常温下不同解冻方法对大口黑鲈鱼品质的影响

为选择一种合适大口黑鲈鱼的解冻方式(常温放置解冻、流水解冻、盐水解冻、超声波静水解冻和超声波流水解冻)，本文以大口黑鲈鱼肉为研究对象，探究不同解冻方式对大口黑鲈鱼肉的保水性、挥发性盐基氮值(total volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N)、丙二醛含量、过氧化值、总巯基含量及Ca²⁺-ATPase活性等理化指标的影响，同时对鱼肉硬度、弹性和黏附性等质构特性的变化进行分析。结果表明：常温解冻耗时219 min，耗时最长，鱼肉保水性、脂质及蛋白质氧化最为严重；流水解冻与盐水解冻分别耗时35与55 min，较常温解冻短，但鱼肉保水性、蛋白质氧化、质构特性等各项品质指标的变化仍较为严重；超声波静水解冻后的鱼肉具有较好的保水性与质构特性，并且可以有效的缓解鱼肉蛋白质的氧化，但脂质氧化较为严重；超声波流水解冻可24 min内完成鱼肉的解冻，效率更高，相较于其他解冻方式，可有效的维持鱼肉的保水性、质构特性，有效的延缓鱼肉蛋白质及脂质的氧化。因此，超声波流水解冻对冷冻大口黑鲈鱼肉品质的影响较小，是最合适的解冻方式。     

真空干燥对鲟鱼肉理化品质及微观结构的影响

为探究干燥条件对预腌制鲟鱼肉理化品质及微观结构的影响,该文以常压热风干燥为对照,研究经不同温度(50、60、70℃)和不同时间(3、5、7、9、11、13 h)真空干燥后的预腌制俄罗斯鲟鱼肉的色泽、水分含量、脂质氧化、蛋白含量及微观结构的变化。结果表明,随着干燥时间的延长,鲟鱼肉的脂质氧化程度增加,且真空干燥可以有效延缓脂质氧化。经真空60℃干燥7 h后,鲟鱼肉的水分含量有效减少,同时微观结构破坏较小,色泽变化被延缓,具有较高的感官评分。十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDSPAGE)显示,真空干燥过程中29.0 kDa的条带比较稳定且明显。     

超高压处理对养殖大黄鱼肉蛋白质特性的影响

目的研究超高压处理对养殖大黄鱼肉蛋白质特性的影响。方法超高压处理养殖大黄鱼肉后,通过双缩脲法、十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)、差示扫描量热法(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)及蛋白质巯基含量及持水性分析,研究超高压对养殖大黄鱼肉品质的影响。结果压强对不同类型溶解性的蛋白含量有较大影响。350 MPa 10 min时水溶性蛋白含量最高,达到74.12 mg/g;300 MPa 25 min时酸溶性蛋白含量最高,达到14.53 mg/g。可见超高压处理显著改变了养殖大黄鱼不同溶解性、不同结构蛋白的含量(P0.05);提高了养殖大黄鱼蛋白质的热稳定性;增加了蛋白质的巯基含量;降低了蛋白质的持水能力。结论超高压处理使养殖大黄鱼肉蛋白质的持水性降低,溶解性、巯基含量及热稳定性增加,并使蛋白质结构发生改变。     

NaHCO_3浸泡对反复冻融鮰鱼肌肉品质的影响

研究NaHCO_3浸泡对反复冻融过程中鱼肉品质的影响,以鮰鱼为研究对象,分别测定不同质量浓度NaHCO_3浸泡后的鱼肉在冻融循环中的感官品质、脂肪氧化特性、蛋白氧化特性。结果表明,随着冻融次数的增加,鮰鱼肉的pH值、白度显著下降,解冻损失率、脂肪氧化程度、蛋白氧化程度显著上升。经4次冻融循环后,鱼肉的2-硫代巴比妥酸值到达15μg/g,此时鱼肉品质出现恶化,基本不能食用。NaHCO_3浸泡后,鱼肉的pH值上升,解冻损失率下降。鮰鱼肉脂肪和蛋白氧化程度与冻融次数有明显的线性关系(R~20.9),且NaHCO_3质量浓度对脂肪和蛋白氧化速率有显著影响,当NaHCO_3质量浓度提高到1.0 g/100 mL后,脂肪和蛋白质氧化速率显著下降。因此,NaHCO_3浸泡处理可以一定程度上抑制鮰鱼肉在反复冻融过程中的脂肪氧化和蛋白变性,维持鱼肉的持水能力,延缓鱼肉的品质劣变,且1.0 g/100 mL较0.5 g/100 mL NaHCO_3浸泡组效果更好。     

蛋白质氧化和酶对草鱼重组鱼肉品质及体外模拟消化的影响

为探究蛋白质氧化和谷氨酰胺转氨酶(TGase)对草鱼重组鱼肉品质和体外模拟消化的影响,采用芬顿氧化体系对草鱼重组鱼肉进行不同程度的氧化,通过测定重组鱼肉肌原纤维蛋白的羰基含量和总巯基含量,以及重组鱼肉的质构特性、色差、持水性及体外模拟消化率,比较不同氧化时间和TGase对重组鱼肉品质和消化率的影响。结果表明,对照组(只添加NaCl)和试验组(添加NaCl和TGase)的羰基含量均随氧化时间的延长显著增加(P0.05),总巯基含量随氧化时间的延长显著降低(P0.05),且试验组羰基含量明显低于对照组,试验组的总巯基含量明显高于对照组;硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、胶黏性、凝胶强度、L*值(亮度)、a*值(红度)、W值(白度)均随氧化时间的延长而降低。体外模拟消化结果显示,随着氧化时间的延长,干物质消化率、蛋白质消化率和BCA蛋白浓度均先增加后降低,试验组的各消化率指标均低于对照组。本研究结果可为草鱼综合利用提供理论依据。     

不同预处理方式对鲢鱼肉冷藏品质的影响及其机制

以鲢鱼肉为原料,首先研究不同预处理方式对其保质的影响,在此基础上筛选效果最优的两种方式,重点探讨鲢鱼肉预处理后冷藏过程中品质变化规律及其机制。结果表明：未处理组和单纯的气调处理组鱼肉冷藏14 d后均出现变质,ClO2＋100% CO2气调处理和超高压处理效果最优;与未处理组相比,超高压处理后鱼肉冷藏过程中持水力和质构特性显著提高,蒸煮损失率显著降低（P＜0.05）,ClO2＋100% CO2处理后,鱼肉贮藏过程中的品质保持不及超高压处理组,但是优于未处理组;十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳与拉曼光谱分析表明,超高压处理促进了鱼肉体系中新的氢键的形成,且蛋白质结构较未处理组更加有序,进而改善了鱼肉的品质特性;气调协同ClO2则通过抑制鱼肉内源性酶活性,减少了贮藏过程中鱼肉蛋白的降解,从而改善鱼肉品质。     

超高压处理对冷藏鲈鱼品质的影响

研究了不同超高压条件(0、100、200、300 MPa,保压处理10 min)对鲈鱼冷藏过程中感官、p H值、白度、质构特性和持水性的影响。结果表明:鱼肉的感官评分、硬度、弹性和咀嚼度随贮藏时间的延长逐渐降低,白度逐渐升高,p H值先下降后上升,而持水性先上升后下降。超高压处理可显著提高鱼肉的硬度和咀嚼度(P0.01),同时提高了鱼肉的p H值和持水能力,增加了白度,200 MPa处理组的细菌总数低于对照组和其他2个处理组。此外,300 MPa的超高压处理对鲈鱼鱼肉品质的影响最大。综合感官和理化测定结果可知,超高压在改善鲈鱼肉质方面具有潜在的应用前景。     

超高压处理对鳙鱼质构特性的影响

研究不同超高压条件(150、300、450MPa,保压15min)对鳙鱼质构特性的影响。结果表明,300MPa和450MPa处理可以显著提高鱼肉的粘着性和咀嚼性(p<0.05),优化感官品质。观察鱼肉的超微结构发现,用450MPa处理后出现明显的蛋白质胶凝化现象。用300MPa和450MPa处理后降低了肌原纤维断裂指数(p<0.01)和持水力,提高了鱼肉的pH值(p<0.01)。因此超高压处理在改良鳙鱼肉质方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

不同烹饪方式及体外模拟消化环境对鲟鱼蛋白质氧化及消化性的影响

研究水煮、汽蒸、微波、烤箱烤制、油炸5?种烹饪方式对鲟鱼肉的脂肪和蛋白质氧化的影响,熟肉在模拟消化过程中后续氧化情况及这些氧化反应与蛋白质消化性的相互关系。结果表明,不同烹饪方式均导致鱼肉的脂质与蛋白质氧化,其中烤制与油炸的样品氧化程度最显著,这些氧化反应会在模拟胃肠道消化过程中进一步加深,尤其在模拟肠消化阶段变化更为强烈。在烹饪与消化过程中,脂质与蛋白质的相互氧化作用也非常明显。此外,不同烹饪方式引起的蛋白质氧化显著影响蛋白质在模拟消化过程中的水解程度。在胃消化阶段,烤制与油炸样品中大分子蛋白氧化聚集形成致密结构,降低了蛋白质消化性;小肠消化后,由于部分小分子肽类（＜14?kDa）无法被彻底水解,各类熟制样品的游离氨基值均低于原料肉。?     

亚硝酸钠对鲅鱼鱼肉组织及肌原纤维蛋白结构的影响

为探究亚硝酸钠对鱼肉组织及肌原纤维蛋白结构的影响。以鲅鱼为研究对象,采用不同浓度亚硝酸钠对鱼肉进行处理,分析鲅鱼肌原纤维蛋白溶解度、蛋白组分、蛋白羰基含量、总巯基含量、表面疏水性的变化及鱼肉微观组织变化。结果表明,亚硝酸钠能够导致鲅鱼肌原纤维蛋白溶解度下降, 45 kDa以上蛋白组分减少,并且总巯基含量明显下降(P<0.05),羰基含量和表面疏水性上升(P<0.05),鱼肉微观组织变化不明显。亚硝酸钠浓度越高,对鱼肉肌原纤维蛋白结构影响越大。亚硝酸钠能够促进鲅鱼肌原纤维蛋白发生氧化,并导致蛋白发生聚集,结构改变,从而影响鱼肉品质。     

肌肽对牛肉糜肉色及脂肪氧化的影响

在牛背最长肌中添加肌肽(C_9H_(14)N_4O_3),研究在4±1℃冷藏条件下,不同浓度(0.05%、0.1%、0.5%、1.0%)肌肽对牛肉肉糜高铁肌红蛋白(MetMb)还原酶活性、色素含量、脂肪氧化及肉色稳定性的影响.结果表明:在7d的贮藏期内,添加不同浓度肌肽均可有效抑制肉糜MetMb含量上升、提高高铁肌红蛋白还原酶活性,并与无添加组有显著性差异(P<0.05),0.1%、0.5%浓度肌肽对抑制脂肪氧化、稳定肉色有显著作用,护色效果较理想     

Effect of carnosine, salt and dietary vitamin E on the oxidative stability of chicken meat

The effect of carnosine on lipid and cholesterol oxidation in salted chicken thigh meat and its relationship to dietary α-tocopherol supplementation was examined. Broilers (Cobb 500) were fed diets with a basal (30 mg kg(-1)) or supplemental (200 mg kg(-1)) level of α-tocopheryl acetate for 6 weeks. Thigh meat patties were prepared with carnosine (1.5%), salt (1%) or salt plus carnosine. Salt accelerated lipid and cholesterol oxidation following cooking and refrigerated storage. However, carnosine inhibited lipid and cholesterol oxidation in salted patties. Dietary α-tocopherol supplementation also reduced the extent of lipid and cholesterol oxidation in salted patties. The combination of carnosine and dietary α-tocopherol resulted in the greatest lipid and cholesterol stability in salted meat.     

Effect of pressure and holding time on colour,protein and lipid oxidation of sliced dry-cured Iberian ham and loin during refrigerated storage

The effect of high pressure (HP) treatments (200 MPa 15 min, 200 MPa 30 min, 300 MPa 15 min, 300 MPa 30 min) on colour, lipid and protein oxidation in sliced vacuum-packed dry-cured Iberian ham and loin during refrigerated storage (90 days, + 4 °C) was evaluated. Pressure level and holding time increased the extent of lipid oxidation in both products. Dry-cured ham showed a higher susceptibility to lipid oxidation than dry-cured loin since HP treatment increased TBA-RS values in dry-cured ham samples while HP treatment decreased TBA-RS values in dry-cured loin samples. However, HP treatment did not affect protein oxidation in both meat products. On the other hand, HP treatment affected instrumental colour since non-pressurized dry-cured meat products showed higher redness than pressurized ones. Regarding changes under storage, after 90 days of refrigerated storage lipid and protein oxidation increased while redness decreased in both HP treated and non-treated dry-cured meat products. Changes induced by HP were only noticeable after HP treatment, as storage reduced the initial differences between HP treated and non-treated samples. Therefore, the lack of differences in long stored dry-cured ham and loin HP treated and non-treated indicates that the application of HP (200–300 MPa/15–30 min) could not affect the quality of dry-cured meat products.Industrial relevanceDry-cured meat products are the meat-based products with the highest sensory quality in Spain and have a high projection in exterior markets. High pressure processing is effective in controlling pathogen and spoilage microorganisms in meat and meat products although it can promote color and oxidation changes that modify sensory characteristics. The study aimed the evaluation of pressure and holding time on color changes and protein and lipid oxidation at vacuum packed slices of Iberian dry-cured ham and loin during subsequent extended chilled storage. High pressure treatment of dry-cured Iberian ham and loin induce changes after treatment although initial differences are not maintained along refrigerated storage.     

Antioxidant properties of selected Oriental non-culinary/nutraceutical herb extracts as evaluated in raw and cooked meat

Ethanol extracts of white peony (WP), red peony (RP), sappanwood (SW), Moutan peony (MP), rehmania (RE) or angelica (AN) were individually added to ground goat meat at 0.5-2.0% (g dry extract/100 g final meat sample), and raw and cooked samples were aerobically refrigerated for 0, 3 or 6 days. These extracts and rosemary extract (RO) were also individually added to salted or unsalted ground beef at 0.01-0.25% and refrigerated as raw or cooked patties. WP, RP, RE, SW and MP markedly reduced (P<0.05) lipid oxidation in cooked-stored goat meat. With 0.25% of WP, RP, SW, MP or RO in beef, lipid oxidation during storage was minimal in raw and cooked patties (plain or salted); raw patty redness values at day 6 were higher (P<0.05) for SW, WP, RP or MP than RO treatment or the control. At 0.01%, SW was more antioxidative (P<0.05) than the other extracts.     

Inhibition of Lipid Oxidation in Chicken by Carnosine and Dietary α-Tocopherol Supplementation and its Determination by Derivative Spectrophotometry

The antioxidant activity of carnosine in chicken meat, and its relationship to dietary α-tocopherol supplementation, was examined. Broiler chickens were fed diets containing 30 (basal) or 200 (supplemental) mg α-tocopherol acetate kg⁻¹ feed for 6 weeks. Raw and cooked thigh meat patties containing carnosine (0–1·5%) were prepared. Lipid oxidation, during refrigerated storage under fluorescent light, was assessed by monitoring malonaldehyde formation, using the TBA assay and single wavelength (conventional) or first derivative spectrophotometry. In raw patties, added carnosine improved oxidative stability for up to 10 days of refrigerated storage. In cooked patties, the 1·5% carnosine level provided the best antioxidant protection during 7 days of storage. Carnosine (1·5%) was at least as effective as supplemental α-tocopherol in improving the oxidative stability of raw and cooked patties. The presence of both antioxidants had an additive effect on oxidative stability. Overall, the use of derivative spectrophotometry improved the specificity of the TBA assay for monitoring MDA formation in refrigerated meats.     

Effect of cooking and storage on lipid oxidation and development of cholesterol oxidation products in water buffalo meat

Buffalo meat was subjected to two cooking methods viz. broiling and pressure cooking and two storage procedures viz. refrigerated (4 °C) storage for six days and frozen (-10 °C) storage for 90 days. Changes in lipid oxidation and development of cholesterol oxidation products were studied in raw as well as cooked meat samples. Total lipid, phospholipid, cholesterol, free fatty acid, glycolipid and glyceride contents increased significantly on cooking of meat but did not show any significant changes during either refrigerated or frozen storage except for free fatty acid content which showed an increase. The TBA values also increased during storage but not to the extent of indicating rancidity. Cholesterol oxidation products separated by thin layer chromatography were: cholestanetriol, 7-α-hydroxycholesterol, 19-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, cholesterol-α-epoxide, cholesterol-β-epoxide and an unidentified fraction. All these fractions, except for the unidentified fraction, increased on cooking and storage. The cholesterol-β-epoxide fraction was resistant to changes. Changes in broiled meat were more pronounced compared to pressure cooked meat. Frozen storage did not prevent the development of cholesterol oxidation products in buffalo meat.     

超高压对肉制品中微生物及品质的影响

超高压技术凭借其明显的诸多优点应用于肉制品加工中越来越多,它能够有效地延长食品的贮藏期,这与其能够杀死肉中的微生物有关。同时,经高压处理后的肉制品的品质会有所变化,不同动物的肉经过高压处理后的颜色变化不同;代表肉嫩度的剪切力也会改变,适当的高压会提高肉品的嫩度,用不同的压力水平和时间处理肉制品时,肌肉蛋白所产生的凝胶的硬度也不同。超高压技术也存在一些缺点,诸如肉制品在经过不同的压力水平和持续时间的高压处理时会引发脂质氧化,导致肉制品的货架期变短。本文从超高压技术在肉制品加工中对于肉制品中微生物以及肉制品品质方面的影响进行综述,为超高压技术可以更好地应用于肉制品加工提供一定的理论依据。     

不同解冻方式对鸭腿肉品质特性的影响

为选择一种合适的解冻方式(冷藏解冻、室温解冻、流水解冻和微波解冻),以期减少冷冻原料肉解冻过程的损耗并保障产品质量,为企业生产提供理论参考依据。本文以冷冻鸭腿肉为研究对象,探究不同解冻方式对冷冻鸭腿肉的保水性、pH、色泽、硫代巴比妥酸(TBARS)、羰基、Ca²⁺-ATPase、总巯基、组织学特性等指标的影响,并结合凝胶电泳和拉曼光谱分析蛋白质的降解及蛋白质二级结构的稳定性。结果表明:冷藏解冻的鸭腿肉解冻损失最低,色泽保持红润,肌纤维间隙最小(6.97μm),组织结构紧密;TBARS值最低(0.16 mg/100 g),脂质氧化程度轻;羰基含量最低(0.16 nmol/mg),总巯基含量(149.10μmol/g)和Ca²⁺-ATPase活性(2.69 U/mg)最高,对蛋白氧化影响小,凝胶电泳显示蛋白降解程度轻,α-螺旋含量高(42.33%),蛋白质的二级结构稳定有序。与冷藏解冻相比,流水解冻对鸭腿肉的保水性、色泽、组织学特性、脂质氧化与蛋白质氧化的影响稍重,其次是室温解冻,微波解冻的影响较严重。因此,冷藏解冻对冷冻鸭腿肉的品质影响较小,是...     

Pro-oxidant activities of carnosine,rutin and quercetin in a beef model system and their effects on the metmyoglobin-reducing activity

The effects of carnosine, rutin and quercetin on oxidative processes and metmyoglobin (MetMb)-reducing activity in a beef model system were investigated. Ground beef was mixed with antioxidant solution at two concentrations. Storage period and antioxidant treatment negatively affected colour, colour stability and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances values. Carnosine, rutin and to lesser extent quercetin accelerated discolouration, accumulation of MetMb and lipid peroxidation in the meat. The results suggest that these antioxidants acted as a pro-oxidants under the specified experimental conditions. The pro-oxidant activities were in the following order: carnosine>rutin>quercetin. The MetMb-reducing activity was not correlated with storage time, colour parameters, MetMb (%) or lipid oxidation. The MetMb-reducing activity was significantly reduced by 1 mM carnosine. However, there was no association between MetMb-reducing activity and colour stability during post-mortem storage.     

Assessment of the influence of diet on lamb meat oxidation

The effect of pasture- or concentrate-diet on colour stability, lipid oxidation and protein oxidation was measured in lamb meat (M. longissimus dorsi) during refrigerated storage of 7 days under gas permeable film. Lipid and protein oxidation increased rapidly with storage time while evolution of colour parameters exhibited a biphasic curve. Diet had an important effect on lipid oxidation where animals fed concentrate showed higher thiobarbituric reactive substance (TBARS) levels than animals fed pasture-diet. However the nature of diet did not affect protein oxidation or colour parameters of meat. In parallel anti-oxidant status of meat was estimated by measurement of vitamin E content and anti-oxidant enzyme activities while pro-oxidant status was evaluated by haeminic iron, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) and glycogen content of muscle. Statistical analysis was performed in order to relate oxidation parameters to pro- and anti-oxidant status of muscle.