Active-fault-alarm enabled pre-protection scheme in 10G-EPON for smart power grid

The active-fault-alarm(AFA) has been developed to achieve fast recovery of various network services,but the false-alarm still exists when applied to 10 Gigabit ethernet positive optical network(10G-EPON) in power grid.To solve this problem,an active fault alarm based pre-protection(AFA-PP) scheme in 10G-EPON system for power grid is proposed in this paper.The AFA-PP scheme takes full advantage of the AFA technologies,and allows conducting pre-protection operation in advance.Analytical and experimental results suggest the better performances of the new mechanism and show that the AFA-PP can solve the false-alarm problem efficiently.     

带虚警抑制的基于归一化残差的野值检测方法

野值检测,或称异常值检测是模式识别和知识发现中一个重要的问题。以往的野值检测方法难以有效地抑制虚警概率,针对这一问题,该文提出一种带监督情形下基于归一化残差(Normalized Residual, NR)的野值检测方法。首先利用训练样本计算待考查模式的NR值,其次比较NR值与野值检测门限的相对大小,从而判断待考查模式是否为野值。该文理论上推导了野值门限与虚警概率之间的关系表达式,以此为依据设置检测门限,可实现在少量训练样本情况下仍能抑制虚警率的目的。计算机仿真和实测数据测试验证了所提方法在野值检测和虚警抑制方面的优越性能。     

Several Issues in the Development of Packet Transport Networks

Several key issues affect the development and standardization of Packet Transport Networks (PTN) and Multiprotocol Label Switching Transport Profile (MPLS-TP). These include the end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) mechanism, layered network architecture,introduction of layer-3 functions, and data-plane loopback functions. This paper introduces several views on the construction and maintenance of PTN, and on the requirements of PTN services. After an analysis of Traffic Engineering (TE) based on Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) and Differentiated Service (DiffServ), a service-oriented end-to-end QoS guarantee mechanism is proposed. An alternative to introducing layer-3 functions into PTN is also proposed, based on PTN layered architecture defined in the available MPLS-TP standards and drafts. Requirements of data-plane loopback functions are discussed in conclusion.     

分布式智能光网络中主动的区段预恢复机制(英文)

The development of Internet brings a great challenge to the survivability of the supporting distributed intelligent optical networks. The emergence of Active-Fault-Alarm (AFA) technology makes it possible for the system to be aware of the incoming or possible fault in advance and to provide possibility to develop a more active restoration mechanism. On this base, an Active Segment Pre-Restoration (ASPR) mechanism for distributed optical network is proposed. ASPR allows establishing a Segment Pre-Restoration...     

MPLS-TP分组传送网与现有网络互联互通的实现

在光传送网向分组传送网演进的过程中,网络之间的互联互通是运营商关心的主要问题之一.文章简要介绍了MPLS-TP(MPLS Transport Profile)分组传送网的网络构成,分析了在多种传送网并存的情况下,基于MPLS-TP分组传送网的多层网络结构,重点讨论了MPLS-TP分组传送网与IP/MPLS网络以及SDH/MSTP网络之间互联互通的实现方案.     

一种利用理想拓扑的保护容量分配算法

对于通常的网状网,如何设计最小的保护容量来保证快速恢复是一个富有挑战性的问题。为了解决如何分配更少的保护容量的问题,该文提出了一些理想的拓扑结构,研究了支撑树算法。在这两者的基础上针对一条链路出现故障的问题给出了利用理想拓扑的保护容量分配算法。仿真结果说明该算法能预留比支撑树算法少得多的保护容量。     

MPLS-TP的业务适配与标签转发机制

传送网承载的业务从以时分复用（TDM）为主向以IP为主转变,需要一种能够有效传送分组业务的新技术。传送多协议标记交换（MPLS-TP）作为一种面向连接的分组传送技术,具有高效的多业务适配能力和灵活的标签转发机制。从MPLS-TP技术特性入手,文章基于MPLS-TP标准化的最新进展,重点讨论了与MPLS-TP有关的数据转发平面,以及业务适配和标签转发机制等关键技术,包括信号适配、分组交换与转发和双标签信令传送实现等内容,说明了基于双标签传送模式的虚拟专用网的业务实现方法,并总结了MPLS-TP的应用情况。     

Service Adaptation and Label Forwarding Mechanism for MPLS-TP

Most services borne by transport networks have been transitioned away from Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) towards IP-based. New technology is therefore required to effectively transport packet services. Multiprotocol Label Switching Transport Profile (MPLS-TP) is such a technology which is connection-oriented, capable of multiservice adaptation, and has a flexible label forwarding mechanism.This paper analyzes the characteristics of MPLS-TP, and introduces its latest standardization development. Key issues including data forwarding plane, service adaptation, and label forwarding mechanism are discussed, as well as service implementation of Virtual Private Network (VPN) based on dual-label transport. MPLS-TP applications are summarized in conclusion.     

MPLS-TP的OAM机制基于FPGA的实现

操作、管理、维护（OAM）机制是加强对分组传送网络的管理和控制关键。继传输多协议标签（T-MPLS）技术以后,MPLS-TP吸收了三层IP、二层PWE3和一层TDM/OTN技术的优点,将OAM技术进行了继承和发展。作为分组交换网络（PTN）的主流技术,MPLS-TP必须拥有强大的OAM技术才能更加具备市场竞争力。主要对其硬件实现的方法进行了研究,首先详述了MPLS-TP网络的OAM网络模型及主要功能。重点对OAM功能硬件实现方式进行了讨论,提出了实现方案,详述了各个功能模块的逻辑处理过程及具体电路实现。方案还需要进一步的进行系统级的验证,将在今后的研究中会逐步完成。     

A simulated annealing restoration algorithm for restoring halftoned color-quantized images

Restoration of color-quantized images is rarely addressed in the literature especially when the images are color-quantized with halftoning. Most existing restoration algorithms are generally inadequate to deal with this problem as they were proposed for restoring noisy blurred images. In this paper, a restoration algorithm based on simulated annealing is proposed to solve the problem. This algorithm makes a good use of the available color palette and the mechanism of a halftoning process to derive useful a priori information for restoration. Simulation results show that it can improve the quality of a halftoned color-quantized image remarkably in terms of both SNR and CIELAB color difference metric. The subjective quality of the restored images can also be improved.     

A highly efficient path-restoration protocol for management ofoptical network transport integrity

Distributed path restoration based on optical cross-connects can provide highly capacity-efficient real-time restoration for WDM-based optical networking. However, to obtain an assured restoration level with the theoretically very low amounts of spare capacity that path restoration allows, one must solve, or closely approximate a solution to, the integer multicommodity maximum flow (MCMF) problem, MCMF is, however a hard combinatorial optimization problem due to what is called the “mutual capacity” aspects of the problem: which of many competing origin-destination pairs should be allowed paths over the finite spares on each span? Integer MCMF is further complicated by the nonunimodular nature of the problem, i.e., fractional flows are forbidden but would arise if solved by linear programming. This paper presents a heuristic principle that tests well against integer programming solutions of MCMF routing. The heuristic is first characterized in a centralized program, then adapted for use in a distributed path restoration protocol. In all test cases, the protocol obtains over 97% of the paths found in an optimal MCMF solution in the same network. Via OPNET simulation it is also predicted that the protocol will run in well under 2 seconds which means it could be used directly in real-time, or in distributed prefailure self-planning, for restoration. The significance is that network operators could aggressively optimize their spare capacity, toward theoretical minimums, while still assuring 100% restorability     

OTN+MPLS-TP技术

通过与SDH技术对比,概述了光传送网(OTN)的优势所在.因此,SDH向OTN演进是光网络发展的一种必然趋势.介绍了OTN技术现状和MPLS-TP技术特点,指出"OTN+MPLS-TP"技术是光网络下一步发展的方向.     

分组传送网技术与测试

分组传送网是网络融合的产物,在电信行业全业务运营背景下,这一技术代表了传送承栽网络的IP化发展趋势。文章就分组传送网的关键技术特征、实现技术原理进行了概括的分析,详细介绍了基于T—MPLS/MPLS-TP的分组传送网设备组网性能的测试方法和面临的问题。     

Optimal capacity and flow assignment for self-healing ATM networksbased on line and end-to-end restoration

This paper addresses an optimal link capacity design problem for self-healing asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks based on two different restoration schemes: line restoration and end-to-end restoration. Given a projected traffic demand, capacity and flow assignment is jointly optimized to find an optimal capacity placement. The problem can be formulated as a large-scale linear programming. The basis matrix can be readily factorized into an LU form by taking advantage of its special structure, which results in a substantial reduction on the computation time of the revised simplex method. A row generation and deletion mechanism is developed to cope with the explosive number of constraints for the end-to-end restoration-based networks. In self-healing networks, end-to-end restoration schemes have been considered more advantageous than line restoration schemes because of a possible reduction of the redundant capacity to construct a fully restorable network. A comparative analysis is presented to clarify the benefit of end-to-end restoration schemes quantitatively in terms of the minimum resource installation cost. Several networks with diverse topological characteristics as well as multiple projected traffic demand patterns are employed in the experiments to see the effect of various network parameters. The results indicate that the network topology has a significant impact on the required resource installation cost for each restoration scheme. Contrary to a wide belief in the economic advantage of the end-to-end restoration scheme, this study reveals that the attainable gain could be marginal for a well-connected and/or unbalanced network     

Optimization and regularization of complex task decomposition for blind removal of multi-factor degradation

Most existing image restoration methods based on deep neural networks are developed for images which only degraded by a single degradation mode and imaging under an ideal condition. They cannot be directly used to restore the images degraded by multi-factor coupling. A complex task decomposition regularization optimization strategy (TDROS) is proposed to solve the problem. The restoration of images degraded by multi-factor coupling is a complex task that can be solved by separating these multiple factors, that is, breaking the complex task into numbers of simpler tasks to make the entire complex problem be overcome more easily. Motivated by this idea, the TDROS decomposes the complex task of image restoration into two sub-task: the potential task constrained by regularization and the main task for reconstructing high-definition images. In TDROS, the front of the neural network is focused on the restoration of images degraded by additive noise, while the other part of the network is focused mainly on the restoration of images degraded by blur. We applied the TDROS to an 11-layer convolutional neural network (CNN) and compared it with initial CNNs from the aspects of restoration accuracy and generalization ability. Based on these results, we used TDROS to design a novel network model for the restoration of atmospheric turbulence-degraded images. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed TDROS can improve the generalization ability of the existing network more effectively than current popular methods, offering a better solution for the problem of severely degraded image restoration. Moreover, the TDROS concept provides a flexible framework for low-level visual complex tasks and can be easily incorporated into existing CNNs.     

MPLS-TP网络保护机制前瞻

为研究MPLS-TP数据传送网的自愈功能,在总结相关国际标准草案的基础上,从框架要求、保护触发机制、各种网络拓扑保护原理等方面对MPLS-TP的保护机制进行了分析和探讨.通过引入保护机制,MPLS-TP将大大提高网络生存性能,满足电信级传送网络的要求.     

Optimized mobile sink based grid coverage-aware sensor deployment and link quality based routing in wireless sensor networks

Mobile sink (MS) has been used in wireless sensor networks (WSN) to increase the network lifetime by changing the location over time. The major quality of service given by WSN is coverage energy consumption (EC) and network lifetime. There are many methods implemented for enhance the coverage hole restoration and reduce the EC. We propose a novel MSCOLER (MS based Coverage Optimization and Link-stability Estimation Routing) protocol for Optimal Coverage restoration and Link stability Estimation. An optimization algorithm is used to optimize the coverage hole and move the redundant node besides the hole. During the routing process, link quality based routing is used to discover the relay nodes with the estimation of link stability to enhance the entire network lifetime and practically make the perfect transmission distance for energy saving. Experimental results demonstrate that proposed protocol can solve the coverage restoration problem, decrease the EC and reduce the network lifetime. The performance is evaluated regarding Average of residual energy (ARE), Receiving packets ratio (RPR), Moving energy consumption (MEC), Network lifetime (NL), Percentage of coverage (%C) and Average Energy Consumption (AEC).     

Preplanned rerouting optimization and dynamic path rerouting for ATM VP restoration

The survivability for ATM based B‐ISDN has become an important challenge for telecommunication network planners and engineers. In this paper, we consider multiple grades of reliability concept and a multilayer survivable network architecture for survivable ATM networks. We address two complementary ATM VP restoration schemes in this paper. First, we propose preplanned rerouting models and algorithms based on combinatorial optimization to prepare efficient backup VP configuration. We test two formulations and algorithms for this problem. Efficient column generation technique to solve linear programming relaxation and strong valid inequalities incorporating the branch‐and‐bound scheme are suitable to solve the problem to optimality within small time limits. Second, we propose a new dynamic VP path restoration scheme to restore nonprotected VPs by the preplanned rerouting. Our protocol has shown the advantage in restoration effectiveness comparing a well‐known protocol in computational simulation. We, finally, address the relationships between the suggested models of this paper and the expected results of our ongoing project. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A Quorum-based Mechanism as an Enhancement to Clock Synchronization Protocols for IEEE 802.11 MANETs

In wireless mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), it is essential that all mobile hosts (MHs) are synchronized to a common clock to support the power-saving (PS) mechanism. Many protocols have been proposed for clock synchronization in IEEE 802.11 MANETs. However, it is practically impossible for any protocol to completely solve the asynchronism problem especially when connectivity is achieved by multi-hop communication or when a network could be temporarily disconnected. In this work, we propose a quorum-based mechanism, which includes a new structure of beacon intervals for MHs to detect potential asynchronous neighbors and an enhanced beacon transmission rule to assist clock synchronization protocols to discover asynchronous neighbors within bounded time. The proposed mechanism should be regarded as an enhancement to existing clock synchronization protocols. Our simulation results show that the mechanism can effectively relieve the clock asynchronism problem for IEEE 802.11 MANETs     

基于多门限预留机制的自适应带宽分配算法

针对异构无线网络融合环境提出了一种基于多门限预留机制的自适应带宽分配算法,从而为多业务提供QoS保证。该算法采用多宿主传输机制,通过预设各个网络中不同业务的带宽分配门限,并基于各个网络中不同业务和用户的带宽分配矩阵,根据业务k支持的传输速率等级需求和网络状态的变化,将自适应带宽分配问题转化为一个动态优化问题并采用迭代方法来求解,在得到各个网络中不同业务和用户优化的带宽分配矩阵的同时,在带宽预留门限和网络容量的约束条件下实现网络实时吞吐量的最大化,以提高整个异构网络带宽的利用效率。数值仿真结果显示,所提算法能够支持满足QoS需求的传输速率等级,减小了新用户接入异构网络的阻塞概率,提高了平均用户接入率并将网络吞吐量最大提高40%。