Designing classical Dragonian offset dual-reflector antennas fromcombinations of prescribed geometric parameters

This paper proposes a simple procedure for the design of classical offset-Dragonian dual-reflector antennas from combinations of prescribed geometric parameters. This procedure has already been applied to classical Cassegrain and Gregorian antennas, and to classical displaced-axis Cassegrain and Gregorian antennas. We provide a list of 20 parameters from which the antenna system is fully characterized, but only five of these parameters need to be provided by the antenna designer, as the remaining 15 parameters can be derived in closed-form using the procedure described. We consider that the main reflector (MR) has a circular aperture, while the subreflector (SR) has an elliptical aperture     

Designing axially symmetric Cassegrain or Gregorian dual-reflectorantennas from combinations of prescribed geometric parameters

A procedure to design axially symmetric Cassegrain or Gregorian dual-reflector antennas from various combinations of prescribed geometric parameters is presented. From these input parameters, the overall geometry of the antenna is derived in closed form. This procedure can be used as the starting point of a synthesis procedure, where both main reflector and subreflector are shaped to create the desired aperture field distribution     

The design of classical offset Dragonian reflector antennas with circular apertures

The vector aperture field of classical offset Dragonian dual-reflector antennas is derived using geometrical-optics concepts. This field then yields the equivalent paraboloid of the geometry. From these results, the conditions for an axially symmetric equivalent paraboloid, when a circular aperture is assumed, are obtained. A complete step-by-step geometrical-optics-based design procedure for optimum classical offset Dragonian antennas with circular apertures is then presented (i.e., zero geometrical-optics cross-polarization and minimum spillover). This procedure is demonstrated by two design examples.     

Designing axially symmetric Cassegrain or Gregorian dual-reflectorantennas from combinations of prescribed geometric parameters. 2.Minimum blockage condition while taking into account the phase-center ofthe feed

For pt.1 see ibid., vol.40, no.2, p.76-82 (1998). An easy procedure to design classical Cassegrain or Gregorian dual-reflector antennas has been presented in Granet (1998). This procedure allows the antenna designer to fully define the antenna geometry with different sets of input parameters, depending on the requirements of the antenna size and its performance. In this paper the conditions derived in Granet are extended to take into account the phase-center position of the feed, to achieve the minimum-blockage condition. This procedure can be used as the starting point of a synthesis procedure, where both main reflector and subreflector are shaped to create the desired aperture-field distribution     

A design procedure for classical offset dual reflector antennaswith circular apertures

A geometrical optics procedure for designing electrically optimized classical offset dual reflector antennas with circular apertures is presented. Equations are derived that allow the size and spacing of the main and subreflectors of the antenna system, along with the feed horn subintended angle, to be used as input variables of the design procedure. The procedure, together with these equations, yields an optimized design, starting from general system requirements. The procedure is demonstrated by designing both an offset Cassegrain and an offset Gregorian antenna, and is validated by analyzing their radiation patterns using physical optics surface current integration on both the main and subreflectors     

Derivation and application of the equivalent paraboloid forclassical offset Cassegrain and Gregorian antennas

The equivalent paraboloid is derived for classical offset Cassegrain and Gregorian antennas. The important practical case of systems with circular exit apertures is discussed in detail, and a condition for a symmetric equivalent paraboloid is derived. For such systems, diffraction effects are investigated using tapered and scanned feeds to illuminate the equivalent paraboloid and the two-reflector system     

Offset Cassegrain Earth Station Antenna for the Japanese Domestic Satellite Communication System

Offset reflector antennas have advantages for communication systems because they are not severely subject to blocking. Difficulties mainly arising from structual asymmetries have inhibited the realization of an offset reflector antenna with a large aperture for commercial use. This paper describes the design of an offset Cassegrain earth station antenna for the Japanese domestic satellite communication system. Antenna measurements showed 76 and 69 percent aperture efficiencies at 20 and 30 GHz, respectively, less than -20 dBi wide angle directivity and an 18 K noise temperature in operating conditions. Performances are far superior to conventional axisymmetrical earth station antennas. The antenna was reassembled on a telephone office building after the measurements. The antenna gain was reconfirmed there, using the sun as a radio frequency source. Experiments show that the earth station antenna and a terrestrial antenna can be placed on the same building without serious interference.     

Designing classical offset inverse-Cassegrain dual-reflector antennas from combinations of prescribed geometric parameters

This paper proposes a simple procedure for the design of classical offset inverse-Cassegrain dual-reflector antennas from combinations of prescribed geometric parameters. We will provide a list of 21 parameters from which the antenna system is fully characterized. However, only five of these parameters need to be provided by the antenna designer as the remaining 16 parameters can be calculated in closed form using the equations provided here.     

前馈偏置卡塞格伦天线低轮廓设计

低轮廓卫星通信天线不仅具有很好的应用前景,而且具有重要的理论研究价值。前馈偏置卡塞格伦天线不仅具有较高的效率,而且可实现Ku频段和Ka频段双频段共用。给出了前馈偏置卡塞格伦天线实现低轮廓设计的3个步骤:合理配置各参数,使天线高度达到可以满足要求的值;进行椭圆口面赋形设计,达到天线电气所需要的等效口径面积;选择主面的旋转轴,保证主面转轴后电气性能和天线高度变化不大。     

The current state of the reflector antenna art

The current state of the reflector antenna art is presented in the form of a review article, intended primarily for engineers who are new in the field. The properties of paraboloidal antennas are related to aperture efficiency, surface tolerance, feed defocusing, and aperture blocking. Other reflector shapes considered are offset-fed paraboloids, classical and offset Cassegrain systems, shaped-dual reflectors, and scanning reflectors. Properties of contoured-beam systems are reviewed. Structures and materials are reviewed for ground stations and satellite-borne reflectors. Emphasis is placed on specific hardware examples for each principle or concept. Near-field probing, dichroic surfaces, and techniques of surface metrology are presented as examples of promising areas for new developments.     

Synthesis of offset dual shaped subreflector antennas for control of Cassegrain aperture distributions

Many existing large ground reflector antennas have been designed as Cassegrain systems-i.e., paraboloid/hyperboloid combinations. Other large ground antennas are simply paraboloid designs. Upgrading the gain of these systems to a gain comparable to that obtainable with a dual shaped reflector antenna system has been an important and costly objective of many such ground stations. A potentially economic method for such an antenna upgrade is presented herein. It involves a redesign of only the subreflector portion of a Cassegrain antenna or the introduction of a subreflector feed system for a parabaloid. A pair of offset subreflectors are synthesized which will give a controllable high gain amplitude distribution in the aperture of the large paraboloid. The synthesis method that is used is based on an approximate formulation for an offset dual shaped high gain antenna that was first presented by Galindo-Israel and Mittra in 1977. In that approximate formulation, the geometrical optics (GO) energy was scattered from a subreflector and then from a second large reflector which reflected a uniform phase distribution. In the present offset dual shaped subreflector (DSS) antenna, the second reflection is from a smaller (sub) reflector and it scatters a spherical wave that feeds a hyperboloid or feeds a large paraboloid directly. Excellent results are shown for the approximate synthesis of the DSS.     

A method for designing high-power offset Cassegrain antennas

Starting from the geometrical parameters of the feed and the desired gain of the Cassegrain antenna, a method to determine the design starting parameters for a high-power offset Cassegrain antennas is discussed. Then, by numerically solving the equations governing the antenna geometry, a set of design curves are obtained, with which the structure of the antenna can be determined by trading off the electrical and geometrical system requirements. The method presented can be applied to both high or low gain feeds for constructing a high power microwave electromagnetic environment, where complex electronic systems can be tested. For linearly polarized feeds with high gain, the structure parameters of antenna with zero cross polarization can be obtained, which is equal to the design results of Brown and Prata (see IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol.42, no.8, p.1145-53, 1994)     

The polarization losses of offset paraboloid antennas

In this paper the electric field in the aperture of offset front-fed paraboloid antennas and open Cassegrainian antennas, excited by an electric dipole or Huygens source in the focus, is compared with the fields of front-fed circularly symmetrical paraboloid reflector antennas and classical Cassegrainian antennas. The aperture field forms the basis of expressions to calculate the polarization efficiency of all four types of antenna. Computed results are given, showing that offset antennas can compete with front-fed paraboloids if they are excited by an electric dipole; the classical Cassegrainian antenna, however, shows better results. If offset antennas are excited by a Huygens source, the result is very unfavorable compared with the symmetrical antennas which show no cross polarization.     

Generalised formulas for beam squint prediction in conic-section reflector antennas

The beam squint phenomenon is of importance when antenna pointing performance is considered. This phenomenon is characterised in paraboloidal, Cassegrain and Gregorian antennas. Squint-predicting formulas are presented, squint-free conditions are outlined and an extension of these formulas to general multi-reflector antennas is suggested.<>     

Preliminary study on offset scan-corrected reflector antenna system

Preliminary study on offset shaped dual reflector antenna systems has been carried out to assess the feasibility for multibeam satellite applications. The two-dimensional offset shaped reflector antenna geometry is generated by first creating the nodal points according to a bifocal condition and then connecting the nodal points by smooth curves to form the profiles of the main and subreflectors. The three-dimensional geometry is created by body revolution. The offset geometry is obtained by properly tailoring the three-dimensional geometry. This offset shaped reflector antenna system has an inherent astigmatism which can be either fully or partially compensated. For applications requiring a scan range in azimuth more thanpm 5beamwidths, the offset shaped dual reflector antenna systems offer better scan performance (in terms of peak gains) than offset Cassegrain geometries at the expense of the performance of the on-axis beams. In elevation with a 16 beamwidth scan range, the shaped design provides 0.3 dB less scan loss than the Cassegrain design.     

Beam squint determination in conic-section reflector antennas withcircularly polarized feeds

The beam squint phenomenon in circular-polarized-feed paraboloidal, Cassegrain, and Gregorian antennas is characterized. The geometrical optics/aperture field method is used to derive generalized squint-predicting formulas, the accuracy of which is verified by computer simulations based on diffraction analysis. From these formulas, the squint-free conditions are developed. An extension of these formulas is suggested to predict the squint angles for general multireflector antennas     

Optimum beam scanning in offset single and dual reflector antennas

Optimum beam scanning in offset single reflector (paraboloid) and dual reflector (Cassegrain and Gregorian) antennas is considered. Analytical, computationally efficient solutions and results are presented for the optimum feed position, the constant beam direction feed loci, and the optimum feed position locus. Examples are presented to verify that the analysis technique yields the optimum feed position, which exhibits better gain, pattern symmetry, and sidelobe levels when compared with other feed positions producing beams scanned to the same direction. The solutions described were obtained under the ray optics approximation and a "receive mode" analysis. Although the developed method was applied to the antennas listed above, it can be easily extended to othern-reflector systems, shaped reflector antennas, lenses, and other similar systems.     

Gaussian beam techniques for illuminating reflector antennas

Simple design procedures are presented for use when a Gaussian beam is used to illuminate a classical reflector antenna. Displacement of the location of the beamwaist toward the focusing element in the case of electrically small antennas where the aperture is in the near field of the feed was calculated together with modification of the required beamwaist radius. Dual reflector antennas were discussed and design procedures appropriate for systems with large and small focal length to diameter ratio developed. Cases where a reflector or subreflector is electrically small, or in the near field of a feed, are readily treated. For elliptical beam antennas, a simple illumination system using only a scalar horn and a single cylindrical lens can generally be found; this has no ray optics analogue. A configuration of this type is discussed, with a practical case study of a 28-by-80-λ elliptical Cassegrain antenna operating at a wavelength of 3 mm. The design process for designing the feed system is discussed in detail. Despite the small size and relatively large aperture blockage, an aperture efficiency of 0.48 was measured, which compared quite well with the expected efficiency of 0.53, thus verifying the validity of the Gaussian beam design approach     

双馈源偏置卡塞格伦天线研究

文章根据偏置卡塞格伦天线设计原理,通过双馈源、副反射面的正反面将两种不同结构的偏置卡塞格伦天线结合在一起,研究出一种双馈源-单副反射面-双主反射面的新型偏置卡塞格伦天线。该天线充分利用了偏置双反射面天线的扫描特性好、可避免遮挡效应等优点,在两个不同方向上产生双波束,实现双方向扫描,拓宽了卡塞格伦天线的应用领域。