Classification of solid fossil fuels and their processing products depending on trace elements contained in them

It was shown that products or wastes (the primary concentrates of potentially valuable elements (PVEs)) suitable as source materials for the manufacture of commercial PVE compounds or their industrial concentrates can be obtained upon the processing of coal, oil shale, or peat as fuel for combustion or a source material for coking. It was proposed to classify solid fossil fuels containing PVEs with the following two groups: the first group, those suitable for the priority use in the production of primary PVE concentrates and the second group, those promising for the production of primary PVE concentrates after performing appropriate technical and economic calculations. The type of the initial solid fossil fuel or its processing product; the PVE content of the initial solid fossil fuel; the characteristics of PVE distributions in the products of its enrichment, coking, combustion, gasification, and hydrogenation; and the chemical species of ash and slag residues upon combustion (gasification) were chosen as classification parameters, which were designated using numerical or alphanumeric codes.     

玻璃熔窑使用不同燃料的能耗计算

国内浮法玻璃熔窑多数是以重油为燃料的,少数以天然气、焦炉煤气、发生炉热煤气为燃料.每种燃料的热值不同,对应的理论燃烧温度、实际燃烧温度、能够达到的炉壁热点温度也都不相同.从而各种燃料玻璃熔窑的单位能耗指标、熔窑热效率也不同.本文给出了使用不同燃料的玻璃熔窑计算单位能耗指标的经验公式.     

世界油页岩资源的开发利用现状

油页岩是一种非常规能源,世界储量巨大,作为石油的补充能源,开发前景广阔.油页岩在隔绝空气条件下加热至500℃左右,会热解生成页岩油,经加工处理后可以制得汽油、柴油等油品.油页岩也可直接燃烧,产生蒸气、发电,目前利用油页岩燃烧发电的国家有爱沙尼亚、中国、德国等.本文介绍了世界主要油页岩国家的油页岩储量和加工利用情况,目前世界上利用油页岩干馏制取页岩油的国家主要有3个,中国(产量80万吨)、爱沙尼亚(产量50万吨)和巴西(18万吨),其他国家略有生产.中国页岩油产量一直居世界首位,目前有将近10座油页岩干馏厂投入运行,其中抚顺矿业集团年产页岩油35万吨,全国居首,该公司引进的日处理颗粒油页岩量6000t的ATP干馏工艺,目前已经在调试中阶段性运转,并逐渐延长连续运转时间,山东龙口等其他地方的油页岩加工利用也取得很大进展.美国目前没有进行油页岩干馏炼制页岩油的工业化生产,但有多所大学、公司和研究所已经对油页岩进行了长期的地上和地下干馏工艺的研究和开发.文中还介绍了国内外油页岩干馏的3种主要炉型,分别为块状页岩气体热载体干馏炉、颗粒页岩固体热载体干馏炉和粉末页岩流化干馏炉,并对比了不同国家的干馏炉型的优缺点.     

Comparison of hydrogenated shale oils with standard jet fuels

The characteristics of jet fuels obtained from typical U.S. shale oils (Geokinetics, Occidental, Paraho and Tosco II) were compared with standard petroleum jet fuels in order to study the possibility of using these shale oils as a substitute. The shale oil fractions distilling below 343°C were catalytically hydroprocessed at low, medium and high severities and fractionated to the jet fuel range (121–300°C). The hydroprocessed products and jet fuels were compared for composition and physical properties. High severity hydroprocessing of shale oils decreased the nitrogen, sulfur, olefin and aromatic content while increasing the hydrogen content. The nitrogen content in shale oil jet fuels was considerably higher even after the high severity treatment. The aromatic content, except in Paraho shale oil, was relatively higher and the hydrogen content was slightly lower. Sulfur and olefin contents were lower at all severities. The physical properties and heat of combustion, except the high freezing point of shale oil jet fuels, were comparable to those of standard petroleum jet fuels.     

煤、油页岩和石油焦混烧特性及其动力学

为了充分利用劣质燃料油页岩和难以利用的高硫石油焦,以煤、劣质燃料油页岩及高硫燃料石油焦的混合燃料为研究对象,采用热重-差热的试验方法和差减微分法,对其混烧特性曲线和混烧特性机理进行分析,计算出试样各种燃烧特性参数及燃烧动力学参数。结果表明:煤、油页岩、石油焦的质量比为1∶6∶3的混烧试样S7的DTG曲线先后出现挥发分的析出着火燃烧峰和剩余固定碳的着火燃烧峰;煤、油页岩、石油焦的质量比为6∶3∶1的混烧试样S4的可燃特性指数及着火特性指数均大于油页岩及石油焦的值,而且混合试样的燃尽指数均大于煤及石油焦的值,同时,混合样品的综合燃烧特性指数均大于油页岩的值;试样S4的活化能最小,该混合试样的燃烧反应最容易进行。只要煤、油页岩及石油焦混合比例适当,其混合燃烧特性将优于油页岩及石油焦单独的燃烧特性。     

Variation of kerogen content and mineralogy in some Australian tertiary oil shales

Oil shale is a potential alternative source of petroleum products. The processes of retorting oil shale and refining shale oil are both affected by the composition of the parent rock. Mineralogical and geochemical data obtained from two bore holes in Queensland oil shale deposits are presented and discussed here. The data includes the variation with depth of mineralogy, ash content, moisture content and kerogen content. A strong correlation of hydrogen and organic carbon, and higher H/C ratios suggest that organic matter is present mainly as aliphatic compounds. Pyrite was identified as the major source of sulphur. This may provide some possibilities for easier removal of sulphur before the oil shale is processed.     

Enhancement of oil recovery in the combustion retorting of oil shale by the addition of coal

The effect of coal addition in the combustion retorting of oil shale has been studied for various flow rates of air and grades of oil shale. The results indicate that oil yield is increased with coal addition, for example, by as much as 40% with 4 wt.% of coal in the retorting of 0.059 dm³/kg (14 gallons per short ton) oil shale. The distance between the combustion and the retorting zone is separated farther with the addition of coal. This makes it possible to operate the combustion retorting process at an increased rate without an increased oil loss. It is thus possible to increase the oil yield as well as the rate of retorting with a relatively small addition of solid fuel.     

环烷烃与航空煤油掺混燃烧特性研究

双碳背景下,采用生物质基航空燃油替代传统航油成为当前的研究热点之一。生物质基航油组分与传统航油不同,生物质基航油的环烷烃由木质素加氢脱氧得到,与传统航油中的环烷烃在结构上有所差别。不同结构的环烷烃的燃烧特性有很大差别,基于此,本文通过可变压缩比内燃机研究了四种典型生物质基环烷烃（环戊烷、环己烷、乙基环己烷以及十氢萘）与RP-3航空航油掺混后的低温燃烧特性及其在压燃式发动机中对燃烧过程的影响以研究燃料单一性的可行性。结果表明提高掺混比例,十氢萘对燃烧效果有明显的促进作用,着火点提前,放热峰值有所增加,放热更为集中;乙基环己烷有着与航油相似的燃烧特性,而环己烷与环戊烷会使燃烧相位推迟,放热率下降,增大混合燃料的易压燃难度,不利于燃烧。研究对于木质素催化加氢制备环烷烃和生物质基环烷烃具有重要的指导意义。     

油页岩开发利用技术及系统集成的研究进展

油页岩作为一种非常规能源,储量巨大,是最具潜力的石油替代资源之一。将油页岩干馏炼油、半焦燃烧发电、页岩油气提质、灰渣生产建材和化工品等工艺技术进行集成,可提升能效、改善经济效益,符合我国能源发展战略需求,具有广阔应用前景。本文专题论述在油页岩开发利用过程中主要关键单元技术,系统集成技术的现状及研究进展。为深入研究和高效环保开发利用油页岩资源提供理论和技术基础。     

油页岩干馏产燃料油和液化石油气的创新工艺

利用铝甄法对桦甸油页岩进行数据分析,发现油页岩干馏气中含有大量的碳3（C3）、碳4（C4）组分（液化石油气）,直接燃烧将不能合理利用能源。针对这一情况,对提取液化石油气（LPG）前后的干馏气进行了分析,分析后发现提取LPG后,干馏气燃烧热值仍能满足工艺要求,系统本身热量仍能自给自足。故在不影响瓦斯全循环油页岩分级干馏工艺的前提下,提出了瓦斯全循环油页岩分级干馏生产燃料油和液化石油气的创新工艺,可以回收利用生产液化石油气（LPG）和燃料油,从而延长了产品链,提高了经济效益。     

我国油页岩综合利用相关研究进展

油页岩是一种重要的能源资源,其储量巨大,是世界石油资源补充能源。本文综述了近几年油页岩相关基础研究与技术开发,分析了我国单独炼油、单独燃烧发电及灰渣综合利用的研究进展,将油页岩炼油、半焦燃烧发电、灰渣综合利用集成一体,不仅可提高油页岩综合利用效率,而且还可对环境起到保护作用。本文为油页岩综合利用相关科学研究提供参考。     

加热炉酸露点问题探讨

分析了酸露点腐蚀产生的原理及影响因素,列举了计算露点温度的几种常用方法,并将计算值与工业实际控制值进行比较.认为已有研究成果多针对锅炉燃煤过程,对加热炉燃油过程的计算只有一定的借鉴意义.在此基础上提出应综合各种因素准确测算酸露点,得到具有普遍应用性的计算方法,提高了加热炉燃烧和燃料利用的效率.     

基于Aspen Plus的桦甸式油页岩干馏工艺系统模拟

引言油页岩是一种富含有机质、具有微细层理、可燃烧的细粒沉积岩,油页岩作为能源资源,既可以干馏炼油也可以燃烧发电。油页岩储量丰富,截至2005年底,37个国家油页岩探明总储量折算     

大庆油页岩及干馏产物的利用途径分析

大庆油页岩的舍油率大部分都在10%以上,具有很好的经济开发价值.对大庆油页岩及其干馏产物性质的实验研究表明,油页岩的机械强度较低,应选择粉末、颗粒干馏炉进行加工处理;页岩油主要由柴油馏分和重油馏分组成,分别可加工成成品油和直接用作燃料油;热解干馏气热值约为17MJ/m3,可以在除作自身干馏所需的热量燃料外,用作城市煤气或工业锅炉的燃料;半焦着火点低,热值约为23 MJ/kg,可作为清洁燃料用于发电或民用;页岩灰的主要组分是氧化钙争氧化硅,可用于生产建筑材料.     

Utilizing Philippine Calatrava coal-diesel oil mixture (CDOM) as alternative fuel for industrial steam generator

The fast depletion of fuel oil and the continuous increase in the demand for power is a global issue. In the Philippines, the demand for diesel oil is expected to increase significantly in a 20-year period as projected by the Department of Energy. In line with the Philippine Government's thrust to lessen the dependence on imported energy, the agenda for the search for alternative fuel is highly prioritized. Thus, this paper presents the results of the study on performance analysis and efficiency test of a diesel oil fired industrial steam generator using Philippine Calatrava coal-diesel oil mixture (CDOM) as alternative fuel. A computer program was developed in HyperText Markup Language (HTML^©) and JavaScript^© to aid the computation of the adiabatic flame temperature from the governing system of equations based on the heat interaction between CDOM fuel, combustion air and products of combustion to determine the most desirable alternative fuel. Actual experimentation for the determination of CDOM fuel properties was also conducted to verify the alternative fuel selected through theoretical calculations. Results showed that the CDOM fuel with a particle size passing 75 μm (−200 mesh) sieve having a proportion of 5% pulverized coal-95% diesel oil and 10% pulverized coal-90% diesel oil could be handled throughout the test with no degradation of the industrial steam generator. The steam generator efficiency using diesel oil is close to the steam generator efficiency using both CDOM fuels.     

AKTS模拟分析龙口油页岩与半焦混烧动力学特性

利用热重分析仪对龙口油页岩与其500℃半焦按照不同比例混合燃烧时着火温度和燃烧特性进行探究考察。基于3种升温速率下燃烧试验所对应的TG-DTG曲线,整个燃烧过程可分为3个阶段,分别为水析出阶段、燃烧低温段和燃烧高温段。不同比例样品的燃烧特性参数随掺入的页岩比例增大呈现出增大的趋势。利用AKTS-Thermokinetics软件对实验得到的DTG数据分析,对比实验曲线与模拟曲线,并进行反应动力学的计算。基于计算结果发现,随着样品中油页岩的比例增大,活化能呈现出先减小后增大的趋势。综合各样品燃烧特性参数,发现页岩与半焦比例2：1为当前燃烧试验最优混合比。     

Model of Vapor—Air Gasification of a Solid Fuel in a Filtration Mode

A two-temperature mathematical model of steady filtration combustion of a solid fuel in open systems is proposed. Air or a mixture of air with water vapors is considered as a gaseous oxidizer. The model takes into account that the heat capacities of the phases depend on temperature and composition and that the reactor length is finite and allows obtaining the composition of gaseous combustion products. Calculated results on gasification of a mixture of carbon with an inert component are presented. It is demonstrated that thermodynamic calculations are important for obtaining the upper estimate of gasification efficiency. Even a sufficiently long reactor becomes “short” in the regime of transient combustion waves, which results in more intense entrainment of heat by combustion products and, as a consequence, in lower efficiency of the process. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 65–72, January–February, 2006.     

油页岩循环流化床燃烧特性研究

摘要:在循环流化床燃烧试验台上对油页岩的着火、稳定燃烧、燃尽特性等燃烧特性进行详细地试验方案分析,同时提出了油页岩循环流化床锅炉的设计与运行的特点。根据拟做试验方案进行试验研究,可以测试出油页岩的燃烧特性,为油页岩CFB锅炉燃烧特性的试验研究,以及大型化油页岩循环流化床锅炉的设计提供了借鉴。     

Ignition and combustion of pyrotechnic compositions based on micro- and nanoparticles of aluminum diboride in air flow in a two-zone combustion chamber

This paper presents the experimental study of ignition and combustion of micro- and nanoparticles of aluminum diboride as part of pyrotechnic energy-saturated compositions in a gas generator with an air afterburner chamber and the thermodynamic calculations of combustion of pyrotechnic compositions based on aluminum diboride in air. The discharge of the combustion products from the afterburner chamber is recorded on video. It is shown that replacing micron aluminum diboride by powdered diboride with a mass-average diameter of particles equal to ≈270 nm in the pyrotechnic composition and increasing the pressure in the afterburner chamber cause the combustion efficiency in air to increase by 5–20%.