换热站作为供热系统连接管网与用户的一个重要环节,换热站的自动化程度和换热站的控制策略对系统的运行有着至关重要的作用,同时对热网的节能也有很重要的影响。结合换热站自动控制国内外的发展现状,介绍供热系统的调节方式,对换热站的控制策略进行优化。优化换热站的控制策略不仅可以提高换热站的供热品质,还可以实现节能目标,提升经济效益。     

制冷剂环境影响及可持续发展浅析

论述了当前使用的制冷剂以及存在的问题,指出现行制冷剂对臭氧层的破坏作用及引起的温室效应,将严重影响环境的可持续发展。总结了当前制冷剂的替代工作及取得的成果。在论述可持续发展概念的基础上分析了制冷剂的替代研究与环境的可持续发展的关系,得出了环境的可持续发展的要求推动了制冷剂的替代研究工作,并为替代研究指明了方向,同时制冷剂的替代进一步促进了环境的可持续发展。总结了在环境可持续发展要求下的制冷剂的发展趋势。     

工业齿轮油的现状及发展趋势

随着齿轮设备的发展和使用环境的变化,机械设备对齿轮润滑的要求不断提高。齿轮油也随着工业设备的发展,质量不断提高。齿轮油的发展经历了从原来的低性能发展到现在的到高性能,从定期换油到免维护的发展过程。齿轮油的高性能离不开高性能添加剂和添加剂的复配,因此齿轮润滑油添加剂的发展是未来齿轮油高性能化的基础。随着齿轮油标准化的完善,齿轮油的使用更加规范。而随着环保的要求,可降解的合成油和植物油也开始在工业齿轮中应用。     

城镇污水处理厂节能降耗研究现状及发展趋势

污水处理属于能耗密集型的行业,我国的污水处理能耗大约占用社会电能耗的0.3%,因此探究污水处理工艺的节能措施有利于节约社会资源。当前我国的污水处理厂的基础设施正在不断的完善,为来污水处理厂运行中的节能消耗需要构建全程优化和精细化的管理体系,实现污水处理的节能。城镇污水的处理与我国建设绿色低碳环保节能的家园有着密切的关系。在研究城镇污水处理节能措施的基础上,分析其节能技术的途径以及未来城镇污水处理的发展趋势。     

热管的热分析

热管是高效的传热元件,它在我国工业上的应用越来越广泛。热管的经济性可以通过热管的热断(火用)效率来评价。热管吸收的热量和放出的热量相对环境温度都有一定的热(火用)数值。把热管吸收的热(火用)看作是:投入的热(火用),输出的热(火用)看作是受益的热(火用),那么受益的热(火用)与投入的热(火用)的比值就是热管的热(火用)效率。热管的热(火用)效率越高,说明热管的经济性就越好。根据需要的参数设计出来的热管也可以通过热(火用)效率来检查热管的传热性能。     

铀矿物的晶体结构与主要研究手段

近年来,随着核电事业的迅猛发展,作为核燃料的原材料铀矿的研究也不应落后.目前铀矿物学的研究日趋精细化,铀矿物的内部晶体结构直接与它们的物化性质密切相关,彻底查清这些性质对铀矿的找寻、采冶、铀环境的处理等具有重要的意义.通过借助一定的手段研究铀矿物内部晶体结构,再对铀矿物的基本性质和特征做总结性的系统论述,结论如下:1)矿物的晶体结构对矿物的物化性质有着非常重要的影响;2)晶质铀矿的晶胞参数在0.548～0.545 nm之间,人工合成UO2的晶胞参数为0.546 nm,沥青铀矿在0.545～0.537 nm之间;3)铀矿物中杂质离子的存在会在一定程度上影响铀矿物的晶体晶格的稳定性及其性质.     

燃气轮机燃烧室内部流场的冷态模拟与优化设计

利用流体分析软件STAR-CD对一个燃气轮机燃烧室的内部流场完整真实的几何结构进行了三维的冷态模拟；得出其内部的流场分布，对其加以分析，找出原设计中存在的问题，并加以改进，得出更加合理的流场分布，从而指导燃烧室的结构设计。改进后的数值模拟结果表明，改进措施的效果是十分明显的，所建立的流动分析系统为燃气轮机燃烧室的优化设计提供了强有力的计算分析工具。     

六电极矩形钛渣电炉的电极供电系统

六电极矩形钛渣电炉的电极供电对钛渣冶炼的稳定运行起着重要的作用,电极供电的结构布置、熔池加热功率的分布,电极电压、电极电流的检测,都对钛铁矿的入炉加料、电极的深度位置及矩形熔池的反应区尺寸的设计提供了重要的指导,保证了电弧的稳定燃烧,熔池反应区的温度均匀,提高了输入炉内的加热功率,对六电极矩形钛渣电炉的参数设计与工艺操作提供了理论依据。     

净化大气 拯救环境—抑制电厂烟气有害排放新技术综述—

电给人类的生活和工作带来了方便、舒适和进步,从其应用上的通用性和灵活性来看,它是唯一的,也是最为奇妙的一种能源。不幸的是它的生产却给人类的环境造成严重的污染。随着18世纪的工业革命及尔后的世界上工业的发展进程,燃用矿物燃料的火力发电厂及其他工业的投产日趋增多,从50年代起,在工业密集的欧洲就出现酸雨,酸性土壤和大片森     

生活垃圾处理场环境绩效审计初探

通过对某垃圾处理场的环境审计,对该场的垃圾填埋过程、渗滤液处理过程、管理水平、财务过程、污水排放以及环境绩效进行检查、测试、诊断、咨询和评价,排查垃圾处理场可能存在的重点问题,查找解决问题的方法,提出具体的整改措施,完善资金投入体制。最终目的是提升垃圾处理场管理水平,优化处理能力,并通过审计的全过程分析为环境绩效审计提供一个实践的案例。     

山水气林田湖草城系统治理工程技术研究

本文对“山水气林田湖草城”系统治理的理论与工程技术进行了全面深入地研究.提出了修复山形地貌、净化水体质量、调节大气成分、优化森林结构、改良农田土质、重建湖域生态、扩大种草面积、完善城市规划的方法.对“山水气林田湖草城”进行整体保护、系统恢复、综合治理;量化生态资源的隐性价值;发展新气候经济;实施碳热氧产品交易;设立碳热氧税制度;建立经济生产总值与生态生产总值平衡发展体系;创建零碳模式;使人与植物、动物、微生物和自然环境之间,生物各个种群之间,生态诸子系统之间,通过能量流动、物质循环和信息传递达到高度适应、协调和统一的平衡状态,减弱减少自然灾害,延长人类在地球上的生存时间.     

Research progress on hydrate plugging in multiphase mixed rich-liquid transportation pipelines

The plugging mechanism of multiphase mixed rich-liquid transportation in submarine pipeline is a prerequisite for maintaining the fluid flow in the pipeline and ensuring safe fluid flow. This paper introduced the common experimental devices used to study multiphase flow, and summarized the plugging progress and mechanism in the liquid-rich system. Besides, it divided the rich-liquid phase system into an oil-based system, a partially dispersed system, and a water-based system according to the different water cuts, and discussed the mechanism of hydrate plugging. Moreover, it summarized the mechanism and the use of anti-agglomerates in different systems. Furthermore, it proposed some suggestions for future research on hydrate plugging. First, in the oil-based system, the effect factors of hydrates are combined with the mechanical properties of hydrate deposit layer, and the hydrate plugging mechanism models at inclined and elbow pipes should be established. Second, the mechanism of oil-water emulsion breaking in partially dispersed system and the reason for the migration of the oil-water interface should be analyzed, and the property of the free water layer on the hydrate plugging process should be quantified. Third, a complete model of the effect of the synergy of liquid bridge force and van der Waals force in the water-based system on the hydrate particle coalescence frequency model is needed, and the coalescence frequency model should be summarized. Next, the dynamic analysis of a multiphase mixed rich-liquid transportation pipeline should be coupled with the process of hydrate coalescence, deposition, and blockage decomposition. Finally, the effects of anti-agglomerates on the morphological evolution of hydrate under different systems and pipeline plugging conditions in different media should be further explored.     

IEA biomass thermal gasification project

The Biomass Thermal Gasification Project was started in late 1989 as Activity 4 of the IEA Bioenergy Agreement Task VII, Biomass Conversion. This paper reviews the project activities since its beginning, addressing biomass resources, state-of-the-art gasification technology, research needs, and the future project activities that are especially relevant to the nine (9) participating countries: Canada, Denmark, Finland, Italy, The Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America.     

Spectral local linearisation method for MHD Casson fluid on stratified bioconvective porous medium flow due to gyrotactic microorganisms

In this paper, the effect of hall parameter on the flow of Casson nanofluid containing gyrotactic microorganisms over a stretching boundary in a porous medium is studied. The stratification, porosity, and Casson fluid parameters are also examined. Using suitable similarity transformations, the basic equations describing the flow are converted to nonlinear differential equations, which are then solved computationally using the spectral local linearisation method. The effects of key parameters such as the Hall parameter, the thermophoresis parameter, the porosity parameter, and Casson fluid parameters are analyzed. The results obtained suggest that the Hall parameter has the effect of decreasing the secondary flow, the heat and mass transfer rate, and density of the motile microorganisms. A decrease in the the Hall parameter is found to cause an increase in the transfer rate, the mass transfer rate, and the density of the motile microorganisms. An increase in the porosity parameter leads to a decline in the skin friction, heat transfer rate, mass transfer rate, and density of the motile microorganisms. The applications of this study arise in industrial areas, including Hall current accelerators, planetary dynamics, Hall current sensors, and magnetohydrodynamic power generators.     

Heat transfer performance of wet porous solar collectors under periodic conditions

Fourier's law was often used to study the heat transfer of collector plates. However, some scholars have found that under time-varying periodic boundary conditions, using Fourier's law for research will produce certain deviations. In the current work, periodic boundary conditions are used, so the effect of non-Fourier efficiency on the heat transfer of the collector plate needs to be considered. Based on the Cattaneo–Vernotte equation, a heat transfer model of the solar collector plate with a limited heat transfer rate is constructed, and the problem is solved by the lattice Boltzmann method. On this basis, the influence of radiation, porous media, humidity, and relaxation time on solar collectors is considered. And the average efficiency, tip temperature, and exergy loss of the collectors are quantitatively analyzed. The results show that when the non-Fourier effect is considered, the tip temperature of the collector plate decreases, the average efficiency and the exergy loss increase. Moreover, with the increase of relaxation time, the tip temperature is lower, the efficiency and the exergy loss are greater. As the humidity and radiation increase, the tip temperature decreases, and the exergy loss and average efficiency increase. When other factors remain unchanged, the average efficiency, tip temperature, and exergy loss increased with an increase in porosity.     

Exergetic sustainability evaluation and optimization of an irreversible Brayton cycle performance

Owing to the energy demands and global warming issue, employing more effective power cycles has become a responsibility. This paper presents a thermodynamical study of an irreversible Brayton cycle with the aim of optimizing the performance of the Brayton cycle. Moreover, four different schemes in the process of multi-objective optimization were suggested, and the outcomes of each scheme are assessed separately. The power output, the concepts of entropy generation, the energy, the exergy output, and the exergy efficiencies for the irreversible Brayton cycle are considered in the analysis. In the first scheme, in order to maximize the exergy output, the ecological function and the ecological coefficient of performance, a multi-objective optimization algorithm (MOEA) is used. In the second scheme, three objective functions including the exergetic performance criteria, the ecological coefficient of performance, and the ecological function are maximized at the same time by employing MOEA. In the third scenario, in order to maximize the exergy output, the exergetic performance criteria and the ecological coefficient of performance, a MOEA is performed. In the last scheme, three objective functions containing the exergetic performance criteria, the ecological coefficient of performance, and the exergy-based ecological function are maximized at the same time by employing multi-objective optimization algorithms. All the strategies are implemented via multi-objective evolutionary algorithms based on the NSGAII method. Finally, to govern the final outcome in each scheme, three well-known decision makers were employed.     

烘焙对生物质热化学转化特性影响的研究进展

生物质是可再生能源的重要组成部分,储量巨大,但其含水量高、能量密度和热值低等缺点致使其研磨难度大、存储运输不便,难以资源化利用。本文对烘焙预处理技术的过程及特点、能耗分析和较为理想的烘焙标准进行了简述;并重点阐述了烘焙对生物质燃烧、热解和气化特性影响的研究进展。经烘焙处理后的生物质在炉膛内可快速、稳定燃烧,炉内温度迅速升高,产生的烟气量减少;热解产生的生物质焦油中水和乙酸含量明显减少,苯酚含量增加,热值总体升高;气化合成气品质明显提升,能量密度增大,总气化效率显著提高。此外,对烘焙预处理技术在城市固体废弃物处理的应用进行了简要的概述,并对其在生物质和城市固体废弃物研究方向上进行了展望。     

Combustion characteristics and flame stability of linear esters of palmitic acid based on OH-PLIF technology

Experimental study on combustion characteristics and method for evaluating flame stability was carried out. Methyl palmitate, ethyl palmitate, propyl palmitate, butyl palmitate, and amyl palmitate were prepared using pyridine n-butyl bisulfate ionic liquid as catalyst in a self-designed reactor to catalyze esterification reaction of palmitic acid with methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, and pentanol, respectively. Combustion characteristics including the flame height, flame front area, and flame speed were analyzed; and OH-PLIF time-average total signal strength by the OH-PLIF technique and cold flow properties of linear-chain alkyl esters of palmitic acid were also studied. Image diagnosis was applied to the study of flame stability, and an image segmentation method using three color feature matrices of flame corresponding to the red, green, and blue components was proposed. A color was selected as the evaluation color and the iterative method was used to obtain the optimal threshold for the area where the flame was located. Each pixel in the matrix was compared with an optimal threshold, and the flame stability was evaluated by calculating the ratio variance under continuous conditions. The method is simple in operation, accurate in repeatability, less interfered, and provides some guidance for analysis and optimization of biodiesel combustion process.     

Thermal management performance of a fin-enhanced phase change material system for the lithium-ion battery

A fin-enhanced phase change material (PCM) system was introduced for cylindrical lithium-ion batteries. Experiments were performed to explore the performance of the systems during discharging. The working time of the PCM-Fin system is improved by 75%, 68%, and 61% compared to that of the system without fins under the heat production rate of 10, 12.5, and 15 W, accordingly. Simulations were performed by ANSYS Fluent to explore the influence of the geometric parameters (thickness, length, and number) and materials (nylon, titanium, steel, Al alloy, and copper) of the fins on the thermal performance. A function considering both the improvement in thermal performance and the increase in system weight was defined to assess the overall performance. Results indicate that fins made of Al alloy with the number of 8, a length of 7.5 mm, and a thickness of 0.5 mm give the best performance. Besides, the working time of the PCM-Fin system is 2150, 2490, 2940, and 3570 seconds for the coefficient of heat transfer of 5, 10, 15, and 20 W m⁻² K⁻¹, respectively, which is increased by 14%, 32%, 56%, and 90%, compared to that of the adiabatic condition, demonstrating the effectiveness of the PCM-Fin system.