基于基团贡献法估算(富锂)锂离子电池正极材料Li1+ xM 1- x O2 的热力学性质

富锂Li_1+xM_1-xO₂材料的研究主要集中在其结构和电化学性能上,而很少关注其热力学性能。开发具有高能量密度和容量的新型富锂材料取决于这种材料的结构、热力学性质和电化学性质之间的固有关系。对富锂材料Li_1+xM_1-xO₂的热力学性质了解不足,使得新型Li_1+xM_1-xO₂材料的开发和利用受到限制。鉴于Li_1+xM_1-xO₂材料缺乏热力学数据,根据基团贡献方法的原理对LiAlO₂进行拆分。基于热力学原理,提出了用于估计LiAlO₂的ΔG^θ_f,298、ΔH^θ_f,298和C_p的数学模型。采用基团贡献法估算了56种固体无机化合物的ΔG^θ_f,298和ΔH^θ_f,298以及54种固体无机化合物的C_p,298,以检验该模型的可靠性和适用性。利用基团贡献法估算了固体无机化合物的数学模型。利用基团贡献法拟合的基团参数选择的实验数据准确可靠。在结果令人满意的基础上,建立了用于估算3种类型的Li_1+xM_1-xO₂材料的ΔG^θ_f,298,ΔH^θ_f,298和C_p的数学模型,并估算了63种常见Li_1+xM_1-xO₂材料的ΔG^θ_f,298、ΔH^θ_f,298和C_p,298。     

酸刻蚀处理对IrO2-Ta2O5/Ti阳极寿命的影响

通过改变腐蚀方法,研究了使用H₂C₂O₄和H₂SO₄进行钛基体表面刻蚀对金属氧化物钛阳极电化学性能和表面形貌的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪和光电子能谱等测试方法对样品进行了结构分析。然后利用电化学工作站测试了样品的电催化活性,利用加速寿命测试研究了样品的电化学稳定性。结果表明,通过H₂C₂O₄和H₂SO₄分步腐蚀可以获得更加均匀致密的表面形貌和更好的催化稳定性。在此基础上,进一步研究了预处理对钛阳极寿命的影响原因。IrO₂-Ta₂O₅/Ti阳极的催化活性和稳定性与酸刻蚀处理的先后顺序及表面结构密切相关,并建立了预处理方法与阳极性能之间的关系。分步腐蚀使钛表面具有合适的粗糙度,因而提升了涂层附着力。在热分解过程中,经分步腐蚀形成的氢化钛在不改变表面形貌的情况下转变为金红石结构的氧化钛,有利于电子输运,从而增强涂层附着力并延长加速寿命。     

纳米柱状多孔WO3- x /TiO2 薄膜的电致变色性能

采用反应磁控溅射在掠射角度α=0°和α=80°的条件下制备氧化钨（WO_3-x）薄膜,然后在其表面沉积二氧化钛（TiO₂）。利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、场发射扫描电镜（FE-SEM）和X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）对WO_3-x/TiO₂薄膜的晶体结构、表面/断面形貌以及表面化学成分进行表征。在三电极体系1 mol/L LiClO₄/PC溶液中,采用电化学工作站和紫外-可见分光光度计测试了WO_3-x/TiO₂薄膜的电致变色性能。XRD结果表明,WO_3-x/TiO₂薄膜为非晶态结构,与掠射角度无关。当掠射角度为80°时,获得了纳米柱状多孔薄膜。从 W 4f和Ti 2p的XPS谱图确认氧化钨为亚化学计量比的WO_3-x,而氧化钛为满足化学计量比的TiO₂。与致密薄膜相比,纳米柱状多孔薄膜需要较低的驱动电压且具有较快的响应速度。纳米柱状多孔薄膜的电荷容量为83.78 mC,是致密薄膜电荷容量30.83 mC的2倍以上。在±1.2 V驱动电压下,注入和脱出离子扩散速率分别为D_in=5.69×10^-10 cm²/s和D_de= 5.08×10^-10 cm²/s。与纯WO₃薄膜相比,WO_3-x/TiO₂薄膜的电致变色循环稳定性更好。纳米柱状多孔薄膜在可见光范围内具有较大的光调制幅度,因此其光密度变化（ΔOD）大于致密薄膜。     

基于第一性原理的石榴石型Li7La3Zr2O12 固态电解质的设计与合成

基于密度泛函理论（DFT）的第一原理方法计算了四方相和立方相中2种不同的Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂（LLZO）固体电解质材料的能带结构,晶格参数,态密度和成键特性。基于理论计算结果,通过电子结构特性解释了四面体相的离子电导率低于立方相的离子电导率的原因。基于LLZO的第一性原理计算,设计了2种晶体结构的LLZO材料,并通过高温固相法制备并分析了不同烧结时间的LLZO颗粒的性能。探索了合成工艺参数对Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂性能的影响。立方晶Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂（C-LLZO）的平均晶格大小为a=b=c=1.302 246 nm,而四方Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂（T-LLZO）的平均晶格大小为a=b=1.313 064 nm,c=1.266 024 nm。在1000 ℃下烧结12 h的C-LLZO为纯立方相,在室温（25 ℃）下最大离子电导率为9.8×10^-5 S·cm^-1。T-LLZO在室温（25 ℃）下的离子电导率为5.96×10^-8 S·cm^-1,在800 ℃下烧结6 h具有纯的四方相结构,与计算结果基本吻合。     

0.74BiFe1- x Ga x O3-0.26BaTiO3 高温无铅压电陶瓷的相变行为及电性能

准同型相界（MPB）对提升压电陶瓷的压电性能具有重要的作用。BiFeO₃-BaTiO₃体系的准同型相界通常位于0.70BiFeO₃-0.30BaTiO₃组分附近。然而，对于BiFeO₃-BaTiO₃体系，BaTiO₃含量越高其居里温度越低。因此，在较低的BaTiO₃含量组分附近构建准同型相界是使其同时获得良好的压电活性和高居里温度的有效策略。采用固相法制备了0.74BiFe_1-xGa_xO₃-0.26BaTiO₃（x=0~0.05）系列无铅压电陶瓷，研究了Ga含量对其物相结构与电性能的影响。结果表明：随着Ga含量的增加，陶瓷样品从三方相逐渐向赝立方相转变。当x≤0.01，陶瓷样品为三方相结构；而当0.04≤x≤0.05，陶瓷样品为赝立方结构，在0.02≤x≤0.03形成了准同型相界（三方-赝立方）。另外，由于容忍因子的升高，该系列陶瓷的居里温度随着Ga含量的增加而略有降低。位于准同型附近的陶瓷样品表现出良好的压电活性和较高的居里温度。     

空气气氛下碳热还原筛分法制备Magnéli相Ti n O2 n -1

介绍了一种在空气气氛中通过碳热还原筛分法制备Magnéli相（Ti_nO_2n-1，4＜n＜10）低价钛氧化物的方法，研究了还原温度和还原时间对还原产物的物相、电阻率的影响。结果表明，提高还原温度和延长还原时间有利于将TiO₂还原为Magnéli相Ti_nO_2n-1。将Magnéli相Ti_nO_2n-1 (n=4，5) 粉末在1350 ℃下干燥20 min，通过扫描电子显微镜观察，其粒径为0.5~8 μm。在还原温度为1350 ℃时，还原产物的电阻率随还原时间的延长而显著降低。在1350 ℃下还原50 min的产物的电阻率最小，为79.3 Ω?cm，其物相组成几乎全部为Ti₃O₅。     

Fe2O3-CaO-TiO2 体系下铁酸钙的合成过程及TiO2 和CaTiO3 的影响

为了确定高钛型钒钛磁铁矿烧结过程中铁酸钙的生成是受TiO₂还是TiO₂和CaO形成的CaTiO₃影响,首先利用Fe₂O₃和CaO的纯试剂合成了铁酸钙,并研究了TiO₂和CaTiO₃对钛铁酸钙 （FCT） 形成的影响。在Factsage 7.0软件进行热力学计算的基础上,通过在空气气氛下进行烧结,获得了在1023~1423 K温度范围内、不同烧结时间的不同样品。通过X射线衍射和扫描电镜-能谱分析等表征手段,对烧结样品的物相转变和微观结构变化进行了表征。发现FCT的形成过程主要分为2个阶段：前一阶段为1023~1223 K温度范围内Fe₂O₃与CaO之间的反应,合成产物为Ca₂Fe₂O₅,反应方程式为“Fe₂O₃(s)+ 2CaO(s)= Ca₂Fe₂O₅(s)”;后一阶段为1223~1423 K温度范围内Ca₂Fe₂O₅和Fe₂O₃的反应,主要产物为CaFe₂O₄,反应为“Ca₂Fe₂O₅(s)+ Fe₂O₃(s)= 2CaFe₂O₄(s)”,该阶段尤其是温度为1423 K时,反应速率显著加快,随温度的升高CaTiO₃显著增加。然而,Ti元素在铁酸钙中的固溶很难实现,TiO₂与铁酸钙之间的反应不是形成FCT的有效途径。随着保温时间的延长,CaTiO₃和FCT相界中Fe元素含量增加。FCT主要是通过Fe组分在CaTiO₃中固溶形成的,主要反应是“Fe₂O₃+CaTiO₃(s)=FCT(s)”。     

酸蚀刻剂对钛基体及其IrO2-PbO2涂层表面形貌及电化学性能的影响研究

采用热分解法制备Ti/IrO₂-PbO₂阳极,深入研究硫酸、硝酸、盐酸、草酸、盐酸/草酸蚀刻顺序对Ti/IrO₂-PbO₂阳极性能的影响规律,借助场发射扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射、循环伏安法、线性扫描伏安法、电化学交流阻抗谱、加速寿命试验等考察钛基体及氧化物涂层的形貌、结构及电化学行为。结果表明：钛基体在双酸中的腐蚀效果优于单酸,获得更致密更均匀的表面结构。双酸腐蚀使钛表面拥有完整的TiH_x晶型,有助于提高涂层负载量,增强活性层与基体的结合力。改变双酸蚀刻顺序对阳极电化学性能有一定的影响。草酸/盐酸蚀刻剂处理Ti/IrO₂-PbO₂阳极具有最佳的电催化活性与最长的加速寿命。     

BN/Al2O3 复合粉末及其聚合物基复合材料的制备与导热性能

采用固-液相共混法制备了多种BN/Al₂O₃复合粉末,通过冻融法和表面修饰法对BN进行了改性处理,改变表面修饰剂类型和摩尔比得到了前驱体和烧结态BN/Al₂O₃复合粉末,并利用机械混合法制备了聚合物基BN/Al₂O₃复合材料,并测试分析了其导热性能。结果表明,经冻融处理的BN分散性和界面相容性明显优于未经冻融处理的BN。多巴胺对BN的改性效果优于聚乙二醇。采用多巴胺作为表面修饰剂且BN与Al(NO₃)₃的摩尔比为1:1时,能够得到纳米Al₂O₃均匀包覆的微米BN粉末,即BN/Al₂O₃微纳复合粉末,其聚合物基复合材料的导热系数可达0.62 W·m^-1·K^-1,是纯聚合物导热系数的3倍,是采用纯微米BN粉末制备的聚合物基复合材料导热系数的1.5倍。在BN表面附着的Al₂O₃可以形成层状热传导通道,能够有效提高聚合物基BN/Al₂O₃复合材料的热导率。     

SnO2 增强相对AgCuOIn2O3 电触头材料显微组织与性能的影响

采用反应合成法结合塑性变形工艺制备了不同SnO₂含量的AgCuOIn₂O₃SnO₂电触头材料,利用扫描电镜和金相显微镜表征了材料的微观形貌及显微组织,分析对比了不同SnO₂含量的材料金相组织及其增强相的分布均匀性,并利用X射线衍射分析了材料的物相结构。测量了材料的抗拉伸强度、硬度、电阻等性能。结果表明：添加适量的SnO₂能使组织中的孔隙尺寸缩小、其他缺陷明显减少。氧化物弥散分布在银基体中,极大地改善了AgCuOIn₂O₃电触头材料的显微组织均匀性。在SnO₂含量不变时,材料的电阻率随塑性变形程度增加而有所降低;随着SnO₂含量增多,电阻率呈现先降低后升高的趋势,最后趋于定值,约为2.4 μΩ·cm。添加SnO₂后各试样材料的硬度均显著升高,SnO₂含量为1%（质量分数）的材料具有最优的抗拉伸强度和延伸率。     

Synthesis and characterization of Al2O3-Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 powders prepared by chemical coprecipitation method

Al₂O₃-Ce_0.5Zr_0.5O₂ catalytic powders were synthesized by the coprecipitation (ACZ-C) and mechanical mixing (ACZ-M) methods, respectively. As-synthesized powders were characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, surface area and thermogravimetric analyses. It was found that the mixing extent of Al³⁺ ions affected the phase development, texture and oxygen storage capacity (OSC) of the Ce_0.5Zr_0.5O₂ powder. Single phase of ACZ-C could be maintained without phase separation and inhibit α-Al₂O₃ formation up to 1200 °C. The specific surface area value of ACZ-C (81.5 m²/g) was larger than that of ACZ-M (62.1 m²/g) and Ce_0.5Zr_0.5O₂ (17.1 m²/g) powders, which were calcined at 1000 °C. In comparison with ACZ-C and Al₂O₃, which were calcined at high temperature (900–1200 °C), it was found that the degradation rate of specific surface area of ACZ-C was lower than that of Al₂O₃. ACZ-C sample showed a higher thermal stability to resist phase separation and crystallite growth, which enhanced the oxygen storage capacity property for Ce_0.5Zr_0.5O₂ powders.     

Ac electrical properties and dielectric relaxation of the new mixed crystal (Na0.8Ag0.2)2PbP2O7

The effect of Mn substitution on transport and thermoelectric properties of Cr_1?xMn_xSb₂ (x = 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05) have been investigated at the temperatures from 7 K to 313 K. The results show that similar to CrSb₂ all the doped samples are semiconducting. However, electrical resistivity of Cr_1?xMn_xSb₂ is found to decrease greatly with increasing doping content of Mn. Besides, Mn substitution leads to suppression of the plateau appearing in the plot of resistivity vs. temperature for CrSb₂ and makes the resistivity anomaly originating from antiferromagnetic transition shift to higher temperatures. Moreover, corresponding to the plateau a large peak of thermopower (?431 μV K^?1) was observed at ～60 K, which was also found to be suppressed by Mn doping. In addition, lattice thermal conductivity of Cr_1?xMn_xSb₂ was found to decrease substantially with increasing Mn content, though Mn doping also results in slow reduction in absolute value of thermopower at the temperatures T > ～200 K. As a result, at T > ～260 K the figure of merit ZT of heavily doped sample Cr_1?xMn_xSb₂ (x = 0.03 and 0.05) was improved. Specifically, at 313 K ZT value of Cr_0.95Mn_0.05Sb₂ is ～14% larger than that of CrSb₂, indicating that thermoelectric properties of CrSb₂ can be improved by proper substitution of Mn for Cr.     

Effects of K2O-Li2O doping on surface and catalytic properties of Fe2O3/Cr2O3 system

The effects of K₂O and Li₂O-doping (0.5, 0.75 and 1.5 mol%) of Fe₂O₃/Cr₂O₃ system on its surface and the catalytic properties were investigated. Pure and differently doped solids were calcined in air at 400-600 °C. The formula of the un-doped calcined solid was 0.85Fe₂O₃:0.15Cr₂O₃. The techniques employed were TGA, DTA, XRD, N₂ adsorption at −196 °C and catalytic oxidation of CO oxidation by O₂ at 200-300 °C. The results revealed that DTA curves of pure mixed solids consisted of one endothermic peak and two exothermic peaks. Pure and doped mixed solids calcined at 400 °C are amorphous in nature and turned to α-Fe₂O₃ upon heating at 500 and 600 °C. K₂O and Li₂O doping conducted at 500 or 600 °C modified the degree of crystallinity and crystallite size of all phases present which consisted of a mixture of nanocrystalline α- and γ-Fe₂O₃ together with K₂FeO₄ and LiFe₅O₈ phases. However, the heavily Li₂O-doped sample consisted only of LiFe₅O₈ phase. The specific surface area of the system investigated decreased to an extent proportional to the amount of K₂O and Li₂O added. On the other hand, the catalytic activity was found to increase by increasing the amount of K₂O and Li₂O added. The maximum increase in the catalytic activity, expressed as the reaction rate constant (k) measured at 200 °C, attained 30.8% and 26.5% for K₂O and Li₂O doping, respectively. The doping process did not modify the activation energy of the catalyzed reaction but rather increased the concentration of the active sites without changing their energetic nature.     

Preparation, structure and electrical conductivity of the pyrochlore-type phase Sm2Zr2O7 codoped with bivalent magnesium and trivalent dysprosium cations

The pyrochlore-type phases with the compositions of SmDy_1−xMg_xZr₂O_7−x/2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.20) have been prepared by pressureless-sintering method for the first time as possible solid electrolytes. The structure and electrical conductivity of SmDy_1−xMg_xZr₂O_7−x/2 ceramics have been studied by the X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and impedance spectroscopy measurements. SmDy_1−xMg_xZr₂O_7−x/2 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10) ceramics exhibit a single phase of pyrochlore-type structure, and SmDy_1−xMg_xZr₂O_7−x/2 (x = 0.15, 0.20) ceramics consist of pyrochlore phase and a small amount of the second phase magnesia. The total conductivity of SmDy_1−xMg_xZr₂O_7−x/2 ceramics obeys the Arrhenius relation, and the total conductivity of each composition increases with increasing temperature from 673 to 1173 K. SmDy_1−xMg_xZr₂O_7−x/2 ceramics are oxide-ion conductors in the oxygen partial pressure range of 1.0 × 10⁻⁴ to 1.0 atm at all test temperature levels. The highest total conductivity value is about 8 × 10⁻³ S cm⁻¹ at 1173 K for SmDy_1−xMg_xZr₂O_7−x/2 ceramics.     

Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of Sb doped (NaBi)0.38(LiCe)0.05[]0.14Bi2Nb2O9 ceramics

Sb⁵⁺-doped (NaBi)_0.38(LiCe)_0.05[]_0.14Bi₂Nb₂O₉ (represented as NBNLCS-x, where [] represents A-site vacancies) ceramics were prepared by the conventional solid-state route. The ceramics well sintered to approach ∼98.5% theoretical density and the tetragonality of crystal structure increased with Sb⁵⁺ additions. However, the Curie temperature (T_C) and the piezoelectric coefficient (d₃₃) of Sb⁵⁺-modified ceramics gradually decreased. The 3 mol% Sb⁵⁺-doped samples exhibited optimum properties with a d₃₃ value of ∼22 pC/N planar electromechanical coupling factor (k_p) of ∼11.2% and relatively high T_C of ∼765 °C. These results indicate that NBNLCS-x material is a promising candidate for high-temperature piezoelectric applications.     

Effect of Nd2O3 addition on the surface phase of TiO2 and photocatalytic activity studied by UV Raman spectroscopy

TiO₂ modified with Nd₂O₃ (Nd-TiO₂) nanoparticles were prepared by a co-precipitation method and utilized as the photocatalysts for the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB). The influence of Nd₂O₃ on the bulk and surface phase, surface area, particle size, and optical response of TiO₂ was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), BET, and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectra. It is found that the crystalline phase and phase composition in the bulk and surface region of Nd-TiO₂ calcined at high temperatures can be tuned by changing the amount of Nd₂O₃. Based on the results from XPS, EDX, XRD, and UV Raman spectra, it is assumed that Nd³⁺ ions do not enter the TiO₂ lattice, but highly disperse onto the Nd-TiO₂ particle surface in the form of Nd₂O₃ crystallites. These crystallites inhibit the agglomeration, growth in crystal size, and anatase-to-rutile phase transformation of TiO₂. In the photocatalytic degradation of RhB reaction, Nd-TiO₂ nanoparticles with higher surface area and wider optical response are more reactive in case of the same surface anatase phase. When the mixed phases of anatase and rutile exist in the surface region of Nd-TiO₂, the synergetic effect over surface area and optical response is the important parameter which determines optimal photocatalytic activity.     

Piezoelectric and dielectric properties of Dy2O3-doped (Bi0.5Na0.5)0.94Ba0.06TiO3 lead-free ceramics

(Bi_0.5Na_0.5)_0.94Ba_0.06TiO₃ + x wt% Dy₂O₃ with x = 0-0.3 ceramics were synthesized by conventional solid-state processes. The effects of Dy₂O₃ on the microstructure, the piezoelectric and dielectric properties were investigated. X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed that the coexistence of tetragonal and rhombohedral phases in the (Bi_0.5Na_0.5)_0.94Ba_0.06TiO₃ composition was not changed by adding 0.05-0.3 wt% Dy₂O₃. SEM images indicate that all the ceramics have pore-free microstructures with high density, and that doping of Dy₂O₃ inhibits the grain growth of the ceramics. The addition of Dy₂O₃ shows the double effects on decreasing the piezoelectric and dielectric properties for 0 < x < 0.15 when Dy³⁺ ions substitute B-site Ti⁴⁺ ions, and increasing the properties for 0.15 < x < 0.3 when Dy³⁺ ions enters into A-site of the perovskite structure. The optimum electric properties of piezoelectric constant d₃₃ = 170 pC/N and the dielectric constant ?_r = 1900 (at a frequency of 1 kHz) are obtained at x = 0.3.     

铝掺杂改性钛基PbO2电极性能研究

采用阳极电沉积技术制备了金属铝掺杂改性的Ti/PbO₂电极,通过表面粗糙度测量仪,扫描电镜,X射线衍射仪、线性极化扫描和交流阻抗谱电化学测试和加速寿命试验对铝掺杂引起PbO₂涂层电极的物理化学特性的影响进行分析,并对铝掺杂改性的Ti/PbO₂电极对苯酚模拟废水电催化氧化降解行为进行考察。结果表明,Al₃₊添加可使得Ti/PbO₂电极涂层结晶细化、沉积均匀致密,表面粗糙度明显降低,结瘤缺陷改善;铝掺杂改性的Ti/PbO₂析氧电位升高,电荷传递及催化性能提高,但呈非单调变化,其中添加3mM Al₃₊制备电极的析氧电位最高可达到2.09V,导电性优异,电催化性能最佳,电化学稳定性高,其强化寿命可达到460h,比未改性电极寿命提高了100h。铝掺杂改性的Ti/PbO₂电极对苯酚模拟废水具有良好的电化学氧化降解能力,180min处理后苯酚去除率最高可达到93.6%,COD去除率最大可达到73.6%。