Aspergillus ficuum菊粉酶的分离纯化及其酶解菊粉制备低聚果糖

采用硫酸铵分级沉淀、透析脱盐、DEAE-Cellulose离子交换色谱等分离纯化技术，从Aspergillus ficuum菌株混合酶系中分离得到4种菊粉酶组分，应用薄层层析法分离各组分水解菊粉的产物，发现其中3种组分主要含外切菊粉酶，一种主要含有内切菊粉酶。进一步对所得到的内切菊粉酶组分酶解菊粉制备低聚果糖进行了研究，研究了底物浓度、加酶量、反应温度和反应pH对低聚果糖制备的影响，确定其最适反应条件为：底物浓度50g／L、加酶量10U／g底物，反应温度45℃，反应PH6．0。在此条件下反应72h，菊粉酶解率达74％，低聚果糖得率可达50％以上，酶解产物以DP2～DP4为主。     

Aspergillus ficuum菊粉酶的荧光光谱研究

以Trp 为荧光探针,测定Aspergillus ficuum 产内切菊粉酶和外切菊粉酶的内源荧光性质,结果表明,外切菊粉酶和内切菊粉酶荧光产生贡献的色氨酸残基可能位于一个极性环境中,内切菊粉酶的色氨酸残基所处环境的极性比外切菊粉酶的色氨酸残基所处的环境极性大。菊粉酶经N- 溴代琥珀酰亚胺(NBS)修饰后,内切菊粉酶荧光发射峰位出现了明显的蓝移,表明内切菊粉酶分子的色氨酸比外切菊粉酶分子的色氨酸对环境的变化更敏感。以丙烯酰胺作为荧光淬灭剂,内切菊粉酶色氨酸的可及分数比外切菊粉酶色氨酸的可及分数大,说明内切菊粉酶分子中的色氨酸比外切菊粉酶的更加暴露。菊粉酶在不同的pH 值环境中荧光强度的变化结果显示：随着环境pH 值的降低,内切菊粉酶的荧光淬灭程度比外切菊粉酶大,表明内切酶分子中色氨酸的微环境对pH 值的变化更敏感。荧光光谱分析揭示了内切菊粉酶和外切菊粉酶具有不同的构象。     

菊粉外切酶的异源表达、纯化及酶学性质

将菊粉降解菌Paenibacillus sp. Lfos16的菊粉外切酶基因克隆至表达载体p ET-28a (+),转入Escherichia. coli BL21(DE3)中实现了异源表达。利用镍柱亲和层析纯化重组菊粉外切酶,并进行SDS-PAGE检测。重组菊粉外切酶的表观分子质量为87 k Da,经纯化后,重组菊粉外切酶的比酶活为348.30 U/mg。重组菊粉外切酶作用菊粉和蔗糖的酶活分别为259.37 U/m L和592.16 U/m L,I/S值为0.438,且重组酶水解菊粉的主要产物为果糖。重组菊粉外切酶最适作用温度为40℃,且当温度低于30℃时酶活较稳定;最适作用pH为6。Ag~+、Cu~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Hg~(2+)、Fe~(3+)具有显著抑制作用。重组菊粉外切酶对菊粉的K_m为19. 28 mg/m L,Vmax为0.18 mg/(min·m L)。     

内切型菊粉酶酶学性质的研究

以食品与生物工程实验中心酶工程实验室保藏的黑曲霉菌种作为菌源,利用黑曲霉细胞深层发酵法生产内切型菊粉酶。通过测定发酵液酶活,从20株黑曲霉菌株中筛选得到产菊粉酶活力最高的编号为E133131的一株黑曲霉菌株,酶活为0.66U/mL。对黑曲霉E133131号菌株所产内切型菊粉酶进行了酶学性质的研究,得到以下结论:最适pH为4.5;最适温度为60℃;最佳底物浓度为4mmol/L;米氏常数(Km)为1.434mmol/L;Ca2+对内切型菊粉酶有激活作用,当加入浓度为1.5mmol/L的Ca2+时,使酶活从0.66U/mL提高到1.09U/mL;Mn2+、Cu2+和Mg2+对内切型菊粉酶有抑制作用,其中Cu2+的抑制作用最大,使酶活从0.66U/mL降低到0.095U/mL;Na+、K+、Zn2+、Fe2+、Mg2+对内切型菊粉酶的酶活影响不大;pH在4.5~8.0范围内,温度在50~60℃之间,内切型菊粉酶的酶活力较稳定。     

Aspergillus ficuum产果聚糖酶体系的分析

采用活性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对Aspergillusficuum产果聚糖酶体系进行了分离 ,获得8条谱带 ;进一步运用薄层色谱 (TLC)和高效液相色谱 (HPLC)法进行分析 ,发现 8条谱带中有 3条属于外切菊粉酶 ,2条属于内切菊粉酶 ,证明了Aspergillusficuum能同时产内切菊粉酶和外切菊粉酶 .     

黑曲霉产菊粉酶的条件及其酶学性质的研究

对黑曲霉SL-09在摇瓶条件下产菊粉酶的奈件及其酶学性质进行了研究。结果发现,接种量和装瓶量对产酶影响不大,而pH值影响较为显著,最佳产酶pH值为6．0;在对催化条件的研究中发现最佳反应温度、底物浓度和pH值分别为60℃、60g/L和6．0;锰离子对酶活有较强的激活作用,最适浓度为1．5×10mol／L;同时发现该酶存在着严重的产物抑制现象,当果糖浓度大于1％时,菊粉酶活力将大幅度下降。     

菊粉化学和微生物菊粉内切酶研究进展

菊糖作为多聚果糖类碳水化合物,其物理化学性质已较早地得到研究,之后菊糖分子结构得到深入的研究。近年以开发菊粉系列产品作为功能性食品成分为目标,关于微生物菊粉内切酶酶学性质、基因结构、工程菌株构建与生产应用方面的研究进展迅速,如已经成功地构建2种高表达内切菊粉酶的基因工程酵母。本世纪菊粉生物技术将大力推动菊粉产业的发展。     

Aspergillus ficuum菊粉酶的化学修饰

应用NBS、DEPC、EDC、DIC、Ch-T、PMSF 和DTT 化学修饰剂对Aspergillus ficuum 产内切菊粉酶和外切菊粉酶进行化学修饰,测定与其活性相关的氨基酸残基,结果表明,构成内切菊粉酶和外切菊粉酶活性中心的必需氨基酸残基均含有色氨酸和羧基氨基酸(谷氮酸或天门冬氨酸),组氨酸可能是酶活性中心的组成氨基酸。邹氏作图法进一步确认外切菊粉酶活性中心必需色氨酸残基数目为2,内切菊粉酶活性中心必需色氨酸残基数目为1 。     

灰平链霉菌Streptomyces griseoplanus S501产外切菊粉酶的分离纯化及酶学性质研究

1株产外切菊粉酶的海洋放线菌灰平链霉菌Streptomyces griseoplanus S501发酵粗酶液,经硫酸铵分级沉淀、透析脱盐后,分别采用Sephadex G-75凝胶、DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B离子交换柱层析和SDS聚丙烯凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分离纯化,得到菊粉酶不同活性组分。纯化倍数为10.42倍,比酶活249.5 U/mg(蛋白),相对分子质量为28.184 k Da。酶学性质研究结果表明,该菊粉酶的最适温度和p H值分别为50℃和5.0。在50℃和p H5.0条件下,以菊粉为底物时,该酶的Km值和vmax值分别为3.83 mg/m L和4.64 mg/(m L·min)。金属离子对酶活性影响实验表明,Mg2+、I-、Li+、Fe3+、Al3+和K+对该菊粉酶酶活有很强的抑制作用,Cu2+、Ca2+和Ag+对该菊粉酶活性具有一定促进作用。     

曲霉SK004产菊粉酶发酵条件的确定及酶学性质研究

对实验室保存的 1株代号为SK0 0 4无花果曲霉菌株进行了发酵条件的优化 ,确定该菌株产胞外菊粉酶 ,且主要为外切菊粉酶。优化条件为 (g /L) :菊粉 2 5 ,蛋白胨 2 5 ,NH4H2 PO44,NaCl 5 ,MgSO4·7H2 O 0 5 ,Zn SO4·7H2 O 0 1,pH 6 5 ,30℃振荡培养 7 5d ,酶活力达到 5 3 1U/mL。酶反应的最适pH为 4 5 ,最适温度 6 0℃ ,在 pH 3 0～ 8 0的范围内和 6 0℃以下保存时具有较好的稳定性。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the