无线Ad Hoc网络能量感知地理路由协议研究进展

无线Ad Hoc网络（以下简称为Ad Hoc网络）能量感知地理路由协议深度影响网络性能,具有降低网络能量消耗、延长网络寿命等功效,受到越来越多的关注.系统阐述了Ad Hoc网络能量感知地理路由协议的研究进展.首先介绍了Ad Hoc网络地理路由,进而详细概述了能量感知地理路由协议形成的背景、度量指标、节点选择规则、研究意义及分类;然后,详细介绍了典型能量感知地理路由协议,并从多角度对其进行了归纳总结与比较;最后,阐述了能量感知地理路由协议研究存在的问题,指出了未来需要研究的内容,并在此基础上进行总结.     

A Routing Protocol for Enhanced Efficiency in Cognitive Radio Networks

This paper proposes a novel routing protocol enriched with an assigning mechanism that enables for efficient data flow coordination, among communication nodes with heterogeneous spectrum availability in distributed cognitive radio networks. Efficient routing protocol operation, as a matter of maximum-possible routing paths establishments and minimum delays is obtained, by utilizing a signaling mechanism that was developed based on a simulation scenario. This simulation scenario includes a number of secondary communication nodes, operating over TVWS （television white spaces） under the ＂spectrum of commons＂ regulation regime. The validity of the proposed routing protocol for enhanced efficiency in cognitive radio networks is validated, by conducting experimental simulations and obtaining performance evaluation results. Simulation results verified the efficiency of the proposed routing protocol for minimizing routing delays among secondary communication nodes and indentified fields for further research.     

基于距离和概率的能量相关路由协议

由于传感器节点只携带能量十分有限的电池,如何最大化网络生命周期是传感器应用必须考虑的问题。提出一个新的能量相关路由算法,即基于概率和距离的能量相关协议EPDRP,该协议在选择下一跳时综合考虑节点位置信息和剩余能量这两个方面。使用NS2对GPSR和EPDRP协议进行了实验分析,结果表明EPDRP获得了更短的路径长度和更少的路由负载,可有效延长无线传感器网络的生命周期。     

一种能量感知的无线移动自组网路由协议

无线移动自组网中的大多数节点都是由有限寿命的电池来提供的,能量保护策略就成为设计网络协议的一个重要条件。提出一种能量感知的无线移动自组网路由协议,综合考虑了节点的剩余能量和路由跳数,有效保护网络中能量低的节点,减少了节点能量损耗,延长了网络的使用时间。该路由协议中采用了局部路由修复机制,减少了数据包丢失,提高了数据传输率。最后,仿真结果证明了协议的有效性。     

按需能量多路径的路由协议研究

微机电系统、处理器、无线通信及存储技术的进步促进了无线传感器网络的飞速发展,使得无线传感器网络成为一种全新的信息获取和处理技术,也因此与传统网络有着许多不同之处.介绍了无线传感器网络的特点及其通信协议体系结构,着重讨论了传感器网络路由协议的设计问题.在分层模型基础上,动态地选择汇聚节点和分层模型的能量多径路由协议可使能量均衡,延长网络寿命,提高数据转发率,这也是传感器网络路由设计的主要目标.     

一种基于能量感知的无线传感器网络混合路由协议

针对无线传感器网络的资源局限性、自组织性和网络拓扑结构的不确定性,提出了一种基于能量感知的平面路由和层次路由的混合路由协议。该协议可根据节点剩余能量的表现来判断节点的当前状态和路由选择,网络中各节点以"尽力而为"传输数据和"不得已"动态建立自适应簇头的方式进行网络通信。仿真结果比较表明:该协议具有较高簇头生成率和可靠的数据交付率,能更有效降低网络能量消耗。     

A Fuzzy Inference System for Increasing of Survivability and Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks

The nodes of a WSNs （wireless sensors network） are composed of small devices capable of sensing and transmitting data related to some phenomenon in the environment. These devices, named sensor nodes, have severe constraints, such as lower processing and storage capacity, and mainly they have severe constraints related to battery energy. Therefore, the developing of strategies to reduce the power consumption is one of the main challenges in WSNs, and thereby helping to increase the survivability and efficiency of these networks. This paper proposes a new approach to help multi-path routing protocols to choose the best route based on Fuzzy Inference Systems and ACO （ant colony optimization）. The Fuzzy System is used to estimate the degree of the route quality, based on the number of hops and the lowest energy level among the nodes that form the route. The ACO algorithm is used to adjust the rule base of the fuzzy system in order to improve the classification strategy of the route, and hence increasing the energy efficiency and the survivability of the network. The simulations showed that the proposal is effective from the point of view of the energy, the number of received messages, and the cost of received messages when compared against other approaches.     

节点能量敏感的容迟/容断网络概率路由算法

针对容迟/容断网络(DTN)中节点能量受限的问题,提出一种节点能量敏感的概率路由算法。该算法将网络中的节点划分能量状态,针对不同能量状态的节点采取有区别的消息转发机制和节能的缓存管理策略,实现消息交付率与网络能耗之间的平衡。仿真结果表明,与其他几种算法相比,该算法能够在低能耗的基础上提高消息交付率并降低网络开销,具有较长的网络寿命。     

基于能量感知的WSN按需多径路由协议

在无线传感器网络(WSN)按需距离矢量(AODV)路由协议的基础上,提出一种基于能量感知的WSN按需多径路由协议——AODV-EALB。综合考虑链路质量、转发优先级系数、剩余能量和节点接收数据包的信号强度,均衡网络节点能耗。仿真实验结果表明,AODV-EALB协议能降低丢包率,延长网络生存周期。     

Energy-aware traffic engineering: A routing-based distributed solution for connection-oriented IP networks

The present paper deals with energy saving in IP networks and proposes a distributed energy-aware traffic engineering solution, named DAISIES, for switching off network links according to traffic variations. DAISIES works in a connection-oriented network, e.g. an IP/MPLS network, and follows a routing-based approach, i.e. it acts on the routing algorithm whilst link switch-off/on are consequence of routing decisions. The basic idea is to re-compute the path of each traffic demand when its requested capacity changes. A specific cost function is used to compute link weights into the shortest path routing algorithm with the goal of keeping unused as many links as possible. The main advantages of DAISIES can be summarized as follows: (i) no changes are required to current routing and signaling protocols, (ii) packet loss is completely avoided, (iii) both traffic decreasing and increasing and changing network conditions are automatically managed, and (iv) link switch-off/on take place transparently to the routing protocol and to other nodes. The performance of the proposed solution is evaluated in terms of energy saving relative to a static network optimized to support the peak traffic. Results show that DAISIES is able to save about 30% of energy in several traffic conditions. Moreover, it is shown that it is possible keeping the additional complexity low and still reaching high energy efficiency.     

能量均衡的无线传感器网络非均匀分簇路由协议

提出了一种能量高效均衡、非均匀分簇和簇间多跳路由有机结合的无线传感器网络分布式分簇路由协议DEBUC(distributed energy-balanced unequal clustering routing protocol).该协议采用基于时间的簇头竞争算法,广播时间取决于候选簇头的剩余能量和其邻居节点的剩余能量.同时,通过控制不同位置候选簇头的竞争范围,使得距离基站较近的簇的几何尺寸较小.这样,网络中不同位置节点之间的簇内和簇间通信能耗得以互相补偿.DEBUC采用簇间多跳路由,根据节点剩余能量、簇内通信代价和簇间通信代价,每个簇头在邻居簇头集合中运用贪婪算法选择其中继节点.仿真实验结果表明,DEBUC能够有效地节约单个节点能量、均衡网络能耗、延长网络生存周期.     

Improved Chord Routing Algorithm Based on the Finger Table

Chord as one kind of structured P2P network＇s protocol, mainly used for network resource locator, and the efficiency of the routing algorithm influence the entire network performance. Study found that when the actual number of nodes in the network is much smaller than the size of the network, each node＇s finger table will contains multiple redundant routing information which is not conducive to the resource discovery and location. To address this problem, this paper presents an improved Chord routing algorithm based on the finger table： CA-Chord （continuous arc chord）, and simulation results confirmed that the improved algorithm can effectively eliminate redundant information in the finger table, and replace the redundant information with nodes information on an arc which are adjacent to each other on the logical position in the network, thereby improving the utilization of the finger table, then reduced the average query step, and greatly improved the efficiency of query.     

基于ARIMA-ANN预测模型的能量感知路由算法

针对传统能量感知OLSR协议在减少传输功率消耗和均衡节点剩余能量之间不能兼顾的特点,提出了一种新型的基于剩余能量比例和传输功率消耗的OLSR路由协议OLSR_RC,它利用上述两方面的指标构造复合能量开销,并将其作为路由选择的度量值。在减小网络开销的同时,也防止了部分低电量节点的能量被快速耗尽,延长了网络的生存周期。此外,新路由还采用ARIMA-ANN组合能量预测模型对节点的剩余电量进行预测,降低了由于拓扑控制(TC)消息丢失对选择路由所造成的影响。这种新型路由协议在无线传感器网络领域有比较广阔的应用前景。     

无线传感器网络能量多路径路由研究

研究了无线传感器分层网络模型及能量多路径路由机制．为解决现有协议的缺陷，提出了改进型能量多路径路由协议(IMP-EA)，建立了路由算法．以网络寿命和丢包率作为评价指标，对改进型能量多路径路由协议和其它3种路由协议进行了仿真实验．仿真结果表明，改进后的协议有效地延长了网络的生存时间，提高了数据转发效率．     

Triangle Routing Problem in Mobile IP

Mobile Internet Protocol is a recommended Internet protocol designed to support the mobility of a user （host）. Host mobility is becoming important because of the recent blossoming of laptop computers and the high desire to have continuous network connectivity anywhere the host happens to be. The development of Mobile IP makes this possible. The traditional Mobile IP specification forces all packets forwarded to the MN （mobile node）, to be routed via HA （home agent）, which often leads to Triangular routing, which in turn causes data transmission delay and wastes network resources. This paper discusses means of resolving the triangle routing problem, it introduces some of the recent route optimization schemes that have been used to solve that problem.     

Link weight assignment and loop-free routing table update for link state routing protocols in energy-aware internet

In order to lessen the greenhouse effects and diminish environmental pollution, reducing energy usage is important in designing next generation networks. Shutting down the network devices that carry light load and redirecting their traffic flows to other routes is the most common way to reduce network energy consumption. Since traffic demands among node pairs vary in different time periods, an energy efficient network has to dynamically determine the optimal active links to adapt itself to network traffic changes. However, in current IP networks, shutting down and/or turning on links would trigger link state routing protocols to reconverge to a new topology. Since the convergence time would take tens of seconds, routing table inconsistencies among routers would result in network disconnection and even worse, generating traffic loops during the convergence interval. Removing routing images inconsistent among routers to prevent loops is a critical issue in energy efficient network and this issue is still not considered in the green network design yet. The contribution of the paper is presented in two parts. First, we propose a comprehensive approach to determine a network topology and a link metric for each time period. Traffic engineering is considered in our design such that flows going on the energy-aware network are within a predetermined percentage of the link capacity such that no congestion occurs in a statistical manner. Second, to avoid transient loops during time period changes, we propose a Distributed Loop-free Routing Update (DLRU) scheme to determine the correct sequence for updating the routing table. A scrupulous proof was also presented to ensure the loop-free property of the DLRU. In this paper, we formulate an integer linear programming to determine this multi-topology and link weight assignment problem. Due to its NP-hard property, we propose an efficient algorithm, termed Lagrangian Relaxation and Harmonic Series (LR&HS) heuristic. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed LRHS approach outperforms the other approaches on several benchmark networks and random networks by providing up to 35%-50% additional energy saving in our experimental cases.     

Robust energy-aware routing with redundancy elimination

Many studies in literature have shown that energy-aware routing (EAR) can significantly reduce energy consumption for backbone networks. Also, as an arising concern in networking research area, the protocol-independent traffic redundancy elimination (RE) technique helps to reduce (a.k.a compress) traffic load on backbone network. Motivation from a formulation perspective, we first present an extended model of the classical multi-commodity flow problem with compressible flows. Moreover, our model is robust with fluctuation of traffic demand and compression rate. In details, we allow any set of a predefined size of traffic flows to deviate simultaneously from their nominal volumes or compression rates. As an applicable example, we use this model to combine redundancy elimination and energy-aware routing to increase energy efficiency for a backbone network. Using this extra knowledge on the dynamics of the traffic pattern, we are able to significantly increase energy efficiency for the network. We formally define the problem and model it as a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP). We then propose an efficient heuristic algorithm that is suitable for large networks. Simulation results with real traffic traces on Abilene, Geant and Germany50 networks show that our approach allows for 16–28% extra energy savings with respect to the classical EAR model.     

基于预测模式蚁群优化的传感网节能路由机制

面向传感器网络中时间序列数据的时域关联性特征,针对网内数据流量不均衡分布模式所导致的传输能耗漏斗效应问题,提出了基于预测模式的能量感知数据路由机制。机制的设计结合了蚁群优化机理自适应网络状况动态性的优势和预测模型揭示数据流量变化规律的优势,通过将节点负载因子引入蚁群优化算法中启发式因子的构造和局部信息素更新规则的设计,赋予蚂蚁代理在路由解空间探索中预知网络局域能量状况的能力,提高了数据路由构建的自适应性和能量均衡性。实验表明,论文提出的面向预测模式的路由机制,通过引入蚁群优化机理和挖掘数据内涵的时域关联性,有效降低和均衡了数据路由能耗。     

基于能量感知的无线传感器网络层次型路由协议

为了有效平衡负载,满足大规模网络的需要,提出了一种基于能量感知的无线传感器网络层次型路由协议。该协议基于能量消耗模型,根据节点与基站的距离将网络中的节点划分为不同的层次。每层次内的节点轮流当选负责收集该层内所有节点数据的汇聚节点。汇聚节点的数据逐层转发和聚合,最后传送到剩余能量较大的一个汇聚节点——超节点,由其将数据发送到基站。汇聚节点变迁、超节点变迁机制用于均衡节点能量消耗,延长网络生命周期。NS2仿真结果表明,该协议可以有效节省能量,延长网络生存时间。     

矿井采空区无线传感器网络路由协议研究

研究和设计了一种适用于煤矿采空区的无线传感器网络路由机制。首先对LEACH协议的簇头选举机制进行了改进,在计算阀值时添加剩余能量参数,然后采用改进后的协议和多径路由机制设计了煤矿采空区无线传感器网络路由算法,最后通过NS-2仿真平台进行了实验。实验结果表明,改进后的协议与原协议相比,提高了网络中节点的能量有效性,延长了网络的生命周期。