Patterns of Lake Balkhash water level changes and their climatic correlates during 1992–2010 period

The variation in Lake Balkhash water levels during the period from 1992 to 2010 and their relationship with climate dynamics were investigated in this study, using satellite altimetry data and meteorological records from climate stations located in the lake catchment basin. The altimetry‐derived water level demonstrated a general water level increase, reaching a mean value of 8.1 cm year^?1 in July 2005, with a maximum value of 342.52 m. The increased Lake Balkhash water level was accompanied by an overall upward trend in precipitation and temperature in the catchment basin during the study period. A strong increase in the winter and spring temperature was the main contributor to the general upward temperature trend, whereas a significant change of summer and autumn precipitation was the major contributor to the annual precipitation trend. Neither precipitation nor temperature increased uniformly across the entire lake drainage basin. The study results identified the most pronounced climate change occurring in the mountainous part (>2000 m above sea level) of the basin, in the upper reaches of the Ili river, which is the main water inflow to the lake. Statistical analysis indicated the Lake Balkhash water level is strongly correlated with both precipitation and temperature. The correlations were investigated for three altitudinal strata (<1000 m, 1000–2000 m, >2000 m) corresponding to the lower, middle and upper reaches of the Ili river. The best correlations were obtained for the upper reaches of the Ili river, indicating a changing snow cover and glacier equilibrium are the main factors controlling the water level trends in Lake Balkhash.     

Simple model for monitoring Balkhash Lake water levels and Ili River discharges: Application of remote sensing

Balkhash Lake and its environs are a very fragile ecosystem, whose dynamics exhibits large oscillations in magnitude caused by climatic factors and human impacts. The most recent oscillation was accompanied by construction of a water storage reservoir on the Ili River, the main inflow to the lake, leading to an additional decrease in the Balkhash Lake water level, and to dehydration of wetland landscapes in the Ili River delta. The main purpose of this study was to model the link between wetland biomass conditions in the Ili River delta and changes in the Balkhash Lake water level. A monthly, coarse‐resolution Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) dataset was used as an indicator of vegetation activity and biomass dynamics in the Ili River delta wetland for the period between 1982 and 2003. The NDVI displays significant intra‐annual and interannual variability strongly correlated with Ili River discharge and Balkhash Lake water level. This study also developed a simple model between NDVI and the two hydrological variables used in monitoring the hydrological regime of Balkhash Lake and its catchment basin.     

巴尔喀什湖生态水位演变分析及调控对策

针对巴尔喀什湖一百多年来的湖水位变化与伊犁河三角洲生态环境退化问题，从流域水文情势变化和人类活动两方面入手，选取卡依尔干、卡上171km、卡普恰盖、乌斯热尔玛等4处水文站长系列资料，对伊犁河干流径流沿程变化情况进行系统分析，特别重点比较分析卡普恰盖水库建成蓄水前后极其对水库下游河道径流变化的影响。研究认为，巴尔喀什湖的水位变化主要受流域水文情势周期性变化规律的影响，就近期的水位变化情况来看，并未出现所谓的生态灾难，水位呈回升趋势；卡普恰盖水库的兴建和伊犁河中下游水资源过度开发利用，对入湖水量和河道流量过程产生了重大影响，是导致入湖水量减少和三角洲生态环境恶化的根本原因。针对巴尔喀什湖水位长期变化动态特征和三角洲生态耗水要求，考虑到非生态用水不断增长现实情况，探讨解决巴尔喀什湖生态环境问题的对策措施     

淮河中游河道与洪泽湖水沙交换程度分析

淮河中游河道与洪泽湖的水沙交换程度影响着河湖之间的内在关系,通过计算淮河与洪泽湖1975-2015年的水沙交换指数,利用多种统计检验交叉互补的方法,对河湖水量交换指数和泥沙交换指数进行了趋势变化、突变检验及周期性分析。结果表明：受不同年代治淮工程的影响,河湖水量交换指数整体而言呈不显著增大趋势,造成洪泽湖库容呈不显著增大趋势;入湖泥沙量大于出湖泥沙量,湖盆泥沙的淤积量逐年呈不显著增大趋势。洪泽湖库容及湖盆淤积在研究时期内呈稳定的波动状态,未发生较为显著的突变现象。淮河干流与洪泽湖的水沙交换程度存在多时间尺度的周期性特征,均以14a为第一主周期,河湖水沙交换程度处于相对稳定的状态。研究结果阐明了淮河中游河道与洪泽湖的水沙作用关系,可为河湖治理提供理论参考。     

基于卫星测高和实测数据的博斯腾湖水位变化分析

湖泊水位是湖泊水文观测必不可缺的要素,直接关系到湖泊物质交换和能量平衡,对研究湖泊运动和区域气候环境变化至关重要。为了掌握内陆湖泊水位的变化过程和空间特征,以新疆博斯腾湖为例,综合Jason-1&2、ENVISat&ERS、ICESat-1、ICESat-2等卫星测高资料,提取博斯腾湖湖泊水域瞬时水位和日均水位,并根据Hydroweb水位记录和1975-2020年博斯腾湖湖泊水位观测及水域面积数据,检验Jason-1&2、ENVISat&ERS、ICESat-1、ICESat-2测高数据的估计精度。借助趋势面分析方法,分析博斯腾湖水域水位变化的空间差异和特征。结果表明：Hydroweb水位记录、Jason-1&2、ENVISat&ERS、ICESat-1、ICESat-2卫星资料估计湖泊日均水位的绝对误差分别为0.24、0.34、0.28、0.18、0.08 m; 2020年博斯腾湖年均水位为1 048.10±0.12 m,与1975年年均水位相比增加了0.70±0.15 m;湖泊瞬时水位在空间尺度上存在一定水位差,ICESat-2测高数...     

Impacts of dam construction on streamflows during drought periods in the Upper Colorado River Basin,Texas

The purpose of this study was to assess the impacts of dam construction on streamflow during a severe drought in the upper Colorado River basin (TX), upstream of Lake Buchanan reservoir. The region has experienced severe, prolonged droughts over the past century. To ameliorate the effects of drought, and increase water storage for use during dry periods, several dams were constructed on the mainstem and tributaries of the Colorado River upstream of Lake Buchanan since the late‐1940s. Analysis of flow at the gauge above Lake Buchanan indicated streamflow was significantly reduced during the recent drought (2009–2014), compared with streamflows during the ‘drought of record’ (1950–1957). The construction of these upstream dams reduced streamflow by intercepting and storing water. It is concluded that building reservoirs in the western portion of the basin, largely in response to past droughts, although increasing water supplies for local uses, exacerbated the downstream effects of the hydrological drought, essentially making it the worst in recorded history.     

Lake Turkana,major Omo River developments,associated hydrological cycle change and consequent lake physical and ecological change

This study aimed to explore Lake Turkana's ecological reliance on hydrology and to determine the hydrological changes and consequences arising from the major hydropower and irrigation developments in the lake's basin. The major developments on Ethiopia's Omo River are especially significant as this river provides over 80% of the lake's annual freshwater influx and associated nutrients. The cascade of hydropower dams permanently dampens the natural hydrological cycles and lake level variability. The driving force of the flood influx to the lake is curtailed and the pattern of lake currents will adjust. Ultimately 80% of the river inflow to the lake will be regulated. Large volumes of water are required to initially fill the hydropower dam reservoirs. During 2015–16 when the huge Gibe III reservoir was filled, Lake Turkana's water level declined 2?m.The study has shown that large-scale irrigation schemes in the Lower Omo can potentially abstract 50% of the Omo River water, and that this would cause the lake level to shrink permanently to the detriment of the lake ecology. Possible lake level drops of over 15?m are demonstrated. The basin's natural capital is being replaced by large-scale plantation developments. The hydrological changes are drastic and the ecological consequences on Lake Turkana have not been fully understood. Without serious mitigation measures, Lake Turkana is a potential African Aral Sea disaster in the making, emulating what has happened to other great lakes such as Lake Chad.     

湖南重要河湖生态基流及敏感生态需水现状评价

为协调生产、生活、生态之间的用水关系,在湖南省洞庭湖水系主要河流(湖泊)选取生态基流(水位)和敏感生态需水断面,对其生态需水满足状况进行评价。根据实测及现场收集资料,在充分考虑湖南省主要河段重要控制断面及湖南省各主要流域、区域气候和水文特点的基础上,拟定了湖南省36个重要河湖生态基流、生态水位控制断面,8个重要河湖敏感生态需水控制断面来计算生态基流及敏感生态需水。计算结果表明:36个控制断面生态基流总体基本可以满足;8个典型河段敏感生态需水方面,柘溪水库、沅江常德段生态需水满足程度为优,东洞庭湖、西洞庭湖、南洞庭湖、湘江衡阳段、湘江湘潭段生态需水满足较好,生态需水为良好,但索溪水库的生态需水满足程度评价结果为劣。     

荆江与洞庭湖汇流区演变分析

 对荆江与洞庭湖汇流区的水沙过程变化及河道演变等进行了分析，认为其主要的影响因素是江湖关系的调整变化、洞庭湖人工围垦和泥沙淤积、江湖汇流区下游河道变化以及上游来水来沙变化等。可供江、 湖治理和三峡枢纽下游河道可能发生的演变及工程措施的研究参考。     

Water exchange in a large river–lake system: Modeling,characteristics and causes

River–lake water exchange reflects hydrological connectivity and the dynamic relationship between the river and the lake. The water exchange is crucial for lake level variation, downstream river discharge and the ecosystem. To figure out the water exchange between the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake, a data‐driven model was established based on the support vector regression and genetic algorithm technique. Nine scenarios were set with different river–lake hydrological conditions, divided into two categories: single‐element change scenarios, where only the river conditions or only the lake conditions changed, and combined scenarios, where both elements changed simultaneously. The model could accurately simulate the river–lake water exchange variations. Scenario simulation results show that increasing the river flow or lowering the lake level could cause a decrease in the lake outflow. Conversely, decreasing river flow or raising the lake level could cause an increase in lake outflow. Changing lake conditions have a stronger impact on the water exchange variation than changing river conditions if the change percentages of the situation indicator values are the same. Similarly, lake level increase has a stronger impact on the water exchange variation than lake level decrease. The combined scenarios indicate the additive effect of the corresponding single‐element change scenarios, with a clear linear relationship between their lake outflow changes. This study provides an efficient model for simulating complex hydrological flow relationships in river–lake systems, and supports the management of the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake by providing the characteristics and causes of the river–lake water exchange.     

利用三峡枢纽下泄"清水"改善洞庭湖和荆江的防洪局面

随着三峡水库蓄水，上游金沙江大型水电枢纽陆续建成，三峡水库将长期下泄含沙量较小的“清水”。含沙量的大量减小使长江中游实质上已成为一务新的冲积河流。“清水”大幅度地冲刷荆江河段，将对荆江堤防、河势、航道和防洪形势产生重大的影响。另一方面，三峡水库长期下泄的“清水”具有可观的冲刷能力，是一笔宝贵的财富，善加利用可以改善长江中游的防洪形势。本文建议：增加引“清水”入洞庭湖的水量，一方面避免“清水”对荆江河道的过度冲刷；另一方面可以冲刷洞庭湖的一些关键部位，改善湖区的防洪形势、并促进城陵矾以下长江河道的冲刷。     

水文测站相应单沙取样位置代表性分析

卡甫其海水文站是新疆伊犁河流域特克斯河上的一个一类精度的国家基本水文站,在伊犁河流域水资源未开发前,特克斯河入伊犁河口前的反映水量及泥沙变化的资料均来自该站,为了水利工程的建设的需要,该站进行了下迁,为了正确掌握新建站的断面泥沙变化情况,利用该站实测泥沙资料根据《泥沙测验规范》的要求进行单沙取样位置代表性分析。     

松花湖富营养化评价及防治措施

采用修正的卡森状态指数法进行松花湖水体富营养化评价,评价结果表明红石水库水质最好,白山水库次之,松花湖水质综合评价最差。由于辉发河带入的污染物较多,造成松花湖水质上游次于下游,越到下游水质越好,丰满水库的水质最优。全流域的富营养化指数为45.64,根据本研究选择的湖泊富营养状态分级标准,松花湖流域的富营养化总体处于中营养阶段,辉发河河口富营养程度最高,已达到轻度富营养化程度。     

赣江南昌河段水位降低现状及影响因素

采用资料分析以及数模验证的方法,从赣江南昌河段水位降低与上游来水来沙、下游鄱阳湖水位降低以及南昌河段河床下切三个方面,对赣江南昌河段水位下降的影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:河床下切是赣江南昌河段水位降低的一个主要影响因素,大规模人为采砂是南昌河段河床下切的主因;下游鄱阳湖水位的降落亦会导致赣江南昌河段的水位下降,降幅随鄱阳湖水位降低的幅度、距鄱阳湖的距离以及流量的不同而不同,并且在枯水时受局部高滩河床的影响尤其明显;水流自然冲刷对河床下切造成的影响仅占1. 0%~3. 5%,对赣江南昌河段水位下降的影响有限。     

和田河流域水量沿程变化分析研究

为缓解和田地区水资源供需矛盾,满足和田河向塔河下泄任务,本文根据和田河流域水文站实测资料,分别计算3种工况下的自上游控制站至下游肖塔站的河道水量损失率;由此分析和田河两大支流水量沿程损失的原因.并在此基础上,进一步通过相关分析得到下游肖塔站接收上游来水的临界水量、喀拉喀什河及玉龙喀什河渠首合成最小下泄流量及艾格利亚站和吐直鲁克站的最小下泄流量.其成果对和田河流域水资源开发、管理及向塔河下泄水量具有一定的参考价值.     

简述乌伦古湖入湖水量及湖水位情势分析

由于乌伦古河河川径流具有连续枯水年且枯水时段长的特点,且乌伦古河在连续枯水年份出现断流是一种不可抗拒的自然因素,需要在流域综合规划指导下,具体研究吉力湖和布伦托海入湖水量及水位变化情势,尽可能恢复乌伦古河流域原有生态,保障洄游性鱼类所需要的流量要求,显著减少布伦托海湖水向吉力湖倒灌发生的时间和倒灌水量,使乌伦古湖和周边生态系统有所好转。     

Impacts and Implications of Major Changes Caused by the Three Gorges Dam in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, China

The impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) has disturbed the hydrological regime downstream and has directly affected the relationship between the Yangtze River and Dongting Lake. To trace the realistic and potential impacts, this paper examined the changes of the channel morphology and sedimentology caused by the TGD through a field survey on the channel cross-sections and then analyzed the impact on lake water level through BP neural networks. The possible impacts on inundation patterns in lake wetlands were studied based on the lake basin DEM. The results indicate that drastic sediment decline and severe channel erosion are putting considerable pressure on the river and lake. Changing river channels are evident in some monitoring cross-sections. Dongting Lake, for the first time, changed from trapping to supplying net sediment to the Yangtze River. During the water storage periods of the TGD, the water level decreased 2.03?m in 2006 and 2.11?m in 2009 at the outlet of the lake, with extreme decreases up to 3.30?m and 3.02?m, respectively. These changes have inevitably induced alterations in the inundation patterns of the lake wetlands, which in turn have disturbed the ecological function of lake wetlands as habitats for both migratory birds and aquatic fish. The serious droughts in Dongting Lake recent years were largely connected with the above changes. Therefore, proper attention should be paid to this occurrence.     

长江干流九江段与鄱阳湖不同季节的同位素特征

为了分析不同时期鄱阳湖与长江及其他各条河流的关系,初步探讨三峡水库运行对鄱阳湖水量的影响,对九江段长江干流、鄱阳湖地区河水、湖水进行了采样和氘氧稳定同位素分析。结果表明:水体同位素存在明显的时间和空间变化,可用于揭示湖泊与河流之间的关系。三峡补水调度过程能有效减少鄱阳湖春季的水量流失,4月份鄱阳湖流域已进入雨季,大量内河来水导致鄱阳湖水以较大的流量向长江补给;调洪削峰调度阶段,较高的长江水位对鄱阳湖存在一定的顶托作用,导致湖水难以排泄;三峡蓄水过程引起的长江水位降低加速了枯水期鄱阳湖水的流失。三峡水库的调度需要考虑到鄱阳湖流域水情,以免加重该流域丰水期的洪涝灾害和枯水期的水资源短缺。     

Seasonal use of two unregulated Lake Superior tributaries by lake sturgeon

Lake sturgeon movement in two adjacent unregulated Lake Superior tributaries, the Pic and White rivers, was assessed over several years to determine seasonal use, identify potential contributing factors for entry or exit migrations, and evaluate whether sturgeon using these tributaries constituted one or two populations. A total of 95 lake sturgeon implanted with radio transmitters were tracked using multiple stationary receivers augmented with boat-based manual surveillance during peak movement times. Both rivers were used by lake sturgeon during the open water (“ice off”) season. In general, spawning sturgeon moved to the first insuperable barrier (i.e., natural rapids) during the spawning season, and then moved downstream to deeper pools in mid- to late summer. Non-spawning sturgeon moved into the river concurrently but remained in lower portions of the river. Lake sturgeon emigrated from the Pic River and resided in Lake Superior during the winter season whereas a small portion of radio transmittered sturgeon, originally sampled in the Pic River, overwintered in the White River. River discharge and the interaction between discharge and water temperature were correlated with upstream movement, and river discharge was also correlated with outmigration. No genetic structuring was apparent between Sturgeon within the two rivers, consistent with telemetry data showing radio-tagged fish moving readily between the rivers. This study provided pertinent seasonal use information of unregulated Great Lake tributaries and may contribute to planning processes for future hydroelectric developments to minimize disruptions to lake Sturgeon populations.     

库赛湖水位动态监测及气候要素分析

湖泊的水位数据作为评价湖泊变化的重要指标,对于研究区域水资源变化和生态环境状况具有重要意义.但绝大多数高原湖泊位于人烟稀少、自然条件恶劣的高海拔地区,往往难以获取基础观测数据.以卫星测高数据和遥感影像数据为基础,获得2008—2018年库赛湖水位和面积数据,并结合气象数据对水位变化原因进行分析.结果表明:库赛湖水位变化...