Effects of modern marguerite-shaped inlets on hydraulic characteristics of swirling flow in shaft spillways

This study used model experiments to investigates hydraulic characteristics of flow at marguerite-shaped inlets with holes at the bottom of their lobes, known as modern marguerite-shaped inlets. This innovation reduces the swirling flow strength and improves the hydraulic performance of simple shaft spillways. Head–discharge relationships, flow circulation, threshold and critical submergence depths, and discharge coefficients are detailed for different flow regimes. The findings suggest that flow discharges through this type of inlet were approximately six, three, and two times greater than flow discharges through a simple shaft spillway, a circular piano key inlet, and a simple marguerite-shaped inlet, respectively. Increasing the outer length and height of inlets also uniformly distributed the flow around shaft spillways. The best hydraulic performance was observed in the inlets with an outer height of 1.25D and an outer length of 3.75D, where D is the diameter of the shaft spillway. Different equations, with high correlations and low errors, were derived to determine the threshold and critical submergence depths and the discharge coefficients for free and orifice flow regimes.     

Assessment and prioritization of eco‐revetment projects in urban rivers

Ecological revetment for slope protection in urban rivers requires consideration of economic and ecological aspects and also of social aspects including recreation. Taking the Hunhe River as an example, our study established an evaluation system and a decision‐making method for evaluating and prioritizing the eco‐revetment projects. The Delphi method was used for collecting the opinions of experts, which include the relative importance of the indicators and the relative preference of the alternatives. The former was surveyed by pair comparison and processed applied analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The latter was described via linguistic variables, which need to be changed into the quantitative values for TOPSIS analysis. For that reason, we introduced the fuzzy set theory and established a fuzzy multi‐attribute decision‐making method based on TOPSIS to assess and prioritize the projects. The evaluation system includes economic, social, environment and ecological several aspects totalling eight indicators. The evaluating and prioritizing result of the projects shows that the three‐dimensional vegetation net is the best slope protection measures in the study area. The sensitivity analyses of indicator weights and different calculation methods were performed to demonstrate the reliability of the results. The sensitivity analyses indicate that construction cost and maintenance cost are dominant factors during the alternatives prioritization. The distance calculation method and normalization technique are insensitive to the prioritization results. The methodology proposed by this paper offers an effective and feasible tool for managers to evaluate and choose the optimal engineering measures of riverbank protection. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

GPU加速的SPH方法在溢洪道水流模拟中的应用

基于拉格朗日描述的光滑粒子动力学方法（SPH）擅长于处理自由面剧烈变化的水流现象,十分适合水利工程中泄洪等问题的数值模拟。然而,SPH方法通常采用均匀分布的粒子对流体计算域进行空间离散,对于工程问题而言需要的粒子数量较多、计算量大。为了突破SPH方法在实际大规模计算中的适用范围,采用C++和CUDA混合编程的技术,借助GPU实现了对SPH方法的并行加速。通过WES三圆弧段组成的光滑溢洪道过流问题,验证了GPU加速的SPH方法的计算精度和可靠性,计算效率相对原始的SPH仿真过程提高了61.8倍。最后,将GPU加速的SPH方法应用于水利工程的溢洪道泄流问题,分别模拟了光滑溢洪道和台阶式溢洪道流动特性,通过自由面的演化过程及泄流沿程截面上的速度分布状态,对比分析了台阶对泄流现象的影响。 〖HT5”H〗关〓键〓词：〖HT5”K〗     

Tradeoffs associated with sediment‐maintenance flushing flows: a simulation approach to exploring non‐inferior options

Sediment‐maintenance flushing flows designed to mimic the action of natural floods in removing the accumulated fine sediments from the channel and loosening the gravel bed have been increasingly proposed as an effective alternative in dam management and a required component of riverine restoration programmes. However, reservoir releases are generally associated with financial and environmental costs, thus it is highly desirable to specify flushing flows as accurately as possible. In this paper we present a simulation approach to evaluating flushing flows and exploring the tradeoffs associated with non‐inferior flushing options. A two‐fraction sediment routing model is used to simulate the gravel‐sand bed response to flushing flows. The results reveal that the sand cleansing effect propagates from upstream to downstream and from surface to subsurface. Under a steady gravel supply from upstream, an equilibrium state of gravel transport and bed degradation is eventually reached in the simulation reach. The flushing flow and sediment transport system investigated in this study involves a transient state variable (bed sand content), a decision variable (flushing flow discharge), a flushing goal (ultimate bed sand content), and three outcomes to be minimized (flushing duration, released water volume, and total gravel loss). A series of numerical simulations are carried out with a range of flows and pre‐flushing bed sediment conditions. The results reveal that the flushing efficiency is higher for the larger flow. However, for flows greater than ～100 m³/s the flushing duration is less sensitive to the flow discharge, thus the system may be simplified as a bi‐objective one. The gravel loss and water volume are two conflicting outcomes within the non‐inferior flow region. Under a worse bed sediment condition, the feasible flushing options are constrained in a narrower range and also associated with higher costs. The tradeoffs between the conflicting outcomes are quantitatively displayed with the transformed feasible solutions in the objective space. We provide here a general and practical approach permitting a quantitative evaluation of the different flushing options that is appropriate to the level of data typically available. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCES OF SKIMMING FLOW OVER STEPPED SPILLWAY

Hydraulic performances of skimming flow over stepped spillway was studied by means of hydraulic model experiment. The stepped spillway is a modification of the WES (Waterways Experiment Station) standard spillway. The main objective of the experiment was to study the performances of skimming flow over stepped spillway, which include the skimming flow regime, the flow depth on the spillway , the effect of air en-trainment and the energy dissipation. Presented in this paper, the experimental results indicated that the stepped spillway is more effective at dissipating energy, the dissipation ratio decreases with increasing discharge, and the free surface air entrainment on stepped spillway occurs much more upstream than on smooth spillway.     

猴子岩水电站深孔泄洪洞水力学试验及数值模拟

深孔泄洪洞是猴子岩水电站4套泄洪设施之一,其落差超过100m,洞内泄流流速最大可达22.5m/s,有高水头大流速这一特点。本文采用双方程紊流模型及基于水气两相流的VOF方法,对猴子岩深孔泄洪洞有压洞弯段及无压洞段的多种水力学要素进行三维数值模拟。数值模拟结果与1:25单体模型试验数据对比表明,采用该紊流模型与数值计算方法,能够很好地模拟这种高水头、大流量且带有自由表面的掺气水流的水力特性。计算模拟出的多种水力特性,从变化趋势到数值精度可满足水工设计的要求。     

堰式进口溢洪洞设计与水力特性分析

云南晓街河水库工程泄水建筑物采用堰式进口溢洪洞,进口布置开敞式溢流堰,泄槽段采用隧洞型式。由于泄水建筑物结构较为特殊,且上、下游水头差高达79 m,水力特性较为复杂。通过泄流能力、流态、沿程水面线等水力计算分析,并结合模型试验,分析了堰式进口溢洪洞的布置、结构、尺寸等设计要求及水力特性。验证结果表明,设计方案中的溢洪洞泄流能力满足工程要求且流态较好。可为类似工程设计提供一定参考。     

Short‐term effects in a reduced flow stretch: The case of the Antas River in South Brazil

The building of adduction channels (penstocks) that conduct water from reservoirs to turbines, which are located kilometres from the dam, is becoming common, optimizing the electricity generation in small dams. This design creates a river stretch with reduced discharge between the dam and the powerhouse. This study evaluates the short‐term impacts of the below‐dam decrease in river flow on fish assemblages. Samples were collected in the reduced flow stretch of the Castro Alves Hydropower Plant (Antas River, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) before the reservoir started operating (January 2008; mean discharge of 103.7 m³/s) and immediately after operation began (March 2008; mean discharge of 12.4 m³/s). Sampling was conducted in distinct habitats of the reduced flow stretch (slow waters—gillnets, sand beaches—seining nets, structured littoral—electrofishing, and fast waters—cast nets) with a strongly standardized effort. The attributes of the fish assemblages were not negatively affected by the flow reduction in any habitat sampled. However, distinct changes in the spatial structure were observed considering the different types of habitat predominantly used by the species, which represents an entire reorganization of the fish assemblages in the short term. It is fundamental that these short‐term aspects be considered in the licensing of hydropower plants in addition to the long‐term changes.     

溢洪隧洞底板混凝土施工技术剖析

溢洪隧洞最早运用于水利工程,其主要功能是及时输水或泄洪,保持水电站在安全稳定的环境下完成电力生产活动。底板混凝土施工是项目建设的一个难点,施工单位需灵活运用各项技术改善水工建筑的结构性能。近年来,小型溢洪隧洞在净水厂工程建设中的运用逐渐普及,充分发挥了排水、泄水的功能作用。文章以苏州市相城水厂为案例,分析了溢洪隧洞底板混凝土施工的相关问题,对水工建筑施工技术的优化改进总结其经验。     

Air entrainment of hydraulic jump aeration basin

In order to avoid the cavitation damage and the decrease of the energy dissipation of the stepped spillways with a large unit discharge, the air entrainments of the hydraulic jump aeration basin(HJAB) are theoretically and experimentally investigated for the hydraulic-jump-stepped spillway developed by the authors. It is shown that the submerged degree of the hydraulic jump and the air concentration in the measuring section are all functions of the dimensionless discharge, the length and the end sill height of the HJAB. The submerged degree s decreases with the increase of the dimensionless discharge or the dimensionless length of the HJAB, but increases with the increase of the dimensionless height of the end sill of the HJAB. The flow regimes near the critical hydraulic jump, namely, at s = 1.0, have the best effect of the air entrainment for the flow at the measuring section and then that of the stepped spillway.     

明流泄洪洞水力特性的二维数值模拟与试验研究

为了使明流泄洪洞满足设计泄流量和校核泄流量要求,对其结构进行了优化设计,并根据垣曲县境内板涧河河口右岸的小浪底引黄工程泄洪洞实际工程,建立了明流泄洪洞泄流数学模型。计算中引入FLUENT软件中的VOF(Volume of Fluid)模型和Mixture模型进行数值计算,得到了设计和校核水位条件下泄洪洞泄流能力、水深沿程分布、水流空化数以及断面流速和压强及挑距,并将部分计算结果与模型试验结果进行比较分析,结果表明两者吻合较好。因此采用FLUENT软件研究明流龙抬头泄洪洞的水力特性是可行的,为该项软件应用于实际工程提供了理论依据。     

Refinement of the wetted perimeter breakpoint method for setting cease‐to‐pump limits or minimum environmental flows

Analysis of inflections or breakpoints apparent in relationships between measures of wetted perimeter and discharge can be used to assist in the determination of minimum environmental flows for perennial rivers. This paper suggests refinements and provides an example application of the wetted perimeter method for the determination of cease‐to‐pump limits in a perennial, unregulated gravel‐bed river subject to increasing levels of surface water extraction. HEC‐GeoRAS modelling outputs of riffle wetted area are used to illustrate that the magnitude of the discharge selected to represent 100% habitat availability is of crucial importance to the breakpoint method. Because of the dependence of the technique on this assumption, we suggest that it is prudent to use an upper and lower limiting discharge based on an assessment of the degree of flow variability to develop a flow range around the zone of diminishing return in the wetted perimeter to discharge relationship. For rivers exhibiting a low degree of flow variability, the mean and median daily flows are likely to provide appropriate discharges for representation of 100% habitat availability. For perennial rivers with a higher degree of flow variability and considerable differences between the mean and median daily flows we suggest use of the 50th and 80th flow duration percentiles. Wetted perimeter breakpoint results are also influenced by the degree to which areas of non‐riffle habitat are included in the analysis. Inclusion of excessive pool areas can lead to significant reductions in resultant recommendations for cease‐to‐pump limits or minimum environmental flows. Integration of hydraulic model outputs with GIS for wetted perimeter analysis of riffles provides a useful, rapid, field‐based approach that can assist with determination of cease‐to‐pump limits or minimum environmental flows in gravel‐bed rivers. However, care is needed in its application and interpretation as the technique is prone to numerous subjective choices that have a substantial influence on results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimating discharge in gravel‐bed river using non‐contact ground‐penetrating and surface‐velocity radars

Discharge measurement is a critical task for gravel‐bed channels. Under high‐flow conditions, the elevation of the riverbed changes significantly by intensive torrential flow. The stage–discharge relations commonly used for stream discharge estimation may no longer be adequate. The contact‐type velocity measuring is also subject to measurement errors and/or instrument failures by the high‐flow velocities, driftwood, stumps, and debris. This study developed a new real‐time method to estimate river discharge in gravel‐bed channels. A systematic measuring technology combining ground‐penetrating radar and surface‐velocity radar was employed. The rating curves representing the relations of water surface velocity to the channel cross‐sectional mean velocity and flow area were established. Stream discharge was then deduced from the resulting mean velocity and flow area. The proposed method was examined in a steep gravel‐bed reach of the Cho‐Shui River in central Taiwan. The estimated stream discharge during three flood events were compared to the prediction by using the stage–discharge relation and the index‐velocity method. The proposed method of this study is capable of computing reasonable values of discharge for an entire flood hydrograph, whereas the other two methods tend to produce large extrapolation errors. Moreover, when the computed discharge is used in 2D flood flow simulation, the proposed method demonstrates better performance than the commonly used stage–discharge and index‐velocity methods.     

Modelling submerged fluvial substrates with structure‐from‐motion photogrammetry

Natural sediment regimes of fluvial systems are variable and important to the biological and physical structures of rivers, yet watershed degradation has led to increased fine sediments entering and aggrading in rivers. As a result, quantifying substrate composition is important for targeting and monitoring restoration. Conventional methods for assessing substrate composition (e.g., pebble counts) can be time‐consuming and biased. We examined the use of the photogrammetric technique, structure‐from‐motion (SfM), as an alternative method by measuring streambed roughness. We expanded its application to submerged substrates in an artificial streambed to assess if roughness could predict pebble count substrate size percentiles across a range of manipulated levels of fine sediment aggradation. We then assessed the use of SfM in a free‐flowing river streambed. Results from the artificial streambed with coarse substrates (≤31% added fine sediment) revealed that repeated SfM models of the same streambed had a high degree of similarity (mean difference = 1 mm) and a strong relationship between SfM‐derived roughness and pebble counts (r² > .95). This relationship was weaker (r² < .66) and violated regression variance assumptions when substrates had up to 47% (55.7 kg) fines added, possibly due to SfM characterizing details not captured by pebble counts. In the natural streambed, there was a strong relationship between percentiles from the SfM model roughness and pebble count diameter (r² = .96). SfM appears to be an efficient and appropriate alternative to direct substrate measurements across a broad range of streambed substrate compositions and thus a useful tool to model streambed morphology.     

努尔加水库台阶式溢洪道水力特性的研究

本文主要介绍努尔加水库台阶式溢洪道的试验研究成果。通过模型试验,对单宽流量在24.17—118m3/s.m的台阶式溢洪道的台阶坡度,高度和水力特性认识更加深入。试验表明坡度较陡,单宽流量较小的情况下消能效果最好。研究工作对大单宽流量台阶溢洪道的推广应用具有较高的参考价值。     

潘口水电站岸边溢洪道体型设计

潘口水电站溢洪道具有流量大、水头高,挑流水舌与河道夹角相对较大的特点。溢洪道设计充分利用了有利的地形地质条件,采用直线等宽矩形泄槽,保证了水流流态的相对均匀稳定。结合水工模型试验成果,对潘口电站岸边溢洪道各部位体型进行了优化,使溢洪道在泄流能力、各部位水流流态以及挑流消能效果方面都有了很大的改善,能够更好地满足溢洪道运行安全的要求。     

Flow structure through pool‐riffle sequences and a conceptual model for their sustainability in gravel‐bed rivers

Detailed field measurements and simulations of three‐dimensional flow structure were used to develop a conceptual model to explain the sustainability of self‐formed pool‐riffle sequences in gravel‐bed rivers. The analysis was conducted at the Red River Wildlife Management Area in Idaho, USA, and enabled characterization of the flow structure through two consecutive pool‐riffle sequences, including: identification of jet concentration and dissipation zones, and the development of local turbulence features (i.e. vertical and horizontal eddies) under different flow conditions. Three‐dimensional hydraulic simulations were used to evaluate how the flow structure varies across a range of flow conditions and with different degrees of sediment aggradation within the upstream pool. The analysis demonstrated a significant influence of the residual pool depth on the flow structure, with reduced residual depth causing a shift in the orientation of the jet and a reduction in the influence of vertical eddies and the size and intensity of horizontal eddies. The proposed conceptual model seeks to explain the sustainability of pools in terms of the flow structure in pool‐riffle morphology and how this flow structure will change as a result of altered external forcing, such as upstream sediment delivery or changes in bank stability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

枕头坝一级水电站工程枢纽布置设计

枕头坝一级水电站枢纽由挡水、泄水、电站等建筑物组成。施工导流方式和导流建筑物与泄洪建筑物的结合是枢纽布置的关键问题。结合地形地质条件及各建筑物的结构特点,并考虑枢纽布置、泄洪消能条件、施工条件、经济、安全等要素,重点介绍了枕头坝一级水电站首部枢纽布置设计及比选过程。经过分析论证,最终选择了左岸引水发电建筑物+右岸5孔泄洪闸（其中3孔位于导流明渠内）的枢纽布置方案。     

Modelling the effects of climate and flow regulation on ice‐affected backwater staging in a large northern river

In cold region environments, ice‐jam floods (IJFs) pose a severe risk to local communities, economies, and ecosystems. Previous studies have shown that both climate and regulation affect IJF probabilities, but their relative impacts are poorly understood. This study presents a probabilistic modelling framework that couples hydrologic and hydraulic models to assess the relative role of regulated and naturalized flows on ice‐affected backwater staging. The framework is evaluated at an IJF‐prone town on the Peace River in western Canada, which has been regulated since 1972. Naturalized flows were generated for the comparison, and ice‐affected backwater profiles were calculated along jams of varying length and location and for different combinations of model parameters and boundary conditions. Results show significant differences in backwater staging (~2 m for a return period of T = 1:10 year) between two study time periods (1973–1992 vs 1993–2012) as compared with two different hydraulic flow conditions (regulated vs naturalized), suggesting a larger role of climate than regulation in backwater staging. However, regulation was found to offset flood risk during the 1973–1992 period and exacerbate flood risk during the 1993–2012 period.