不同藻菌配比下菌藻共生去除水产养殖废水中氮磷的试验

为探讨在不同的藻菌配比下菌藻共生系统中小球藻的生长情况和对水产养殖废水中氮、磷的去除效果,在实验室搭建了小球藻和细菌的共生反应器,按照COD_Cr、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的质量浓度分别为60、10.0、1.0 mg/L配制了模拟水产养殖的废水,进行小球藻和细菌的配比分别为1∶5、1∶2、1∶1、2∶1和5∶1的5组光照生长试验,试验周期为7 d。试验结果表明:当藻菌配比为5∶1时,藻类生长情况最好,叶绿素a含量最高可达753.18μg/L,废水的溶解性化学需氧量(DCOD_Cr)、总溶解性磷(TDP)、总溶解性氮(TDN)、氨氮和硝态氮(NO₃^--N)去除率分别为68.90%、90.83%、87.18%、99.97%和98.11%。藻类的吸收、同化作用是主要的磷去除机制。微生物脱氮和藻类吸收同化作用为主要的氮去除机制,分别占总去除率的51.10%和48.50%。     

人工湿地净化富营养化河水试验研究(1) --植物对氮磷污染物的净化作用

在对人工湿地及其在富营养化水质净化中的研究与应用的基础上,通过中试试验研究。得出如下结论：所选用的8种植物在湿地系统中均能较好生长,植物对湿地净化氮、磷污染物的贡献率分别为6．63％～23．08％和32．23％～82．85％。     

碳纤维净化锦鲤养殖水体研究

为延长水产养殖水体使用寿命,将碳纤维用于净化锦鲤养殖水体进行实验研究。在不同养殖密度,溶解氧和材料投放密度条件下,将实验池与对比池的水质相比较,考察碳纤维对水产养殖水体的净化效果。结果表明,材料投放密度、养殖密度和溶解氧含量是影响材料净化水质效果的重要因素,在碳纤维投放密度0.3 kg/m~3、养殖密度50ind/m~3、溶解氧的质量浓度6 mg/L是优化养殖条件。在养殖锦鲤21 d内,COD、NH_4~+-N和TP去除率分别为71.96%、58.11%和44.41%,对于水产养殖水体具有良好的净化效果。镜检发现,碳纤维表面附着的生物膜上有大量的原、后生动物,可认为碳纤维具有良好的生物兼容性。     

漂浮栽培直叶生菜对猪场废水的净化及其利用

在漂浮植物修复系统中种植直叶生菜对猪场废水进行净化试验。结果表明:经过28 d种植之后,生菜对供试猪场废水中总氮、氨氮、总磷、可溶性磷、COD的去除率分别达51.73%、59.45%、57.52%、41.11%、60.15%,其贡献量分别达27.95%、30.08%、21.02%、15.56%、20.64%;在供试废水中栽培直叶生菜的生物量显著高于土壤栽培的生物量,而且生产植株体内NO3--N、P、Zn、Cu等含量均显著低于土培后的生菜。     

燃煤电厂脱硫废水选择性电渗析浓缩处理中试研究

开发了选择性电渗析中试系统,浓缩处理某燃煤电厂湿法脱硫系统排污废水。研究了电流密度、进水水质和浓淡水产水量对脱硫废水浓缩效果的影响,考察了系统连续运行期间的稳定性和经济性。结果表明,选择性电渗析系统能够高效处理并资源化回用不同水质的脱硫废水,使 Cl^-等污染物在浓水富集,且不会使 SO₄^{2 -}发生大量迁移,连续运行6 个月以来膜堆未发生结垢或污堵。高电流密度条件下减小淡水产水水量能够有效提高淡水产水水质,浓水产水量的控制需综合考虑浓缩效果、离子迁移效率和结垢情况。连续运行期间,淡水产水回收率达到 70% ～ 80% ,吨水平均处理电耗为 11. 0 kWh,吨水平均处理成本为 4. 4 元,有效降低了燃煤电厂废水“零排放”工艺运行成本。     

马踏湖猪龙河入湖口人工湿地冬季水质净化效果研究

针对马踏湖猪龙河入湖口人工湿地冬季去污效果不明确的问题,本试验多次实地取样检测,分析了组合工艺对有机物、氮、磷的去除机理及效果,监测数据显示冬季条件下马踏湖猪龙河人工湿地COD、NH3-N、TN、TP平均去除率分别为47.14%、47.83%、75.66%和73.68%,但出水中除TP外其他水质指标仍不能达到设计标准,需进一步采取措施稳定水质。     

HPO法己内酰胺生产废水的化学与生物法组合除磷

对不同类型沉淀剂处理HPO酮肟高浓度含磷废水的主要控制因素,包括沉淀剂种类、溶液pH值和Ca/P比等对除磷效果的影响进行了小试研究,在此基础上建设了处理量为1.0 m3/h化学沉淀除磷中试装置,确定了除磷最优工艺,当进水正磷酸盐含量为232.0 mg/L、1%石灰水与废水的比例大于1∶10时,磷去除率大于95%,出水磷含量低于10 mg/L,结合己有A/O生物处理,出水可达到0.5 mg/L的国家一级排放标准。     

低温对生物脱氮除磷系统影响的试验研究

本试验主要研究了在低温条件下，生物脱氮除磷倒置A^2／O工艺小试系统处理效果随温度的变化情况，并通过试验确定了所研究水质硝化效果变差的临界温度。试验结果表明：当进水温度下降到15—7℃时，小试的硝化及除磷效果会随之明显下降。该水质条件下生物硝化效果变差的临界水温为13℃。     

水生动植物组合对水产养殖废水的净化能力

为了研究水生植物和水生滤食性动物在水产养殖废水净化中的作用,考察了单一型和组合型水生动植物对污染物的去除效果,发现水生动植物对COD、TN、TP均有一定程度的去除。2种植物中黄菖蒲表现出较好的COD去除效果(39.8%),而常绿鸢尾由于具有更高的生物量和更强的根系吸收能力表现出更好的脱氮除磷能力(TN:63.5%、TP:76.2%)。水生动植物的去除效果有所差异:水生动物螺蛳和河蚌及其组合的COD去除效果较好,水生植物黄菖蒲和常绿鸢尾及其组合具有更好的除氮能力。考察水生动植物组合对污染物的去除效果,发现动物与植物的组合不能提高对污染物的去除率。进一步对水生动植物氮去除效果进行分析,发现植物因具有NO3--N降解能力而具有较高的氮去除的能力,而动物因具有一定程度的NO3--N积累使其脱氮能力较差。     

硒腐植酸钠对水产养殖的影响

试验采用对水产养殖的池塘施用5mg/kg、10mg/kg、15mg/kg的硒腐植酸钠水溶液,研究硒腐植酸钠对水产养殖水质改善和产量提高的影响。结果表明:施加硒腐植酸钠水溶液,能增加池塘水体的溶解氧,降低生化需氧量,减少水体中总氮、总磷含量,起到改善水质、提高鱼的成活率和产量的作用。施10mg/kg硒腐植酸钠的效果最好,能提高鱼成活率13.5%,提高鱼产量14.78%。     

多级AO-MBR工艺处理煤气化废水工程实例

采用多级AO-MBR复合生物脱氮工艺处理煤气化废水,运行结果表明,当进水COD、氨氮和总氮平均质量浓度分别为678.3、210.5和275.8 mg/L时,出水COD、氨氮和总氮平均质量浓度分别为13.7、0.63和3.8 mg/L,对应的去除率分别为98.0％、99.7％和98.6％.出水水质达到GB 13458—2...     

两种湿地植物去除污染物性能研究及其在小型湿地系统中的应用

文章对两种耐寒、易得、具有一定药用和观赏价值的植物石龙芮(Ranunculus sceleratus L.)和酸模(Rumex acetosa L.)进行了研究,以期为提高和稳定人工湿地的净化功能提供基础理论数据。首先对两种植物进行无土栽培的实验,研究其对污水中氮磷的吸收净化效果。然后将其应用到人工湿地系统,研究其实际应用情况。实验表明,在无土栽培实验阶段,两种植物对污水中氮、磷的去除贡献分别为37%、40%,这其中分别有96%、64.4%的氮和磷被植物吸收到体内,适合于构建人工湿地。在实际应用阶段,人工湿地系统中各种污染物的去除率最高为氨氮(NH3-N)64.03%,总氮(TN)66.33%,由于进水磷浓度过低,导致了基质中磷的释放,其释放程度与水中磷浓度有关。根据实验结果,认为石龙芮和酸模属适宜的人工湿地植物,其净化特性还有待于更深层次的研究。     

Impact of Lipopolysaccharide Extraction on Bacterial Adhesion and Transport

Animal waste is a valuable resource, which, when managed properly, can reduce the need for commercial fertilizer. It can also improve the soil water holding capacity and tilth. Similarly, as a newly recognized water resource, nutrient-rich reclaimed wastewater supplies not only water, but also plant nutrients (especially nitrogen and phosphorus) that can benefit agricultural production. When animal waste or reclaimed wastewater is used for land applications or agricultural irrigation, the major concern is the possible spreading of pathogenic organisms in the soil and the possibility of groundwater contamination once the pathogenic organisms pass through the vadose zone and reach the groundwater table. Proper chemical treatment is required either to kill the pathogens or to enhance the retention of the pathogens in the subsurface soil to protect the groundwater from being contaminated. In this study, we have investigated the impact of lipopolysaccharide extraction on bacterial retention in a porous medium (silica sand) using column experiments. Three gram-negative bacterial strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used as model bacterial strains and their transport was described by the two-region (equilibrium/kinetic) model. After lipopolysaccharide extraction, all these three strains showed greater retention in the porous medium. Increase in retention after the lipopolysaccharide extraction was most pronounced for Pseudomonas fluorescens and least for E. coli. Bacterial retention in the porous medium was correlated with their interactions with the porous medium.     

Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Compounds in Biological Treatment of Municipal Wastewater in Israel

In Israel, the water shortage, on the one hand, and the concern for water resource quality on the other, have led to the awareness that a national wastewater reclamation program must be developed. Such a program could cover a major part of the agricultural water demand, and may enable disposal of effluents without any health hazard or environmental nuisance. Recent regulations issued by the Ministry of the Environment and by The Water Commission require stringent quality standards for treated wastewater destined for agricultural irrigation or for disposal into rivers. These include the requirement to apply processes for nitrogen removal (nitrification—denitrification) and for phosphorus removal. In Israel, there is only limited experience in the application of biological wastewater treatment processes for nitrification and denitrification. Treatment plants designed for nitrogen removal (such as the Shafdan and Netanya treatment plants) have demonstrated partial success only. Moreover, the requirement for phosphorus removal has not been studied or applied in Israel. It is therefore necessary to study and develop proper guidelines for nitrogen and phosphorus removal for municipal wastewater treatment in Israel. Pioneering results supported by a sophisticated mathematical model were obtained in this study. It has been shown that N and P removal can be easily achieved in Activated Sludge systems if designed and operated properly. Interpretation of results and their analysis for design purposes require the use of a mathematical model.     

污水厂尾水的人工湿地处理工艺及植物筛选

利用土壤作为水平潜流人工湿地的填料,处理某生活污水处理厂的尾水。结果表明该潜流湿地对COD、NH3 N、TN和TP有很好的去除效果,其平均去除率分别达到78．7％、99．3％、67．2％和96．4％。移植土著植物,通过试验筛选出对N去除效果比较好的品种为菖蒲、马兰和石菖蒲,对P去除效果比较好的三种植物为马兰、萱草和菖蒲。     

Irrigation and nitrogen managements affect nitrogen leaching and root yield of sugar beet

Irrigation water and nitrogen (N) are the limiting factors for crop production in arid and semi-arid areas. However, excess irrigation and N application rate is a source of groundwater contamination. Partial root drying irrigation (PRD) is the water-saving technique and would perform as a controlling measure of groundwater N contamination as it reduces irrigation amount. Sugar beet is an industrial crop that is widely grown in arid and semi-arid area where N and water are highly required for high sugar beet yield production. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the interaction effect of ordinary furrow irrigation (OFI), and PRD irrigation as variable alternate furrow irrigation (VAFI) and fixed alternate furrow irrigation (FAFI) with different N application rates (0, 80, 160, and 240 kg ha^?1) on sugar beet root and sugar yield, yield quality, drainage water, N leaching, N uptake, and N efficiency indices. Results indicated that the alternate furrow irrigation (AFI) used 24% less irrigation water compared with the OFI in the study region, whereas its sugar yield was reduced just by 9%. However, it resulted in higher water productivity by 12 and 17% for root and sugar yields, respectively. In different N application rates nitrate leaching reduced by 46 and 52% in the VAFI and FAFI irrigation treatments compared with the OFI, respectively. Physiologic nitrogen efficiency enhanced in VAFI with 160 kg N ha^?1 that implied higher production of uptake N in plants. Therefore, considering the nitrogen use economics and environmental impacts, the VAFI and 160 kg N ha^?1 were preferred to the other irrigation treatments and N application rates in the study region. Higher nitrogen saving occurred because of less leaching and higher soil residual in the AFI treatment compared with the OFI. Furthermore, leaf level stress sensitivity index indicated that VAFI increased the sugar beet resistance to water stress. Overall, in order to avoid N losses in sugar beet production, the amount of N fertilizer should be reduced in proportion to the amount of soil water available under VAFI water-saving irrigation.     

臭氧-生物活性炭工艺用于再生水循环利用系统的水质技术研究

以再生水循环利用过程中可能富集的污染物为对象,通过对比研究"臭氧-生物活性炭"(O3-BAC)与"强化混凝-沉淀-过滤"这两种工艺对水中污染物的去除特性,得到两种工艺对水中污染物色度、氨氮和总氮、总磷等的去除结果,以及臭氧氧化出水相对分子质量和有机物分子结构的变化情况。研究结果表明O3-BAC工艺对有机物、色度、氮、磷等污染物具有更好的处理效果,是适合于再生水循环利用系统水质保障的污水深度处理工艺。     

炼油污水脱氮的几种工艺

氮和磷的控制在污水处理和污水处理装置的设计中越来越重要.因为只有氮和磷两者合起来才能改变水质的特性,因此去除其中一种或两者都去除就可以实现控制手段.根据氮在水中的存在形态及其危害,介绍了炼油污水中氮的分布及其去除方法.去除方法中主要介绍了两种:一种是SBR(Sequencing batch reactor ,间歇式或序批式活性污泥法),第二种是A/O脱氮工艺.     

菖蒲人工湿地对煤矿废水中镉的处理研究

研究了分别以泥土+河沙与泥土+炭渣2种基质构建的菖莆人工湿地对煤矿废水中镉的去除率,并探讨了流量对镉去除率的影响。结果表明:用泥土+河沙基质构建的菖蒲人工湿地对镉的去除率最高可达100%,最低也为86.23%。以泥土+炭渣为基质构建的菖蒲人工湿地对镉的去除率最高能达到99.63%,但当废水流量增大到15 L/d时,系统对镉的去除率仅为66.11%。因此,菖莆(泥土+河沙)人工湿地系统比菖莆(泥土+炭渣)人工湿地系统对煤矿废水中镉的净化能力强。