A PSO‐based maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic systems under environmental and partially shaded conditions

To increase the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems, maximum power point (MPP) tracking of the solar arrays is needed. Solar arrays output power depends on the solar irradiance and temperature. Also the mismatch phenomenon caused by partial shade will affect the output power of solar systems and lead to the incorrect operation of conventional MPP tracker. Under partially shaded conditions, the solar array power–current characteristic has multiple maximum. This paper presents a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) with particle swarm optimization method for PV systems under partially shaded condition. The performance of the proposed method is compared with perturb and observe (P&O), improved P&O, voltage‐based maximum power point tracking and current‐based maximum power point tracking algorithms, especially, under partially shaded condition. Simulation results confirm that proposed MPPT algorithm with high accuracy can track the peak power point under different insolation, temperature and partially shaded conditions, and it has the best performance in comparison with four mentioned MPPT algorithms. Also under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions, the P&O algorithm is diverged. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于DSP的改进PSO光伏阵列MPPT控制应用

为了解决光伏（PV）系统在局部阴影条件下（PSC）的最大功率点跟踪问题,提出了一种基于改进粒子群算法（PSO）的快速最大功率点跟踪（MPPT）方法。与传统基于PSO的MPPT系统不同的是,采用了基于转换器电流动态行为的变量抽样时间策略（VSTS）,并且为了更快速的实现最大功率点跟踪,引入三个重要因数,即：粒子数、收敛速度以及抽样时间。采用DSP平台对提出系统进行了具体实现和性能评估,实验结果显示相比其他类似系统,在不同条件（包括PSC）下,提出算法均能够实现速度跟踪且精确度较高。     

一种光伏系统变步长MPPT策略研究

从光电池的数学模型出发,将MPPT问题转化为求解非线性方程的问题,提出了一种变步长MPPT的数学模型,并推导了基于牛顿迭代的MPPT迭代公式,分析了这种MPPT方法的局限和改进。仿真验证了这种变步长MPPT策略的正确性。     

An efficient GWO MPPT for a PV system using impedance information acceleration

This paper presents a novel maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method based on the grey wolf optimisation (GWO) technique for photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems. The proposed method utilises previous working duty cycles and their corresponding voltage and current data to compute the instantaneous DC impedance of a PV string. To determine the peak power characteristics of any PV string, the impedance variation of that PV string is used as an efficient shading factor. This shading factor simplifies the calculation of the GWO-MPPT algorithm to obtain multiple peak targets under partial shading conditions. Thus, the efficiency of the proposed power tracking technique can be improved considerably. The effectiveness of this method was validated through both simulation and hardware implementations. Results revealed that the search performance of five iterations of the proposed method was similar to that of ten iterations of a traditional GWO-MPPT method under normal conditions without shading. These results confirm the practicability of the proposed method in various applications.     

一种基于改进羊群算法的光伏系统最大功率跟踪策略

针对传统控制算法在局部遮蔽条件下无法持续准确地跟踪最大输出功率点,提出一种基于改进羊群算法的光伏系统最大功率跟踪策略.在羊群算法中引入扰动算子、反向种群和自适应放牧概率,以增强算法的局部开发能力,提高算法的寻优精度.均匀光照、局部遮蔽和变照度3种条件下的实验结果表明,改进羊群算法在不同环境条件下均能持续稳定地跟踪最大功率点,在收敛时间和收敛精度上均有较大优势,验证了该算法在最大功率点跟踪控制中的可行性.     

基于周期扫描的太阳能控制器MPPT方法实现

经典的最大功率点跟踪（MPPT）算法会由于外部环境的变化或系统本身采样的误差而无法·陕速地达到最优点。本文提出了一种基于周期扫描的MPPT算法,当系统启动、检测到外部环境发生变化或间隔一定周期时,重新对特定的占空比进行扫描,以快速、准确的确定新的最大功率点。控制器采用同步降压斩波的拓扑结构．降低了系统的功耗。并采用软启...     

光伏并网系统MPPT控制和实现方法的研究

太阳能电池阵列输出特性具有强烈的非线性,为了提高系统的整体效率,一个重要的途径就是实时调整光伏电池的工作点,进行最大功率点跟踪（maximum power pointtracker,MPPT）,使之始终工作在最大功率点附近。最大功率点跟踪方法是一个提高光伏组件效率的很有效的方法。     

Operation of series‐connected silicon‐based photovoltaic modules under partial shading conditions

Partial shading has been recognized as a major cause of energy losses in photovoltaic (PV) power generators. Partial shading has severe effects on the electrical characteristics of the PV power generator, because it causes multiple maximum power points (MPPs) to the power‐voltage curve. Multiple maxima complicate MPP tracking, and the tracking algorithms are often unable to detect the global maximum. Considerable amount of available electrical energy may be lost, when a local MPP with low power is tracked instead of the global MPP. In this paper, the electrical characteristics of series‐connected silicon‐based PV modules under various partial shading conditions are studied by using a Matlab/Simulink simulation model. The simulation model consists of 18 series‐connected PV modules, corresponding to a single‐phase grid‐connected PV power generator. The validity of the simulation model has been verified by experimental measurements. The voltage and power characteristics of the PV power generator have been investigated under various system shading and shading strength conditions. The results can be utilized to develop new MPP tracking algorithms and in designing, for example, building integrated PV power generators. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new analog MPPT technique: TEODI

A new analog maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is presented and discussed. Its main advantages are simplicity of implementation, absence of memory and multiplication operations, and the high MPPT efficiency obtainable under both stationary and time‐varying atmospheric conditions. A numerical analysis, carried out by using the Perturb and Observe MPPT technique as a benchmark reference, confirms the validity of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种中小型光伏系统MPPT的算法研究

为提高光伏发电系统的最大输出功率,根据光伏电池的特性,针对中小型光伏发电系统的应用实际,提出了一种新型的MPPT控制方法和改进的恒定电压法,并在Matlab环境下进行仿真验证。分析与仿真结果表明,与常规CVT法相比,该方法能够有效提高最大功率点的追踪精度。     

Performance evaluation of a MPPT controller with model predictive control for a photovoltaic system

ABSTRACT

Efficiency has been a major factor in the growth of photovoltaic (PV) systems. Different control techniques have been explored to extract maximum power from PV systems under varying environmental conditions. This paper evaluates the performance of a new improved control technique known as model predictive control (MPC) in power extraction from PV systems. Exploiting the ability of MPC to predict future state of controlled variables, MPC has been implemented for tacking of maximum power point (MPP) of a PV system. Application of MPC for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) has been found to result into faster tracking of MPP under continuously varying atmospheric conditions providing an efficient system. It helps in reducing unwanted oscillations with an increase in tracking speed. A detailed step by step process of designing a model predictive controller has been discussed. Here, MPC has been applied in conjunction with conventional perturb and observe (P&O) method for controlling the dc-dc boost converter switching, harvesting maximum power from a PV array. The results of MPC controller has been compared with two widely used conventional methods of MPPT, viz. incremental conductance method and P&O method. The MPC controller scheme has been designed, implemented and tested in MATLAB/Simulink environment and has also been experimentally validated using a laboratory prototype of a PV system.     

基于粒子群优化的光伏MPPT算法

针对光伏发电系统最大功率点跟踪恒定电压法跟踪精度较低的缺点,提出了基于温度系数在线修正的改进恒定电压法与粒子群优化结合的光伏MPPT算法,即在系统偏离最大功率点时,采用改进恒定电压法快速确定一个新的工作点,再采用粒子群优化进行最大功率控制,使得MPPT确保跟踪速度的同时又提高了跟踪精度。最后通过Matlab/Simulink对该算法进行了仿真,结果表明该控制系统可快速跟踪最大功率点。     

不同MPPT架构光伏系统发电效率的比较研究

光伏系统的MPPT架构有集中式、组串式和分布式三种类型.不同MPPT架构光伏系统组件串并联结构不同,对局部阴影和组件参数失配产生的输出功率损失表现出的抑制能力不一样,发电效率有明显差别.本文对不同MPPT架构光伏系统的发电效率进行比较研究,结果表明因局部阴影与组件参数失配影响,分布式MPPT光伏系统年均发电量比集中式MPPT光伏系统提高约4.65%～19.62%,比组串式MPPT光伏系统提高约2.64%～12.86%,具体数值随发生阴影时间比例、参数失配幅度增大而变大,且与具体阴影情形有关.     

Global maximum power point tracking based on new extremum seeking control scheme

A new perturbed‐based extremum seeking control (PESC) scheme is proposed in this paper to track the global maximum power point (GMPP). The PESC scheme has two control loops based on power of the photovoltaic (PV) array: the first loop operates as usually to track the maximum power point and the second sweeps all local MPPs to locate the GMPP. Once the GMPP is located based on its uniqueness (after the PV pattern is quickly scanned many times, depending on the PV pattern's profile), the GMPP is accurately tracked based on first control loop. The used PV patterns have the profile of the PV power characteristics obtained for PV array under partially shaded conditions (PSCs). This PESC scheme is proposed to track the GMPP in the PV applications, but also in other multimodal problems from industry, being a good motif to revive the specialists' interest for the extremum seeking control field. The results obtained here are very promising for both search speed and tracking accuracy performances of the GMPP under different PSCs simulated on the PV array. Thus, the energy efficiency of PV array controlled with the proposed PESC scheme will increase with more than 1.2% in comparison with that obtained with the other MPP algorithms because of better performance shown by this PESC scheme. A 99.6% tracking accuracy is obtained here in comparison with a maximum 98.4% tracking accuracy reported in the literature. Furthermore, 100% hit and high search speed are obtained here for the GMPP localization. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

光伏发电中最大功率点跟踪控制方法综述

在光伏发电系统中,光伏电池输出特性具有明显的非线性特征,其输出功率受光照强度及环境温度影响很大。因此,为了提高光伏电池的利用效率,需要快速准确地对光伏电池的最大功率点进行跟踪控制。本文简要介绍了十多种常用的光伏电池最大功率点跟踪控制方法的原理,说明了各种控制方法的优缺点,指出了选择某一方法时需要综合考虑的因素,并展望了光伏发电系统最大功率点跟踪方法的发展方向。     

插值法与自循环电导增量法相结合的MPPT控制

光伏电池工作效率的高低取决于其控制系统采用的控制方法。为了更好地节约资源,提高效率,该文提出了一种新的控制方法:首先控制系统的初始电压设置在某一近似点,然后根据控制系统采样数据进行循环插值计算,最后结合自循环的INC法实现快速查找MPP点,并稳定运行于此状态下。经过仿真试验和检验,确定此方法在外界条件变化时,能够使系统快速跟踪并工作在MPP点,提高了系统的工作效率。     

光伏电池最大功率跟踪算法的优化设计

光伏电池输出功率受到光照强度、温度和负载等因素的影响而变化,有必要对光伏电池进行最大功率跟踪。文中提出了新的扰动观察MPPT方法,该方法通过控制Boost变换器的占空比来实现最大功率的控制。该方法具有跟踪效率高、跟踪速度快、跟踪控制简单的优点,仿真验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于双并联Boost电路的光伏系统最大功率点跟踪控制方法

光伏电池的输出功率取决于外界环境（温度和光照条件）和负载状况,需采用最大功率点跟踪（MPPT）电路,才能使光伏电池始终输出最大功率,从而充分发挥光伏器件的光电转换效能.在比较了常用光伏发电系统控制的优缺点后,依据MPPT控制算法的基本工作原理,主电路采用双并联Boost电路,具有电压提升功能,并且能够提高DC-DC环节的额定功率和减小直流母线电压的纹波.针对传统扰动观察法存在的振荡和误判问题,提出了一种新型的基于双并联Boost电路的改进扰动观察法最大功率跟踪策略.在Matlab/Simulink下进行了建模与仿真,仿真结果表明,当外界环境发生变化时,系统能快速准确跟踪此变化,避免算法误判现象的发生,通过改变当前的负载阻抗,使之与光伏电池的输出阻抗等值相匹配采满足最大功率输出的要求,使系统始终工作在最大功率点处,并且在最大功率点处具有很好的稳态性能.最后通过实验验证了该算法的有效性.     

基于DSP的光伏发电系统中最大功率点跟踪算法的研究

基于DSP芯片TMS320F2812设计一种两级式光伏并网发电系统.对该系统提出了一种新型的MPPT控制算法,即在外界环境或负载突变时,先采用一种在线计算短路电流法,避免了对系统正常工作的干扰,以保证跟踪的快速性;在此基础上引入小步长的扰动观察法,对最大功率点处的稳态特性进行优化,可有效减小系统的输出功率在最大功率点的振荡现象.通过Matlab软件分别对扰动观察法、短路电流法以及所提的新型MPPT方法进行仿真,结果表明,该新型MPPT方法能够快速、准确地跟踪外部环境变化,减少了系统在最大功率点的振荡现象,提高了光伏发电系统的效率.     

On the testing,characterization, and evaluation of PV inverters and dynamic MPPT performance under real varying operating conditions

The increasing number of photovoltaic inverters that are coming on to the PV market stresses the need to carry out a dynamic characterization of these elements and their maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms under real operating conditions. In order to make these conditions repeatable at the laboratory, PV array simulators are used. However, actual simulators, including the commercial simulators, recreate only a single or small set of PV array characteristic curves in which quite commonly theoretical calculations are included in order to simulate irradiance and temperature artificial variations. This is far from being a recreation of the real and long dynamic behavior of a PV array or generator. The testing and evaluation of the performance of PV inverters and MPPT algorithms has to be carried out when the PV system moves dynamically according to real operating conditions, including processes such as rapidly changing atmospheric conditions, partial shadows, dawn, and nightfall. This paper tries to contribute to the analysis of this problem by means of an electronic system that both measures the real evolution of the characteristic curves of PV arrays at outdoor operation and then recreates them at the laboratory to test PV inverters. This way the equipment can highlight the different performances of PV inverters and MPPT techniques when they operate under real operating conditions. As an example, two commercial inverters are tested and analyzed under the recreated behavior of a PV generator during 2 singular days that include processes of partial shading and fast irradiance variations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.