Tribological behavior and mechanism of NiCrBSi–Y2O3 composite coatings

The NiCrBSi–Y₂O₃ composite coatings were prepared on the surface of 45 carbon steel by plasma spray, the microstructure and tribological properties of the coatings were investigated. The results show that the NiCrBSi–Y₂O₃ composite coatings are mainly composed of γ-Ni, CrB, Cr₇C₃ and Y₂O₃. With addition of Y₂O₃, hard phases such as CrB, Cr₇C₃ emerge in composite coating, and the density of the composite coatings also increases. The NiCrBSi–0.5Y₂O₃ composite coating presents excellent tribological properties. Its friction coefficient is 0.175, which is about 37% of that of the pure NiCrBSi coating. The mass wear loss is 1.2 mg, which is reduced by 43% compared with the pure NiCrBSi coating. When the loads are 6–10 N, the NiCrBSi–0.5Y₂O₃ composite coating suffers from slight wear and the wear mechanisms are mainly adhesive wear accompany with slight micro-cutting wear and micro-fracture wear. As the load increases to 12 N, the wear mechanisms are adhesive wear and severe micro-cutting wear.     

煤油流量对HVOF喷涂WC-12Co/NiCrBSi复合涂层显微组织与性能的影响

在 CrZrCu 基体上电镀 Ni 粘结层,通过超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)技术,采用不同煤油流量在电镀 Ni 粘结层上制备了 WC-12Co / NiCrBSi 复合涂层。 利用 XRD、SEM、Raman、维氏显微硬度计、电子拉伸试验机和球盘式摩擦磨损试验机考察了不同煤油流量下涂层相组成、组织结构、力学性能和高温摩擦磨损性能。 结果表明:不同涂层的物相组成基本相同,喷涂过程中发生了一定程度的分解脱碳生成了 W2C,以及少量的 Cr₇C₃ 和 Co₃W₃C 相;随着煤油流量升高,涂层硬度提高,涂层孔隙率和耐磨性表现出先降低后升高趋势,致密的结构与较高的硬度有利于提高涂层的耐磨性;煤油流量为 26 L/ h 的工艺下制备的涂层孔隙率最低,为 0. 11%,硬度较高达到 927. 0 HV_{0. 3} ,摩擦因数最低约为 0. 46,磨损率最低为 2. 83×10^-15 m³ / (N·m),抗粘着磨损性能最好。     

TC4钛合金表面激光熔覆WC增强镍基复合涂层的组织及耐磨性

为提高TC4钛合金的耐磨性,利用激光熔覆技术(laser cladding,LC)在TC4钛合金表面制备Ni60+50%WC(体积分数)和deloro22(d22)粉末打底+(Ni60+50%WC)2种耐磨复合涂层。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)以及X射线衍射仪(XRD)来表征涂层的微观结构和物相组成;使用HV-1000显微维氏硬度计、HRS-2M型高速往复摩擦磨损试验机和WDW-100D电子万能试验机来分析涂层的性能。结果表明:2种涂层均由W₂C、TiC、Ni₁₇W₃、Ni₃Ti和Ti_xW_1-x相组成,2种涂层不仅与基体呈现出优异的冶金结合,而且组织均匀致密,没有裂纹瑕疵;由于涂层中存在着原位合成的硬质相和细晶强化共同作用使得涂层硬度显著提高,约为TC4基体的2.82倍;2种涂层的摩擦系数(COF)和磨损量都远低于TC4钛合金基体;Ni60+50%WC复合涂层和d22粉末打底+(Ni60+50%WC)复合涂层的抗剪切结合强度分别为188....     

高熵合金涂层制备工艺的研究现状

利用激光熔覆技术在Q235基体表面制备CoCrFeNiTi_0.8Nb_y(y = 0.25,0.5,0.75,1.0)涂层.采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析仪等方法分析涂层的相结构和微观组织等;用显微维氏硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机测试涂层的硬度与耐磨性能.结果表明,组织中呈现典型的树枝晶结构,加入Nb元素,涂层微观组织的尺寸减小,增加Nb元素含量时,高熵合金涂层的晶体结构由体心立方相(body-centered cubi,BCC)、少量的面心立方相(face-centered cubic,FCC)和Fe₂(Ti,Nb)型的Laves相组成;在细晶强化、固溶强化和第二相强化的共同作用下提高了涂层的显微硬度;中间相的存在一定程度上可以阻碍犁削切削过程的进行,进而提高了涂层的耐磨性能;CoCrFeNiTi_0.8Nb_0.75涂层的硬度和耐磨性最好,硬度为710 HV,约为基体的4倍,涂层的磨损量最小,磨痕较为平整.

     

Influence of Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> Particle Size on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and Abrasive Wear Behavior of Flame-Sprayed and Remelted NiCrBSi Coatings

The influence of micrometric alumina (low surface area-to-volume ratio) and nanometric alumina (high surface area-to-volume ratio) on microstructure, hardness and abrasive wear of a NiCrBSi hardfacing alloy coating applied to an AISI 304 substrate using flame spraying (FS) combined with surface flame melting (SFM) is studied. Remelting after spraying improved the mechanical and tribological properties of the coatings. Microstructural characterization using XRD, SEM and EDS indicated that alumina additions produced similar phases (NiSi, Ni₃B, CrC and Ni₃₁Si₁₂) regardless of the alumina size, but the phases differed in morphology, size distribution and relative proportions from one coating to another. The addition of 12 wt.% nanometric Al₂O₃ increased the phases concentration more than five- to sixfold and reduced the hard phases size about four-to threefold compared with NiCrBSi + 12 wt.% micrometric Al₂O₃. Nanoalumina led to reduced mass loss during abrasive wear compared to micrometric alumina and greater improvement in hardness.     

Microstructures and properties of Ni based composite coatings prepared by plasma spray welding with mixed powders

The Ni based composite coatings have been obtained by using the plasma spray welding process and mixed powders (NiCrBSi + NiCr-Cr₃C₂ + WC). Their microstructures and properties were studied. The results showed that the coatings consist mainly of γ-Ni, WC, Cr₂₃C₆, Cr₇C₃, Ni₃Si, Cr₅B₃, CrB and FeNi₃ phases, and the Ni₃Si, Cr₅B₃, CrB and FeNi₃ phases mainly segregated between the carbide grains. The carbide contents in the coatings increased with increasing the mass fractions of NiCr-Cr₃C₂ and WC powders in the mixed powders, which results in enhancing the coating hardness. The abrasive wear resistance of the coatings depends on their hardness. The higher the coating hardness, the stronger the wear resistance is. When the mixed powder (15wt%WC + 30 wt% NiCr-Cr₃C₂ + 55wt%NiCrBSi) was used, the composite coating has higher hardness and more excellent wear resistance, and the coating hardness and weight loss after wear tests are 991 HV and 8.6 mg, respectively.     

微米WC增强Ni60合金高频感应熔覆涂层耐磨性能

采用高频感应熔覆方法在Q235低碳钢基体上制备了不同含量的微米WC增强Ni60A合金复合涂层.用MLS-225型湿砂橡胶轮磨粒磨损试验机评价了涂层的耐磨性能,利用SEM,XRD观察并分析了涂层的显微组织和磨损表面形貌.结果表明,在相同试验条件下,涂层的硬度和耐磨性随WC含量的增加而提高,当WC含量少于30%时,WC分布不均匀,主要集中于涂层的中部,涂层中Cr7C3相以粗大的六方状和长条状存在,不利于涂层耐磨性的提高;当WC含量达到50%时,Ni基合金中加入WC的含量达到了合适比例,耐磨性最佳,相对耐磨性为Ni60A涂层的6.5倍;当WC含量达到60%时,涂层的硬度最高,但出现了较多的孔洞,大量未熔的WC颗粒在磨粒的反复作用下剥落形成了大的剥落坑,导致耐磨性下降.涂层与基体实现了冶金结合,涂层的磨损机制主要为轻微的塑性切削和硬质相的脆性剥落.     

Influence of alloy chemistry on microstructure and properties in NiCrBSi overlay coatings deposited by plasma transferred arc welding (PTAW)

The microstructures and performance of two NiCrBSi alloy overlays deposited by plasma transferred arc welding are studied. The coatings consist of a γ-Ni primary dendritic phase with harder Ni + Ni₃B or Ni + Ni₃Si eutectics and Cr-based particles (CrB, Cr₃C₂, and Cr₇C₃) situated at the interdendritic regions. It was found that the volume fraction of the soft primary dendritic phase drastically decreased and the proportion of chromium borides and carbides increased with an increase of C, B, Si, and Cr content. Microhardness testing revealed that the primary Ni dendrite, interdendritic, and Cr-particle phases had average hardness values of 405, 860, and 1200 HV respectively. An increase in the volume fraction of hard eutectics and Cr-particles lead to a substantial increase in hardness and wear resistance.     

A wear resistant ductile metal-toughened Cr13Ni5Si2 ternary metal silicide alloy

A ductile metal-toughened Cr–Ni–Si ternary metal silicide wear resistant alloy with a dual-phase microstructure consisting of Cr₁₃Ni₅Si₂ ternary metal silicide primary dendrites and the interdendritic nickel-base solid solution (γ) was designed and fabricated by the laser melting/continuous deposition process. Wear resistance of the γ-toughened Cr₁₃Ni₅Si₂ intermetallic alloy was evaluated on an MM-200 block-on-wheel dry sliding wear tester at room temperature. The γ-toughened Cr₁₃Ni₅Si₂ intermetallic alloy has excellent wear resistance and extremely low load-sensitivity of wear under dry sliding wear test conditions due to the inherent high hardness, abnormal hardness–temperature relation and strong covalent-dominant atomic bonds. The isolated toughening γ phase played a positive role in reducing volume wear rate by retarding crack propagation and preventing pull-out of the broken Cr₁₃Ni₅Si₂ fragments from the wear surface.     

激光热喷涂Co30Cr8W1.6C3Ni1.4Si涂层在PAO+2.5%MoDTC油中摩擦学特性

为了提高TC4合金的耐磨性能,采用激光热喷涂技术在其表面制备了Co₃₀Cr₈W_1.6C₃Ni_1.4Si涂层。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和X射线衍射（XRD）分析了涂层的形貌和物相,并通过摩擦磨损实验研究了涂层在PAO+2.5% MoDTC（质量分数）油中的磨损行为。结果表明,激光热喷涂的Co₃₀Cr₈W_1.6C₃Ni_1.4Si涂层主要由Ti、WC_1-x、CoO、Co₂Ti₄O和CoAl相组成,在涂层界面形成冶金结合。在激光功率为1000、1200和1400 W时所制备的涂层平均摩擦因数分别为0.151、0.120和0.171,其对应的磨损率分别为1.17×10^-6、1.33×10^-6和2.80×10^-6 mm³?N^-1?m^-1,磨损机理为磨粒磨损,其枝晶尺寸对降磨起主要作用。     

激光熔覆NiCr涂层的结构及摩擦学性能

利用激光熔覆技术在纯钛表面制备了NiCr涂层。用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析了涂层的组成和组织结构。在UMT-2MT摩擦磨损试验机上对NiCr涂层在不同载荷和不同滑动速度下的摩擦磨损性能进行了测试。结果表明:NiCr涂层的主要组成物相为NiTi、Ni3Ti、Ni4Ti3、Cr2Ni3和Cr2Ti,涂层与基材冶金结合,涂层晶体结构主要为树枝状晶,涂层的平均显微硬度约为780HV0.2,涂层的摩擦因数随载荷和滑动速度的增加而减小;磨损率随载荷的增加而增加,随滑动速度的增加而减小。涂层的磨损率在10-6 mm3/Nm数量级,具有优异的耐磨性能。     

Performance of high-velocity oxyfuel-sprayed coatings on an fe-based superalloy in Na2SO4-60%V2O5 environment at 900 °C Part I: Characterization of the coatings

This article demonstrates the successful formulation of NiCrBSi, Cr₃C₂-NiCr, Ni-20Cr, and Stellite-6 coatings on an Fe-based superalloy by a high-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) process for hot corrosion applications. The microstructure, porosity, coating thickness, phase formation, and microhardness properties of the coatings have been characterized using the combined techniques of optical microscopy, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive x-ray analysis. A microhardness tester was used to determine the hardness of the coatings. The coatings in general exhibit characteristic splat-like, layered morphologies due to the deposition and resolidification of successive molten or semimolten powder particles. The NiCrBSi, Cr₃C₂-NiCr, and Ni-20Cr coatings have shown a nickel-base face-centered cubic (fcc) structure as a principal phase, whereas Stellite-6 coating has an fcc Co-rich metallic matrix. Oxides/spinel oxides are formed in small fraction as intersplat lamellae or globules oriented parallel to the substrate surface. Coatings possess some unmelted/partially melted particles, inclusions, and porosity less than 2%. The microhardness of the coatings is found to be higher than the superalloys. The Cr₃C₂-NiCr coating has indicated a maximum microhardness of 990 Hv, while a Ni-20Cr coating has shown a minimum value of about 600 Hv. This article is focused on the characterization of HVOF coatings. The hot corrosion behavior of these coatings in a molten salt (Na₂SO₄-60%V₂O₅) environment at 900 °C under cyclic conditions is being presented as part II included in this issue.     

Microstructure and wear mechanism change by Nb added in slag free self-shielded flux cored wire

Abstract

The iron based hardfacing alloys were produced using slag free self-shielded flux cored wires with varying niobium contents. The results show that NbC acted as the nucleus of primary M₇(C, B)₃ (M?=?Cr, Fe mainly) carbides and decreased the amount of M₇(C,B)₃ carbides when niobium was added into the alloys. When 18?wt-%Fe–Nb (60?wt-%Nb) was added, the microstructure of hardfacing alloy transformed from hypereutectic structure to a eutectic one due to the formation of NbC, which consumed a mass of carbon. The microstructure changed into a hypoeutectic structure when the Fe–Nb content was up to 24?wt-%. With the increase in Fe–Nb content, the main abrasive wear mechanism changed from microcracking to microcutting and microploughing due to the formation of NbC and the reduction of primary M₇(C, B)₃ carbides. The wear loss of the alloy with 18?wt-%Fe–Nb addition was the smallest among all the alloys.     

Development and tribological characterisation of nanostructured Zn-Ni and Zn-Co coatings: a comparative study

Zn-Ni and Zn-Co alloy coatings were electrodeposited on mild steel from sulphate-based baths. The morphology, microstructure, microhardness and tribological behaviours of the coatings have been studied and discussed. While the Zn-5wt-% Co layers presented a nanocrystalline simple nodular structure (45?±?5?nm), the Zn-14wt-% Ni showed a particular structure called cauliflower morphology (30?±?7?nm). The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that each of the electrodeposits was formed from zinc solid solution with a uniform zinc-cobalt intermetallic phase γ₂ (CoZn₁₃) for Zn-5wt-% Co alloy. However, a single γ-phase (intermetallic compound Ni₅Zn₂₁) was presented for the Zn-14wt-% Ni alloys. The Zn-14wt-% Ni films were found to be harder and rougher than the Zn-5wt-% Co layers. Plastic deformation and oxide layers production were the main wear mechanisms for the investigated coatings. The Zn-14wt-% Ni coatings were found to have the best wear resistance due to their microhardness and particular structure.     

Ti和Nb对铁基堆焊合金组织性能的影响

改变Ti或Nb的添加量制备Fe-Cr-C-B系铁基堆焊合金.借助扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、洛氏硬度计和磨损试验机对堆焊合金组织性能进行测试分析.结果表明,在含Ti或Nb的堆焊合金中,初生奥氏体晶粒细化,共晶组织呈断网状均匀分布,并分别有黑色圆形或块状TiC和菱形或三角形NbC硬质相颗粒生成,添加5%Ti的堆焊合金组织最细小.TiC或NbC硬质相颗粒在组织中呈均匀弥散分布,能够作为耐磨质点与细化的初生奥氏体和共晶组织构成耐磨骨架,共同抵抗磨粒的楔入与切削作用.当Ti添加量为5%时,含Ti堆焊合金达到最优耐磨性,硬度为66 HRC,磨损量为0.048 7 g;当Nb添加量为4%时,含Nb堆焊合金达到最优耐磨性,硬度为65 HRC,磨损量为0.052 4 g.在同等条件下,含有适量Ti的铁基堆焊合金具有更优的耐磨性.     

Surface modification of atmospheric plasma sprayed cermet coatings by plasma transferred arc method

ABSTRACT

AISI 8620 steel substrates were coated with WC–Co and Cr₃C₂–NiCr by using the atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) method. Subsequently, surface melting of samples coated with APS was performed at different current values using the plasma transfer arc (PTA) method. Microstructure, microhardness, and wear properties of as-sprayed and surface-modified coatings were investigated. The microstructure of the APS-coated surface had some voids, cracks and nonhomogeneous areas. These defects were eliminated with the PTA surface modification process and microstructural properties of coatings were improved. The wear resistance of PTA modified coatings was also increased. The highest wear resistance and microhardness were obtained in WC–Co coating modified by PTA at a current of 80?A. The wear resistance of this coating was 8.5 times higher than that of the substrate. The coating hardness reached values as high as 980?HV_0,1 in this coating.     

Abrasive wear resistance of electroless Ni-P coated aluminium after post treatment

Electroless nickel (EN) coatings are recognised for their hardness and wear resistance in automotive and aerospace industries. In this work, electroless Ni-P coatings were deposited on aluminium alloy substrate LM24 (Al-9 wt.% Si alloy) and the effect of post treatment on the wear resistance was studied. The post treatments included heat treatment and lapping with two different surface textures. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and micro-abrasion tester were used to analyse morphology, structure and abrasive wear resistance of the coatings. Post heat treatment significantly improved the coating density and structure, giving rise to enhanced hardness and wear resistance. Microhardness of electroless Ni-P coatings with thickness of about 15 μm increased due to the formation of Ni₃P after heat treatment.     

Improvement of the oxidation and wear resistance of pure Ti by laser cladding at elevated temperature

NiCrBSi and NiCrBSi/WC-Ni composite coatings were produced on pure Ti substrates by the laser cladding technology. Thermal gravimetric (TG) analysis was used to evaluate the high temperature oxidation resistance of the laser cladding coatings. The friction and wear behavior was tested through sliding against the Si₃N₄ ball at elevated temperatures of 300 °C and 500 °C. Besides, the morphologies of the worn surfaces and wear debris were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and three dimensional non-contact surface mapping. The results show that the microhardness, high temperature oxidation resistance and high temperature wear resistance of the pure Ti substrates are greatly increased. For the pure Ti substrate, the wear behavior is dominated by adhesive wear, abrasive wear and severe plastic deformation, while both laser cladding coatings, involving only mild abrasive and fatigue wear, are able to prevent the substrates from severe adhesion and abrasive wear. In particular, the laser cladding NiCrBSi/WC-Ni composite coating shows better high temperature wear resistance than the NiCrBSi coating, which is due to the formation of a hard WC phase in the composite coating.     

Characterization of Fe-Cr-B based coatings produced by HVOF and PTA processes

Two Fe-Cr-B based gas atomized powders, Armacor M and 16, were thermally sprayed on a low carbon steel substrate, using the HVOF (High Velocity Oxygen Fuel) process. Armacor M was also weld-surfaced with the PTA (Plasma Transferred Arc) process. The resultant deposits were subsequently characterized, using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and microhardness measurement. The effects of heat treatment were also studied for HVOF-sprayed coatings. The wear performance of the coatings was investigated by two-body abrasive wear tests. The results of microstructural analysis of as-sprayed deposits revealed oxide and boride phases such as Fe₃O₄ and Cr_1.65F_0.35B_0.96 in an α matrix for the HVOF-sprayed Armacor 16 coating, and only the boride phases (Cr_1.65F_0.35B_0.96 and Cr₂B) in an α matrix for the HVOFsprayed Armacor M coating. PTA weld-surfaced Armacor M coating contains needle-type long precipitates of Cr₂B) and Cr_1.65F_0.35B_0.96, in the α matrix. The hardness of the HVOF-sprayed Armacor 16 coating after heat treatment was substantially less than that of the as-sprayed coating due to the phase transformation from α to γ phase. Heat treatments of the HVOF-sprayed Armacor M coating did not produce changes in phase and its hardness decreased as compared to that of the as-sprayed coating. While HVOF-sprayed and PTA weld-surfaced Armacor M coatings have the same hardness, the latter shows better abrasive wear resistance because of the size and orientation of its boride phases. The broadening of the XRD patterns and the increase in hardness after wear testing suggest that the transformation from the crystalline to the amorphous structure occurred on the uppermost layer during wear testing.     

Preparation and characterization of plasma sprayed Ni3Al-hBN composite coating

Ni₃Al-hBN composite powders were manufactured by spray drying technology, and then plasma sprayed to form the coatings. The influence of hBN addition amount on the flowability and apparent density of the composite powders, as well as the mechanical and tribological properties of the as-sprayed coatings was evaluated. The results indicate that the spherical powders with uniformly distributed compositions are successfully manufactured by spray drying technology. Both the flowability and apparent density of the Ni₃Al-hBN powders, as well as the bond strength and hardness of the composite coatings decrease with the increase of hBN content. Addition of hBN less than 10 wt.% reduces the friction coefficient and brittle fracture of the coatings, which is beneficial to improve the tribological properties of the Ni₃Al-hBN composite coatings. However, high hBN addition, damaging the bond in the coating, will deteriorate the wear resistance of the coating. The Ni₃Al-hBN composite coating containing 10%hBN shows the optimum properties combining strength and hardness with tribological properties.