沙棘黄酮及其转化研究最新进展

沙棘黄酮是沙棘中的主要活性成分,其主要的存在形式是由槲皮素等苷元构成的糖苷型化合物。由于相对于糖苷型黄酮来说,苷元型黄酮更利于吸收且功能性更强,因此很多实验报告对糖苷型黄酮类化合物转化为苷元型化合物进行了报道。基于目前的研究情况,本文对沙棘黄酮的结构、存在形式、功能特性及其生物转化等的最新研究进展做了综述。      

黄酮苷元类化合物制备技术及功能活性研究进展

黄酮苷元部分为黄酮类化合物的主要活性位点,黄酮苷元比结合型糖苷具有更强的抗肿瘤,抗炎症,抗氧化等功能活性,且更易于被人体吸收,生物利用度明显提高。长期以来,我国植物黄酮的利用形式仍以附加值极低的粗产品为主,对黄酮苷元类化合物的开发和利用程度明显不足,从而造成了黄酮资源的严重浪费。本文概述近年来国内外黄酮苷元类化合物的制备技术及其功能活性研究,拟为开发高活性的黄酮苷元类保健食品或药品提供一定的理论依据。     

乳酸菌在黄酮类化合物生物转化中的应用

黄酮类化合物具有抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗病毒等多种生物活性,但自然界存在的黄酮类化合物大多以黄酮糖苷的形式存在,大部分的黄酮糖苷在人体内不能通过小肠壁进入血液,生物利用度低。通过乳酸菌发酵去糖基化可以将黄酮糖苷转化成相应的黄酮苷元,使其更容易被人体吸收,从而大大提高黄酮类化合物的生物利用率。该文综述了黄酮类化合物生物转化的意义和研究进展,乳酸菌在黄酮类化合物生物转化中的应用等,以期加强对乳酸菌生物转化的了解,加速其在黄酮类化合物生物转化中的应用。     

超高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术解析沙棘果超临界CO2萃取物中黄酮类天然产物结构

采用超临界CO2萃取技术获得沙棘果油,通过超高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术和Peakview色谱工作站拟合、二级质谱解析和紫外光谱及质谱数据比对,确定有关化合物的组成和分子结构。共鉴定出沙棘果超临界CO2萃取物中含有18?种黄酮类化合物,其中包括8?种黄酮醇苷元及黄酮醇苷,3?种二氢黄酮醇苷元及二氢黄酮醇苷,5?种黄酮苷元及黄酮苷,1?种二氢黄酮苷元和1?种黄烷醇苷,其中芹菜素-6-C-葡萄糖苷-8-C-木糖苷、儿茶素-7-吡喃葡萄糖苷、苜蓿素、紫罗兰素、刺槐黄素这5?种黄酮首次被发现存在于沙棘中。     

银杏黄酮抑制脂质氧化的研究

为明确银杏黄酮的有效活性形态,为银杏黄酮作为天然抗氧化剂提供实验依据,本研究将苷元型和糖苷型银杏黄酮分别添加到大豆油和鼠脑组织匀浆中,考察它们对高温下大豆油氧化的抑制效果和对由FeCl_2-H_2O_2诱导产生的丙二醛(MDA)的抑制效果。结果表明,苷元型和糖苷型的黄酮均能有效地抑制脂质氧化,且在相同浓度下苷元型比糖苷型银杏黄酮有更强的抑制脂质氧化的能力(p0.05);作为天然的抗氧化剂,苷元型银杏黄酮有更好的抗氧化效果。     

3种新疆沙棘黄酮的提取优化及抗氧化活性对比

采用超声波辅助法提取沙棘果实中的总黄酮,采用单因素实验和响应面试验优化提取工艺,采用优化的工艺提取不同成熟度、不同地区沙棘果实黄酮,采用高效液相色谱法分析4种主要黄酮苷元的分布及含量,同时比较这些沙棘黄酮提取物的抗氧化活性。结果表明：乙醇体积分数55%、料液比1∶45(g/mL)、超声功率210 W时,沙棘A的总黄酮提取率最高可达3.241%。沙棘果实中主要的黄酮苷元为异鼠李素、槲皮素、山奈酚、杨梅素,而3种沙棘果实黄酮苷元的含量有差异。抗氧化活性测定结果表明,沙棘C的黄酮提取物具有更强的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除率、2,2’-联氮双（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）阳离子自由基清除率和还原能力,总黄酮苷元含量与DPPH自由基清除率、还原能力呈显著正相关。本研究结果为沙棘黄酮的综合利用开发提供数据支持。     

银杏叶提取物中黄酮苷酶法转化苷元的研究

银杏叶提取物中的黄酮类化合物主要以苷形式存在,本文采用酶法水解黄酮苷中的糖基使其转化为苷元,提高抗氧化活性。银杏黄酮苷经过复合酶预处理后,黄酮苷含量仅为0.23%,再用转化酶水解可获得高含量的苷元,产品银杏苷元黄酮含量达59.65%,其中槲皮素占总黄酮苷元的24.87%,山奈酚占30.18%,异鼠李素占4.60%。      

银杏叶提取物中黄酮苷酶法转化苷元的研究

银杏叶提取物中的黄酮类化合物主要以苷形式存在,本文采用酶法水解黄酮苷中的糖基使其转化为苷元,提高抗氧化活性.银杏黄酮苷经过复合酶预处理后,黄酮苷含量仅为0.23%,再用转化酶水解可获得高含量的苷元,产品银杏苷元黄酮含量达59.65%,其中槲皮素占总黄酮苷元的24.87%,山奈酚占30.18%,异鼠李素占4.60%.     

豆制品中大豆异黄酮转化与富集的研究进展

大豆异黄酮属于黄酮类化合物,主要分为结合型大豆异黄酮糖苷和游离型大豆异黄酮苷元。游离型大豆异黄酮苷元具有比结合型大豆异黄酮糖苷更高的生理活性,如预防骨质疏松和女性更年期综合症,抗氧化和抗癌抑癌等。大豆异黄酮在食品保健方面应用前景广阔,国内外研究者对大豆异黄酮研究越发深入。该文主要综述豆制品中大豆异黄酮的转化和富集方法,旨在为生产富含大豆异黄酮苷元的功能性豆制品研究提供参考。     

发酵沙棘原果汁的乳酸菌筛选及工艺优化

该研究以沙棘原果汁为原料，利用乳酸菌进行发酵，筛选出转化黄酮苷元含量高的菌株以及发酵工艺。以发酵后的黄酮苷元含量（以异鼠李素计）的变化为筛选标准，先利用26株单菌进行筛选，再进行复配，得到植物乳植物杆菌L23、戊糖片球菌P27和植物乳植物杆菌L21复配效果最好。并利用正交试验对pH值、温度、碳源添加量以及接种比例进行发酵工艺条件的优化。优化后得到的3株乳酸菌在pH值为4，温度30 ℃，添加碳源6%（m/V），接菌比例为1:2:1时发酵得到的黄酮苷元含量较高，同时检测沙棘原果汁发酵前后总黄酮、总酚酸、有机酸以及粗多糖含量。发酵后的黄酮苷元含量提升约90%，总黄酮提升约108%，粗多糖、有机酸和总酚酸含量与沙棘原果汁相比，具有显著性差异。该研究得出3株乳酸菌发酵沙棘黄酮，黄酮苷元含量明显提升，其他基本指标的含量显著增加，为研究黄酮苷转化为黄酮苷元的机制提供数据参考，为中国沙棘工业产业化深加工提供指导。     

Stimulation of AMP‐activated protein kinase and enhancement of basal glucose uptake in muscle cells by quercetin and quercetin glycosides,active principles of the antidiabetic medicinal plant Vaccinium vitis‐idaea

Several medicinal plants that stimulate glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells were identified from among species used by the Cree of Eeyou Istchee of northern Quebec to treat symptoms of diabetes. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of action of one of these products, the berries of Vaccinium vitis idaea, as well as to isolate and identify its active constituents using a classical bioassay‐guided fractionation approach. Western immunoblot analysis in C2C12 muscle cells revealed that the ethanol extract of the berries stimulated the insulin‐independent AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. The extract mildly inhibited ADP‐stimulated oxygen consumption in isolated mitochondria, an effect consistent with metabolic stress and the ensuing stimulation of AMPK. This mechanism is highly analogous to that of Metformin. Fractionation guided by glucose uptake activity resulted in the isolation of ten compounds. The two most active, quercetin‐3‐O‐glycosides, enhanced glucose uptake by 38–59% (50 μM; 18 h treatment) in the absence of insulin. Quercetin aglycone, a minor constituent, stimulated uptake by 37%. The quercetin glycosides and the aglycone stimulated the AMPK pathway at concentrations of 25–100 μM, but only the aglycone inhibited ATP synthase in isolated mitochondria (by 34 and 79% at 25 and 100 μM, respectively). This discrepancy suggests that the activity of the glycosides may require hydrolysis to the aglycone form. These findings indicate that quercetin and quercetin 3‐O‐glycosides are responsible for the antidiabetic activity of V. vitis crude berry extract mediated by AMPK. These common plant products may thus have potential applications for the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and other metabolic diseases.     

Analysis of flavour compounds and prediction of sensory properties in sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) berries

The aim of this study was to investigate sugars, organic acids, flavonol glycosides (FGs), proanthocyanidins and volatiles as flavour compounds in sea buckthorn (SB) berries of five cultivars and to predict the sensory properties of berries. The profiles of flavour compounds in SB berries varied significantly among the cultivars. Total proanthocyanidins and FGs were highest in ‘Pertsik’ and ‘Raisa’, respectively. Total volatiles were highest in ‘Vorobyevskaya’ and lowest in ‘Raisa’. A previously established PLS model was used to predict the sensory properties of SB berries based on the non-volatile flavour compounds. The mouth-drying astringency can be predicted the most reliably, which has the highest regression coefficients with quinic acid, isorhamnetin-3-O-sophoroside-7-O-rhamnoside and total proanthocyanidins. Bitterness cannot be predicted using the model. ‘Pertsik’ berries were predicted to be more mouth-drying astringency and sour than those of ‘Raisa’. The research supports the cultivar selection in cultivation and industry of SB berries.     

油菜蜂花粉黄酮醇苷的体内外抗氧化研究

以油菜蜂花粉黄酮醇苷组分为原料,以还原力和DPPH 自由基清除率为指标研究黄酮醇苷在化学模拟体系中的抗氧化活性。结果表明,油菜蜂花粉黄酮醇苷的抗氧化活性不及其苷元成分。以CCl4 制备小鼠脂质过氧化损伤模型,通过体内自由基发生体系进一步研究花粉黄酮醇苷的抗氧化作用,并对可能的作用机制进行探讨。结果显示：油菜蜂花粉黄酮醇苷组分能够显著地降低脂质过氧化小鼠肝匀浆和血清中MDA 含量,提高小鼠SOD 活性和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),对脂质过氧化损伤有很好的保护作用,原因可能是体内有关酶系可将黄酮醇苷水解使其游离出酚羟基而发挥作用。本研究进一步肯定了油菜蜂花粉黄酮醇苷对机体氧化损伤的保护作用。     

The effect of hopping regime,cultivar and β‐glucosidase activity on monoterpene alcohol concentrations in wort and beer

Previous studies show that the complexity of hop aroma in beer can be partly attributed to the hydrolysis of glycosidically bound monoterpene alcohols extracted from hops during the brewing process to release volatile aglycones. However, fundamental studies that examine the extraction of glycosides during brewing and their subsequent hydrolysis by yeast have not been performed. Furthermore, extraction of other hop‐derived compounds into beer shows a strong dependency on the hop cultivar being used and the point at which it is added. This study focused on the extent of glycoside extraction owing to hopping regime and cultivar, and their hydrolysis by yeast β‐glucosidase activity. Glycoside concentrations of wort made with three different hopping regimes and three cultivars were measured by the difference in volatile aglycone concentrations between samples treated with purified β‐glucosidase and untreated samples. Aglycone concentrations were measured by solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Additionally, β‐glucosidase activities for 80 different yeast strains and their effect on aglycone concentration in wort were determined. Results showed that yeast have a wide range of abilities to hydrolyse glycosides with a maximum hydrolysis occurring after 3 days of fermentation regardless of yeast activity. Although it was shown that yeast are capable of glycoside hydrolysis, glycoside concentrations in wort are low and make small contributions to hop aroma. These results help explain the extent to which different brewing yeasts and hopping regimes contribute to hoppy beer aroma through the hydrolysis of non‐volatile hop‐derived compounds. Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

柑橘汁中糖苷键合态香气物质的研究进展

糖苷键合态香气物质是一类不具有挥发性、以糖苷形式存在的香气前体物质,在酸或酶的作用下可以水解释放出游离态香气。香气是影响柑橘汁品质的重要因素,研究糖苷键合态香气物质对减少加工过程的香气损失、提高柑橘汁香气质量具有重要意义。文章综述了柑橘汁中糖苷键合态香气物质的化学结构、提取和分析方法、香气物质的释放方式和柑橘汁中主要的香气物质及其阈值。      

沙棘活性成分、生理功能及开发利用研究进展

文章对沙棘中的黄酮、多酚、多糖、维生素和不饱和脂肪酸等活性成分及其抗炎、抗癌、调节免疫、抗衰老、抗氧化等多种生理功能进行了介绍,并总结了沙棘产品开发所面临的问题及相应的解决方法,可将沙棘开发成具有保健作用的果汁、果酒、沙棘油、酵素和酸奶等功能性产品,提高沙棘中各种活性成分的利用价值。     

Enhancing the Biotransformation of Isoflavones in Soymilk Supplemented with Lactose Using Probiotic Bacteria during Extended Fermentation

ABSTRACT: Soymilk (SM) lacks lactose; hence supplementation of SM with lactose is likely to enhance the growth of probiotic bacteria and biotransformation of isoflavone glycosides to isoflavone aglycones. In this study, 11 strains of probiotic bacteria including Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. salivarius, L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, L. paracasei, HOWARU L. rhamnosus, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium lactis type Bi-07, B. longum, HOWARU B. bifidum, and B lactis type Bi-04 were inoculated individually or as mixed cultures into SM and soymilk supplemented with lactose (SML). A total of 2% of lactose was added to 1 L of SM with the aim of improving the growth of probiotic organisms and promoting the biotransformation of isoflavone isomers to bioactive isoflavone aglycomes. Samples of SM were incubated at 37 °C and 10 mL aliquots of SM were taken at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h to monitor the growth of probiotic bacteria and changes in isoflavone contents using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results indicated that SML fermented with probiotics had higher viable counts by >2.4 log CFU/mL than that in SM at the end of the 72 h fermentation period. Mixed cultures grew at different rates and in general Lactobacilius spp. had >1.02 log CFU/mL more cells than Bifidobacterium spp. at the end of the fermentation period. The total aglycone content in SM at 72 h of fermentation was 0.924 mg/100 mL, whereas that in SML was 1.623 mg/100 mL. Addition of lactose not only improved the growth of probiotic bacteria in SM but also enhanced the biotransformation of isoflavone glucosides to the more bioactive isoflavone aglycones. Mixed cultures did not improve the biotransformation of bioactive isoflavones when compared to single cultures.     

The influence of isoflavone glycosides on the taste of subterranean clover leaves

Four variants of subterranean clover cultivar Geraldton were fed to sheep. One variant, whose flavonoid glycosides were stable due to absence of glucosidase activity in the leaves, was more distasteful to the sheep than were the other clovers. These results suggest that flavonoid glycosides may be unpalatable to the sheep whilst the products of hydrolysis (glucose and aglycone) are not. Taste testing by human subjects of seven purified isoflavone glycosides indicated a slight but distinctive astringent–bitter taste in contrast to the lack of taste of the aglycones.