Blind velocities mitigation for MIMO GMTI radar with Doppler division multiple access waveforms

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar with multiple transmitters and multiple receivers can achieve a larger virtual antenna array and more system degrees of freedom; thus applying it to ground moving target indication (GMTI) radar can improve the performance of GMTI. Doppler division multiple access (DDMA) waveforms are approximately orthogonal providing good minimum detectable velocity (MDV) performance. However, in such DDMA systems, a sufficient pulse repetition frequency (PRF) design freedom is required. Furthermore, these waveforms suffer from blind velocities which are serious problems, especially in radar systems with high carrier frequency or low PRF. This paper analyses the blind velocities problem and show that blind velocities are relative to variation of the PRF and/or the carrier frequency. Variable PRF techniques are widely used in conventional GMTI radar including multiple PRFs and variable pulse repetition intervals (PRI). Combined with the characteristics of the DDMA MIMO GMTI radar, this paper proposed two methods to mitigate blind velocities: “multi-PRF DDMA” which employs multiple PRFs over successive coherent processing intervals, and “PRI-dithered DDMA” which employs nonuniform sampling by dithered PRI in slow time. Simulation results demonstrate that both the methods are effective ways to mitigate blind velocities in DDMA MIMO GMTI radar systems.     

MIMO-OFDM系统中信道盲估计与检测

针对MIMO-OFDM系统,提出了一种基于子空间的盲信道估计与检测方案,该算法将阵列信号处理的思想应用到MIMO-OFDM系统中,通过发送端信号的冗余编码,利用一种类ESPRIT算法进行盲信号检测和信道估计。仿真结果表明该算法的有效性及其信道盲估计方法的性能。     

MIMO Radar Waveform Constraints for GMTI

Ground moving-target indication (GMTI) provides both an opportunity and challenge for coherent multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar. MIMO techniques can improve a radar's angle estimation and the minimum detectable velocity (MDV) for a target. However, the challenge of clutter mitigation places significant constraints on MIMO radar waveforms. In this paper, the loss of target return because of clutter mitigation (signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) loss) is the driving performance metric. The ideal, orthogonal repeated-pulse waveform is shown not to exist. Pulse-to-pulse time-varying waveforms, such as Doppler-division multiple access (DDMA), are shown to offer SNR loss performance approaching ideal MIMO systems.      

地面RCS起伏特性模拟及对ATI检测性能的影响

在假定目标RCS起伏为高斯形状频谱特性的前提下,将高斯白噪声通过一个高斯谱特性的低通滤波器来模拟目标RCS起伏特性。首先用康斯坦尼兹法设计了低通滤波器,并根据地杂波等效速度的不同,得到一组不同的滤波器响应,进而实现了背景RCS起伏程度不同的地杂波的模拟。然后以该地杂波为背景,采用ATI方法进行动目标检测,分析了地面背景RCS起伏特性对动目标检测性能的影响。计算机仿真结果表明：在一定的虚警概率下,当不考虑接收机噪声时,随着RCS起伏加剧,动目标径向最小可检测速度增大。最后得到结论：用基于ATI方法进行动目标检测时,若不考虑雷达接收机噪声,则地面背景RCS起伏特性是影响最小径向可检测速度的主要因素。     

正交频分LFM信号MIMO雷达的距离维高分辨

MIMO雷达即多输入多输出雷达,发射时分为多个子阵,每个子阵发射的信号载频相差固定频率并满足正交关系,其信号模型及处理方法类似于步进频率雷达。由于信号之间的正交性,利用匹配滤波提取出不同频率的发射信号分量,然后相参合成实现距离维高分辨,同时还可以完成测速、测距和相参积累等功能。首先给出了MIMO雷达的信号模型,然后分析了正交频分线性调频信号的互相关特性,推导出了距离维高分辨合成处理的数学模型,分析了速度对合成效果的影响及解决方法,最后通过仿真实验证明了理论分析的正确性。     

MIMO雷达GMTI性能及DOA估计的克拉美·罗界分析

研究了MIMO雷达GMTI 性能及其DOA估计的克拉美·罗界(CRB)。首先建立机载平台下MIMO雷达信号模型,通过对系统参数设置,可使MIMO雷达工作在3种不同模式中。接着分析了MIMO雷达GMTI性能,并推导出了在MIMO雷达空时信号模型下,利用空时联合域信息时DOA估计的CRB。仿真结果表明,无论是GMTI性能还是DOA估计性能,MIMO雷达均优于相控阵雷达,尤其是发射稀疏阵MIMO雷达性能最佳。同时,利用空时联合域信息能有效改善MIMO雷达DOA估计的CRB,在目标多普勒频率相差较大时效果更加明显。     

A new subspace method for blind estimation of selective MIMO‐STBC channels

In this paper, a new technique for the blind estimation of frequency and/or time‐selective multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) channels under space‐time block coding (STBC) transmissions is presented. The proposed method relies on a basis expansion model (BEM) of the MIMO channel, which reduces the number of parameters to be estimated, and includes many practical STBC‐based transmission scenarios, such as STBC‐orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), space‐frequency block coding (SFBC), time‐reversal STBC, and time‐varying STBC encoded systems. Inspired by the unconstrained blind maximum likelihood (UML) decoder, the proposed criterion is a subspace method that efficiently exploits all the information provided by the STBC structure, as well as by the reduced‐rank representation of the MIMO channel. The method, which is independent of the specific signal constellation, is able to blindly recover the MIMO channel within a small number of available blocks at the receiver side. In fact, for some particular cases of interest such as orthogonal STBC‐OFDM schemes, the proposed technique blindly identifies the channel using just one data block. The complexity of the proposed approach reduces to the solution of a generalized eigenvalue (GEV) problem and its computational cost is linear in the number of sub‐channels. An identifiability analysis and some numerical examples illustrating the performance of the proposed algorithm are also provided. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多载频MIMO雷达解速度模糊及综合处理方法

多载频MIMO雷达采用稀布阵发射多载频FMCW信号,阵列接收目标回波。该文分析了多载频MIMO雷达的信号模型,提出了一种解速度模糊的新方法,该方法不需发射多重频信号,利用各发射通道模糊多普勒频率获得目标真实速度的最小二乘解。还提出了一种新的发射接收综合处理方法,该方法将积累后每个距离单元等分成Nn份,并用相参积累结果对其加权,在抑制距离栅瓣的同时充分利用了收发阵列孔径。最后讨论了多载频MIMO雷达的参数选取问题。仿真结果表明了该文方法的有效性。     

频分MIMO雷达波形捷变抗自卫式假目标干扰

针对频分MIMO雷达在自卫式欺骗干扰情况下,空域自适应波束形成算法无法有效抑制干扰的问题,提出了一种基于波形捷变的时域自卫式假目标干扰抑制方法.首先阐述了支援式主瓣假目标干扰抑制机理,指出其抗自卫式干扰的局限性;然后分析了波形捷变抗自卫式干扰的基本原理;最后对频分MIMO雷达在不同周期发射的正交信号波形进行了设计,使干...     

基于联合像素干涉统计特性的三通道动目标检测方法

本文提出了一种基于联合像素的三通道地面运动目标检测（GMTI）方法。首先分析联合像素处理后的两多视SAR图像于涉统计特性,建立幅相联合的概率统计模型,分析虚警和漏警,考虑到最小可检测速度内存在速度模糊,采用能量重心法解模糊,最后将干涉幅度和解模糊后的干涉相位联合检测动目标。实测数据处理结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

Capabilities of Dual-Frequency Millimeter Wave SAR With Monopulse Processing for Ground Moving Target Indication

Ground moving target indication (GMTI) for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) provides information on nonstatic objects in radar imagery of a static ground scene. An efficient approach for GMTI is the use of multichannel SAR systems for a space- and time-variant analysis of moving targets. This allows the indication, correction of position displacement, and estimation of radial velocity components of moving targets in a SAR image. All three steps are possible due to a determinable Doppler frequency shift in the radar signal caused by radial target movement. This paper focuses on the millimeter wave (mmW) SAR system MEMPHIS with multichannel amplitude-comparison monopulse data acquisition and the ability to use carrier frequencies of 35 and 94 GHz simultaneously, making it a dual-frequency SAR. This paper includes mmW-specific SAR GMTI considerations, an adaptive algorithm to collect velocity and position information on moving targets with mmW monopulse radar, and a discussion on GMTI blind speed elimination and target velocity ambiguity resolving by dual-frequency SAR. To determine the capabilities of both, system and algorithm, three large-scale experiments with MEMPHIS in different environments are presented     

集中式MIMO雷达研究进展：正交波形设计与信号处理

集中式多输入多输出（Multiple Input Multiple Output,MIMO）雷达通常利用正交波形增加发射波形自由度,采用数字阵列拓展空间收发自由度,使得雷达接收机的天线孔径获得明显扩展,最终带来空间分辨率、测角精确度、杂波抑制能力等大幅度提升。但是,这些性能提升的前提是发射波形具有正交特性。事实上,在实际应用中,在不牺牲时域/频域资源情况下,受限于时宽带宽积,无法获得完全正交的波形集合,从而限制了MIMO雷达系统性能。本文对集中式MIMO雷达正交波形复用的技术原理进行了系统回顾,分别归纳了三种快时间发射波形设计方法：时分复用（Time Division Multiplexing, TDM）、码分复用（Code Division Multiplexing,CDM）和频分复用 （Frequency Division Multiplexing, FDM）,以及两种慢时间发射波形设计方法：多普勒分复用（Doppler Division Multiplexing,DDM）和随机相位编码波形,并对其优缺点进行对比。同时,对快时间MIMO和慢时间MIMO的信号处理流程进行归纳综合,给出基于匹配滤波的集中式MIMO雷达统一信号处理框架。为了展示不同波形对成像性能的影响,本文给出了基于三维匹配滤波的MIMO雷达成像结果。最后,结合实际应用问题,指出当前MIMO雷达面临的技术难点和发展趋势。     

An Efficient Scheme to Achieve Differential Unitary Space‐Time Modulation on MIMO‐OFDM Systems

Differential unitary space‐time modulation (DUSTM) has emerged as a promising technique to obtain spatial diversity without intractable channel estimation. This paper presents a study of the application of DUSTM on multiple‐input multiple‐output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO‐OFDM) systems with frequency‐selective fading channels. From the view of a correlation analysis between subcarriers of OFDM, we obtain the maximum achievable diversity of DUSTM on MIMO‐OFDM systems. Moreover, an efficient implementation strategy based on subcarrier reconstruction is proposed, which transmits all the signals of one signal matrix in one OFDM transmission and performs differential processing between two adjacent OFDM blocks. The proposed method is capable of obtaining both spatial and multipath diversity while reducing the effect of time variation of channels to a minimum. The performance improvement is confirmed by simulation results.     

机载双通道SAR/DPCA误差分析

SAR/DPCA技术是一种简单实用的多通道SAR运动目标检测方法,实际应用中会受到各种误差因素的限制,其中影响算法性能最大的两类误差是载机速度误差和通道失衡。该文详细地分析了这两类误差因素对SAR/DPCA算法性能的影响,建立了误差分析模型,针对实际参数给出了误差分析的结果,并确定了一定误差条件下的系统可检测速度范围、盲速和最小可检测速度。     

Frequency estimators for MIMO-OFDM systems

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems are known to be sensitive to carrier frequency offset (CFO). This paper is concerned with the CFO estimation for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems employing OFDM waveforms. We present two approaches to derive maximum likelihood (ML) pilot-assisted frequency estimators that use either two or multiple identical training symbols. It is shown that the resulting ML frequency estimators are similar to maximum ratio combining versions of Moose estimator and Yu–Su solution, respectively. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed frequency estimators are robust against spatial Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) variation and they yield performance superior to that of the corresponding single-antenna system.     

多通道MTI系统的幅相均衡技术

多通道接收技术在大测绘带、高分辨率SAR、GMTI、InSAR、多波段及多极化SAR中获得了广泛应用。在地面动目标检测时,由于多通道GMTI的最小可检测速度（MDV）要比单通道的MDV小,因此多通道GMTI是人们推崇的方案,但对多通道GMTI而言,必须解决多通道接收宽带信号系统的通道均衡问题,否则会降低系统的杂波抑制性能。针对这一问题,给出了一种适用于多通道接收GMTI系统通道校正的实现框图和基于FFT的校正方法,通过对三通道接收GMTI系统实测数据的处理,验证了该方法的有效性。     

A Comparison Study Between Pre-Equalization Schemes for Single and Multi Carrier Modulation Systems

In this paper, frequency domain pre-equalization (Pre-FDE) is developed for broadband cyclic prefix-code division multiple access (CP-CDMA) as a single carrier transmission scheme, and for multi carrier-CDMA (MC-CDMA) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) as multi carrier transmission schemes. A comparison study is held between these schemes and the traditional equalization schemes. Experimental results show that pre-equalization improves significantly the performance of the single and multi carrier communication systems with a very low complexity at the receiver. The comparative study between MIMO pre-equalization for single carrier systems and for multi carrier systems shows that MIMO pre-equalization for single carrier systems outperforms that for multi carrier systems in terms of bit error rate (BER) performance since single carrier transmission has more frequency diversity than multi carrier transmission in the uncoded case.     

OFDM-MIMO雷达低空目标探测性能研究

针对低空多径效应和地杂波复合作用导致的低空目标探测性能下降, 利用正交频分复用(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM)-多输入多输出(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output, MIMO)雷达的空间和频率分集特性提高低空目标探测性能.在建立正交频分复用-线性调频发射信号模型、多径效应模型和基于对称阿尔法稳定分布的地杂波模型基础上, 得出了OFDM-MIMO雷达接收信号模型.采用匹配滤波器恢复发射-接收天线对信号, 通过接收信号融合实现参差补偿, 减小了接收信号能量的深度衰减和剧烈起伏.仿真算例表明OFDM-MIMO雷达能够有效减小回波信号剧烈起伏和杂波对目标探测的影响, 实现多径干扰和杂波背景下对低空目标的稳定探测.     

基于STFAP的MIMO雷达运动目标参数估计的CRB研究

多发多收(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output, MIMO)雷达在目标检测、参数估计等方面具有显著优势。目标参数估值的CRB被证明是系统设计和空时自适应处理(STAP)性能分析中的有力工具。该文针对采用频分正交信号的共置天线MIMO雷达,首先建立基于MIMO雷达的目标和杂波空-时-频信号模型;在此基础上,研究基于空-时-频自适应处理(STFAP)的MIMO雷达地面运动目标角度和多普勒参数最大似然估值的克拉美-罗界(CRB);最后通过CRB性能仿真分析验证了MIMO雷达STFAP有效消除动目标检测盲速,提高目标参数估计精度的优势。     

交替收发模式下SAR-GMTI沿航迹基线形式及其影响分析

采用子孔径交替收发的工作模式,可以增加沿航迹基线长度和相位中心个数,是提升单平台多通道SAR系统地面动目标检测(GMTI)性能的有效途径。该文在建立交替收发模式下多通道动目标信号模型的基础上,通过分析推导明确了形成GMTI基线的必备条件。以建立的模型和推导为依据,给出了交替收发工作模式的设计考虑,通过对同一系统采用不同天线孔径划分和交替方式下的GMTI性能的比较,说明了合理选择天线孔径划分和交替方式对提升GMTI性能的重要性。仿真和实测数据处理结果验证了结论的正确性。