Noise due to sloshing within automotive fuel tanks

The effect of liquid sloshing upon the acoustics of automotive vehicles is becoming more pronounced with the increasing size of fuel tanks and the recent progress in minimising tyre, engine and aero-acoustical noise generation. This paper deals with experiments and numerical simulations of sloshing in automotive fuel tanks. A correlation between recorded slosh noise and simulated pressure fluctuations within the sloshing liquid is derived. The presented numerical simulations are based on the volume-of-fluid method and are able to track the free-surface-flow within complex fuel tank shapes subjected to arbitrary outer acceleration profiles. Some typical applications of the numerical approach are presented, too.     

Micromachined Angular Rate Sensors for Automotive Applications

Micromachined angular rate sensors are key elements in several automotive systems, thus enabling highly sophisticated applications like rollover detection and mitigation, navigation systems, electronic stability program, and other future vehicle stabilizing and dynamics control systems. New automotive systems are demanding higher accuracy, better signal-to-noise ratio, higher robustness and insensitivity against external perturbations, better system availability and reliability, as well as easy application of the gyros. This paper is presenting the recent development, now the third generation, of micromachined angular rate sensors at Robert Bosch GmbH. Mass production was started in spring 2005. These surface micromachined gyroscopes exhibit outstanding performance compared to similar designs, especially in term of resolution, noise, and insensitivity against external perturbations     

Fuzzy singular value shrinkage for Poisson image denoising

Poisson noise is a fundamental problem in various imaging applications, such as low-light photography, computed tomography and fluorescence microscopy. To remove Poisson noise, an adaptive iterative singular value shrinkage algorithm based on variance-stabilizing transformation (VST) and fuzzy logic classification is proposed in this paper. Since Poisson noise is signal dependent, we use the VST to convert it into signal independent Gaussian noise. The transformed image is divided into a number of blocks, and the similarity of these blocks is well judged according to the similarity criterion of an approximate Kullback–Leibler (KL) distance, and they are arranged to form a low-rank matrix. Then, the proposed algorithm uses singular value decomposition and adaptive soft-thresholding contraction operator to reduce noise, because large singular values point to the position of interesting information, and small singular values point to the position of the noise. In addition, to better preserve the structural information of the image, an adaptive iterative regularization technique based on fuzzy logic classification is proposed. Finally, a potentially noise-free image is obtained by unbiased inverse VST. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is competitive with several popular Poisson denoising techniques in both visual and objective metrics.     

噪声对阶跃信号上升时间测量不确定度的影响

为了更准确地反映阶跃信号上升时间测量过程中可能存在的不确定度来源、提高测量结果的可信度,对噪声引入的阶跃信号上升时间测量不确定度分量开展了数值仿真和试验分析。结果表明,信噪比对上升时间测量不确定度存在显著影响,在信噪比较低的情况下,噪声引起的上升时间测量不确定度成为主要来源。通过比较Savitzky?Golay平滑算法和移动平均平滑算法在阶跃信号上升时间计算中的应用效果,发现采用适当的平滑算法可以降低噪声引入的不确定度分量,其中,移动平均平滑算法的效果更好。本研究有助于提高动态信号测量结果的可靠性和准确性,对航空、航天、汽车等领域的动态信号测试不确定度分析具有重要的参考价值。     

基于小波变换的磁流变悬架模糊控制算法

运用小波变换的方法将汽车行驶时车身振动信号分解成若干频率成分,分解结果经模糊化处理后作为模糊控制器的输入,根据振动能量的频域分布和车辆悬架阻尼匹配原理制订模糊控制规则,实时调节磁流变阻尼器的阻尼力.实车道路试验表明,基于小波变换的模糊控制算法无论对车身振动还是车轴振动都取得了良好的抑制效果(共振峰值下降了5dB),并且比天棚阻尼控制更具优势.由于该算法只需要一个传感器测量车身加速度,不需要预测路面,是一种非常有应用前景的算法.     

自适应滤波在车用发电机噪声测试中的应用

介绍车用发电机噪声的测试方法和特点,应用自适应滤波方法对车用发电机试验过程中所测得的发电机噪声与试验台背景噪声的混合信号进行分离研究,同时与独立分量分析（ICA）方法进行了比较。实验结果表明,用自适应滤波的方法能很好地把发电机噪声和背景噪声分离开来,从而使发电机生产厂家不必为控制噪声测试过程中的背景噪声而对其发电机试验平台进行改造,有效地解决了其产品噪声测试的难题。     

基于非最小相位系统自适应逆控制的有源消声研究

前馈有源噪声控制(active noise control，ANC)方法可在较宽的频带有效。在前馈有源噪声控制中，直接使用传统的FXLMS算法时，由于次级通道传递函数往往是非最小相位系统(non—minimum phase，NMP)，导致系统的性能下降。本文提出一种基于NMP逆控制的自适应前馈有源噪声控制FXLMS算法，用带宽随机噪声信号作为噪声源进行仿真实验研究，在一通风管道上进行了实时ANC实验，结果表明较传统的FXLMS算法有明显的改进。     

Worst‐case design in head impact crashworthiness optimization

This paper describes the solution of a worst‐case design optimization problem of head impact in automotive design. The worst‐case design process uses an optimization algorithm that can locate saddlepoints: points in the design space where the objective function is maximized with respect to some design variables (worst case) while it is minimized with respect to other design variables simultaneously. The worst‐case design methodology is first tested using two analytic functions. Both functions contain saddlepoints, while the second one also has a random analytic noise component and an integer variable. Thereafter, the methodology is applied to the worst‐case design of a crashworthiness head impact problem. The head impact problem contains both numerical noise and an integer variable. For the first analytical case, the effect of separability of the maximization and minimization variables is investigated by rotating the design variable axes. For the second analytical case, analytical noise in the form of a modified Griewank function and an integer variable is added. For the head impact problem, cases are presented where maximization and minimization are first performed separately, and then in a combined fashion to locate the saddle point. The case studies illustrate the power of this approach in the automotive occupant safety design field. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Composite integrated rear suspension

Fiber reinforced plastics are undergoing extensive studies as potential structural materials for automotive applications. This paper describes the design, fabrication, weight analysis and testing of a composite integrated rear suspension in a Ford Escort vehicle. This suspension utilizes a transverse FRP leaf spring to integrate the functions of the production Escort stamped steel lower arms and coil springs. The spring was designed using previously developed composite design procedures. The results show concept feasibility, a vehicle weight saving of 7 lb, good ride, noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) characteristics. A reduction in roll stiffness points out the need for development in the design of the center clamp attachment to the body structure. This study demonstrates the viability and potential of fiber reinforced composites in automotive suspension systems.     

Comparison of 24 GHz receiver front-ends using active and passive mixers in CMOS

This study compares the key parameters of two integrated receiver front-end architectures: low noise amplifier (LNA) with active mixer against LNA with passive mixer. The authors discuss the differences in the performance and their impact on system characteristics for radar applications. A low-IF down-conversion receiver implementation is considered. The results are compared in measurement for two 24 GHz receiver front-end chips realised in a 0.13 mm digital CMOS process. Both circuits have been characterised over automotive temperature range -40 to 125°C. The front-end with an active mixer offers lower LO power dependence and exhibits better temperature stability, whereas the front-end with a passive mixer has the advantage of better input-referred linearity and lower flicker noise.     

On the effect of numerical noise in approximate optimization of forming processes using numerical simulations

The coupling of Finite Element (FE) simulations with approximate optimization techniques is becoming increasingly popular in forming industry. By doing so, it is implicitly assumed that the optimization objective and possible constraints are smooth functions of the design variables and, in case of robust optimization, design and noise variables. However, non-linear FE simulations are known to introduce numerical noise caused by the discrete nature of the simulation algorithms, e.g. errors caused by re-meshing, time-step adjustments or contact algorithms. The subsequent usage of metamodels based on such noisy data reduces the prediction quality of the optimization routine and is known to even magnify the numerical errors. This work provides an approach to handle noisy numerical data in approximate optimization of forming processes, covering several fundamental research questions in dealing with numerical noise. First, the deteriorating effect of numerical noise on the prediction quality of several well-known metamodeling techniques is demonstrated using an analytical test function. Next, numerical noise is quantified and its effect is minimized by the application of local approximation and regularization techniques. A general approximate optimization strategy is subsequently presented and coupling with a sequential update algorithm is proposed. The strategy is demonstrated by the sequential deterministic and robust optimization of 2 industrial metal forming processes i.e. a V-bending application and a cup-stretching application. Although numerical noise is often neglected in practice, both applications in this work show that the general awareness of its presence is highly important to increase the overall accuracy of optimization results.     

Using distributed search methods for balancing mixed-model assembly lines in the automotive industry

Currently, modern companywide PC networks usually possess significant unused calculation capacity. Since the connected personal computers are mainly used for office applications, considerable off-peak times occur. Consequently, in order to solve planning problems more efficiently, it is promising to apply distributed search procedures that make use of those available off-peak times. This applies in particular to complex problems where insights into the structure of the solution space are lacking. The paper at hand illustrates the application of distributed search methods to automotive assembly line balancing. Modern mass customization programs in the automotive industry frequently comprise more than a billion theoretical variants. Since this causes an oscillating capacity demand at the line, deliberately designing the layout of a mixed-model assembly line is of significant importance. The paper at hand provides a new mixed-model assembly line balancing approach that integrates specific aspects relevant for the automotive industry. However, by integrating several -hard subproblems like a detailed personnel planning or a flexible process planning of each task, the resulting model has significant complexity. Consequently, in order to find appropriate line layouts in reasonable time, specifically designed distributed solution approaches are provided and evaluated. Among these approaches, particularly the use of a specific clustered Tabu Search algorithm attains promising results. By making use of an adaptive dynamic load balancer, substantial improvements of the solution quality can be obtained even under unfavorable circumstances like oscillating background loads in the PC network.     

基于PolyMAX的声固耦合模态试验研究

白车身的结构模态频率和模态振型反映了汽车车身结构的固有特性,对车内噪声有重要影响。车内空腔跟车身结构一样,同样拥有模态频率和模态振型。采用LMS数据采集系统对某国产SUV进行车内空腔声学模态试验。首先基于传声器阵列的方法获取响应点的信号,然后利用PolyMAX方法提取声学模态频率及振型。将声学模态频率与白车身结构模态频率进行对比分析,结果表明：车内空腔的第一、二阶声学模态分别跟白车身的第四、十阶结构模态有很强的耦合。最后通过实车测试验证了声固耦合共振时低频轰鸣的存在。可以在关键部件增加板厚、顶盖和地板附加阻尼层、顶盖加加强筋等方式改变车身结构的局部模态来破坏车身结构模态和声腔模态的强耦合状态,降低车内的低频轰鸣声     

基于ANSYS的汽车变速器检测试验台架有限元分析

本文运用Solidworks软件对汽车变速器检测试验台架进行了三维建模,通过ANSYS软件进行瞬态分析和模态分析,得到了汽车变速器检测试验台架的应力云图,识别出试验台架结构的模态参数,得出台架的固有频率和振型特征。为进一步研究汽车变速器检测试验台振动、疲劳和噪声等奠定了基础,也为汽车变速器检测试验台架结构的优化设计提供了参考依据。     

New Automotive Sensors—A Review

This paper focuses on the primary automotive sensor technologies used today and their related system applications. This paper describes new automotive sensors that measure position, pressure, torque, exhaust temperature, angular rate, engine oil quality, flexible fuel composition, long-range distance, short-range distance, and ambient gas concentrations. In addition, new features are described for sensors that measure linear acceleration, exhaust oxygen, comfort/convenience factors, and night vision. New automotive system applications are described for sensors that measure speed/timing, mass air flow, and occupant safety/security.      

汽车NVH试验数据管理系统关键技术研究

实现试验数据的有效管理和数据重用并形成NVH试验历史支撑数据库,成为支撑NVH研究、提高NVH研究水平的迫切需要。在分析了汽车NVH试验数据特点和试验数据管理需求的基础上,提出了一套完整的支持商用测试系统和手工数据的汽车NVH试验数据结构化方法,针对数据单位统一定义、数据可视化、试验对象动态扩展等关键问题提出了解决方案,并开发了实用化的汽车NVH试验数据管理系统。对提高汽车NVH研究水平和工作效率、减少工程试验成本上有重要作用。这些解决方案也可供其他振动噪声工程或汽车工程试验数据的系统开发参考借鉴。     

基于噪声和图卷积神经网络的电机故障诊断

文章针对旋转机械设备维护和噪声监测治理的需求,提出了一种基于电机噪声信号和图卷积神经网络的故障诊断算法。该算法对时域数据进行傅里叶变换,将变换后的频域数据转化为图数据,利用提出的新型图卷积神经网络结构对图数据进行训练并分类。搭建电机故障实验平台,完成了6种不同状态的电机噪声信号采集与实验验证。实验结果表明,图卷积神经网络能根据有限的电机噪声信号有效识别出电机故障,并具有一定的小样本学习能力,能够在样本量较少的情况下进行故障分类。对比分析表明,该算法分类准确率优于K最近邻-图算法、一维卷积神经网络、自动编码器和支持向量机等其他算法,为实际工程应用提供了参考。     

Commercial Viability of Al-Based MMCs in the Automotive Segment

Based on the cost-to-quality ratio evaluation related to automotive applications of discontinuously reinforced aluminum-based composites, R & D efforts, directed toward a further lowering of the cost of composite material, are considered. The results of the study indicate that a viable business concept for applications of discontinuously reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCs) in the automotive segment should be built up on the development of an end user-friendly and preferably one step production technology. This should be capable of producing near net-shaped automotive parts in MMC grade consisting of fine ceramic particles of average particle size around 1 μm or less and keeping the production cost at the current level.     

三维空间有源消声的一种通用优化方法

本文根据声源辐射理论、声场叠加原理以及测得的声功率大小与所选取的测量面无关这一特点,提出了一种通过最小化初级声源和次级声源总的声功率对三维空间噪声的主动控制进行优化的数值方法。文中采用边界元近似,将总的声功率表示成次级声源复强度的二次型正实函数。本优化方法是Bullmore 等人提出的解析方法的推广,具有广泛的适用性,可用于设计初级声源在各面元上的声压可知、次级声源到各面元上的声传播可确定的任何场合下控制器优化传递函数。计算过程中仅用了几次复矩阵乘法和一组复系数线性方程组的求解,因此计算简便、速度较快。文中采用这种方法对圆柱壳和无幕活塞辐射器这两种具有典型指向特性的分布初级声源辐射噪声的优化控制问题进行了研究,说明了方法的有效性。文中还给出了实验验证结果。     

环形子孔径拼接算法的精度影响因素分析

优化的拼接算法是环形子孔径扫描测量大口径非球面光学元件的关键问题。针对一种基于离散相位值的环形子孔径拼接算法,从精度评定判据入手,对随机噪声、高阶噪声、重叠区宽度及子孔径数目这几个主要影响因素进行了数值仿真分析。结果表明,该算法对高阶噪声和随机噪声均不灵敏,高阶噪声的影响略大于随机噪声的影响;对口径和相对口径较大的非球面,相邻子孔径间重叠系数应大于 0.15,对于非球面度不大的非球面,重叠系数可大于 0.25, 能以较高精度求得拼接参量。