Classification of speech signal based on gender: a hybrid approach using neuro-fuzzy systems

One of the most important processes in speech processing is gender classification. Generally gender classification is done by considering pitch as feature. In general the pitch value of female is higher than the male. In some cases, pitch value of male is higher and female is low, in that cases this classification will not obtain the exact result. By considering this drawback here proposed a gender classification method which considers three features and uses fuzzy logic and neural network to identify the given speech signal belongs to which gender. For training fuzzy logic and neural network, training dataset is generated by considering the above three features. After completion of training, a speech signal is given as input, fuzzy and neural network gives an output, for that output mean value is taken and this value gives the speech signal belongs to which gender. The result shows the performance of our method in gender classification.     

基于SFLA优化BP神经网络的语音信号分类

BP神经网络是一种多层前馈网络,数据经过网络的输入层、隐含层逐层处理后,由输出层进行输出,通过和期望输出的对比进行反向传播,调整网络参数使输出不断逼近期望输出;在使用BP神经网络对语音特征信号进行分类的过程中,会出现BP神经网络易陷入局部最优解、学习收敛速度慢的问题;针对此问题提出一种基于SFLA优化BP神经网络权值和阀值的方法,引入SFLA算法优化网络权值和阀值,利用SFLA优化后的BP网络模型进行语音特征信号分类;仿真结果表明,经SFLA优化后的BP神经网络与未优化的神经网络相比,不仅训练速度快, 而且误差小,语音特征信号分类的正确率平均提高1.31%。     

A review and analysis of backpropagation neural networks for classification of remotely-sensed multi-spectral imagery

A literature survey and analysis of the use of neural networks for the classification of remotely-sensed multi-spectral imagery is presented. As part of a brief mathematical review, the backpropagation algorithm, which is the most common method of training multi-layer networks, is discussed with an emphasis on its application to pattern recognition. The analysis is divided into five aspects of neural network classification: (1) input data preprocessing, structure, and encoding, (2) output encoding and extraction of classes, (3) network architecture, (4) training algorithms, and (5) comparisons to conventional classifiers. The advantages of the neural network method over traditional classifiers are its nonparametric nature, arbitrary decision boundary capabilities, easy adaptation to different types of data and input structures, fuzzy output values that can enhance classification, and good generalization for use with multiple images. The disadvantages of the method are slow training time, inconsistent results due to random initial weights, and the requirement of obscure initialization values (e.g., learning rate and hidden layer size). Possible techniques for ameliorating these problems are discussed. It is concluded that, although the neural network method has several unique capabilities, it will become a useful tool in remote sensing only if it is made faster, more predictable, and easier to use.     

基于HMM与遗传神经网络的改进语音识别系统

为了解决语音信号中帧与帧之间的重叠,提高语音信号的自适应能力,本文提出基于隐马尔可夫(HMM)与遗传算法神经网络改进的语音识别系统.该改进方法主要利用小波神经网络对Mel频率倒谱系数(MFCC)进行训练,然后利用HMM对语音信号进行时序建模,计算出语音对HMM的输出概率的评分,结果作为遗传神经网络的输入,即得语音的分类识别信息.实验结果表明,改进的语音识别系统比单纯的HMM有更好的噪声鲁棒性,提高了语音识别系统的性能.     

Multilayer perceptron, fuzzy sets, and classification

A fuzzy neural network model based on the multilayer perceptron, using the backpropagation algorithm, and capable of fuzzy classification of patterns is described. The input vector consists of membership values to linguistic properties while the output vector is defined in terms of fuzzy class membership values. This allows efficient modeling of fuzzy uncertain patterns with appropriate weights being assigned to the backpropagated errors depending upon the membership values at the corresponding outputs. During training, the learning rate is gradually decreased in discrete steps until the network converges to a minimum error solution. The effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated on a speech recognition problem. The results are compared with those of the conventional MLP, the Bayes classifier, and other related models.     

A New Adaptive Backpropagation Algorithm Based on Lyapunov Stability Theory for Neural Networks

A new adaptive backpropagation (BP) algorithm based on Lyapunov stability theory for neural networks is developed in this paper. It is shown that the candidate of a Lyapunov function V(k) of the tracking error between the output of a neural network and the desired reference signal is chosen first, and the weights of the neural network are then updated, from the output layer to the input layer, in the sense that DeltaV(k)=V(k)-V(k-1)<0. The output tracking error can then asymptotically converge to zero according to Lyapunov stability theory. Unlike gradient-based BP training algorithms, the new Lyapunov adaptive BP algorithm in this paper is not used for searching the global minimum point along the cost-function surface in the weight space, but it is aimed at constructing an energy surface with a single global minimum point through the adaptive adjustment of the weights as the time goes to infinity. Although a neural network may have bounded input disturbances, the effects of the disturbances can be eliminated, and asymptotic error convergence can be obtained. The new Lyapunov adaptive BP algorithm is then applied to the design of an adaptive filter in the simulation example to show the fast error convergence and strong robustness with respect to large bounded input disturbances     

基于RBF神经网络的抗噪语音识别

针对目前在噪音环境下语音识别系统性能较差的问题,利用RBF神经网络具有最佳逼近性能、训练速度快等特性,分别采用聚类和全监督训练算法,实现了基于RBF神经网络的抗噪语音识别系统。聚类算法的隐含层训练采用K－均值聚类算法,输出层的学习采用线性最小二乘法;全监督算法中所有参数的调整基于梯度下降法,它是一种有监督学习算法,能够选出性能优良的参数。实验表明,在不同的信噪比下,全监督算法较之聚类算法有更高的识别率。     

A new backpropagation learning algorithm for layered neural networks with nondifferentiable units

We propose a digital version of the backpropagation algorithm (DBP) for three-layered neural networks with nondifferentiable binary units. This approach feeds teacher signals to both the middle and output layers, whereas with a simple perceptron, they are given only to the output layer. The additional teacher signals enable the DBP to update the coupling weights not only between the middle and output layers but also between the input and middle layers. A neural network based on DBP learning is fast and easy to implement in hardware. Simulation results for several linearly nonseparable problems such as XOR demonstrate that the DBP performs favorably when compared to the conventional approaches. Furthermore, in large-scale networks, simulation results indicate that the DBP provides high performance.     

基于快速自编码的RELM的文本分类

正则化极限学习机RELM是一种单隐层前馈神经网络,不同于传统神经网络算法,RELM通过随机设置输入层权重和偏置值,可以快速求得输出层权重,并且引入正则化因子,能够提高模型的泛化能力。针对文本信息高维度、多类别的问题,提出一种基于快速自编码的正则化极限学习机FARELM。将由RELM改进后的快速自编码神经网络对样本进行无监督特征学习,并对特征提取后的数据使用RELM进行分类。实验表明,FA-RELM的学习速度和分类精度较优。     

基于循环神经网络的藏语语音识别声学模型

探索将循环神经网络和连接时序分类算法应用于藏语语音识别声学建模,实现端到端的模型训练。同时根据声学模型输入与输出的关系,通过在隐含层输出序列上引入时域卷积操作来对网络隐含层时域展开步数进行约简,从而有效提升模型的训练与解码效率。实验结果显示,与传统基于隐马尔可夫模型的声学建模方法相比,循环神经网络模型在藏语拉萨话音素识别任务上具有更好的识别性能,而引入时域卷积操作的循环神经网络声学模型在保持同等识别性能的情况下,拥有更高的训练和解码效率。     

RBF神经网络在遥感影像分类中的应用研究

用RBF神经网络进行遥感影像分类，在网络结构设计上使RBF层与输出层的节点数都等于所要分类的类别数。用Kohonen聚类算法确定RBF中心的时候，用训练样本的均值作为初始中心，并在RBF宽度进行求取的时候进行了改进，以避免内存溢出。所设计的RBF神经网络分类模型具有结构简单、算法简洁的优点。实验结果表明，该方法用于遥感影像分类取得了较高的分类精度，具有实际应用价值。     

Median radial basis function neural network

Radial basis functions (RBFs) consist of a two-layer neural network, where each hidden unit implements a kernel function. Each kernel is associated with an activation region from the input space and its output is fed to an output unit. In order to find the parameters of a neural network which embeds this structure we take into consideration two different statistical approaches. The first approach uses classical estimation in the learning stage and it is based on the learning vector quantization algorithm and its second-order statistics extension. After the presentation of this approach, we introduce the median radial basis function (MRBF) algorithm based on robust estimation of the hidden unit parameters. The proposed algorithm employs the marginal median for kernel location estimation and the median of the absolute deviations for the scale parameter estimation. A histogram-based fast implementation is provided for the MRBF algorithm. The theoretical performance of the two training algorithms is comparatively evaluated when estimating the network weights. The network is applied in pattern classification problems and in optical flow segmentation.     

基于Bagging算法和遗传神经网络的交通事件检测

提出一种集成遗传神经网络的交通事件检测方法,以上下游的流量和占有率作为特征,RBF神经网络作为分类器进行交通事件的自动分类与检测。在RBF神经网络的训练过程中,采用遗传算法GA（Genetic Algorithm）对RBF神经网络的隐层中心值和宽度进行优化,用递推最小二乘法训练隐层和输出层之间的权值。为了提高神经网络的分类能力,采用Bagging算法,进行网络集成。通过Matlab仿真实验,证明该方法相对于传统的事件检测算法能更准确、快速地实现分类。     

基于参数迁移和卷积循环神经网络的语音情感识别

在语音情感识别研究中,已有基于深度学习的方法大多没有针对语音时频两域的特征进行建模,且存在网络模型训练时间长、识别准确性不高等问题。语谱图是语音信号转换后具有时频两域的特殊图像,为了充分提取语谱图时频两域的情感特征,提出了一种基于参数迁移和卷积循环神经网络的语音情感识别模型。该模型把语谱图作为网络的输入,引入AlexNet网络模型并迁移其预训练的卷积层权重参数,将卷积神经网络输出的特征图重构后输入LSTM（Long Short-Term Memory）网络进行训练。实验结果表明,所提方法加快了网络训练的速度,并提高了情感识别的准确率。     

Multi layer ELM-RBF for multi-label learning

Many neural network methods such as ML-RBF and BP-MLL have been used for multi-label classification. Recently, extreme learning machine (ELM) is used as the basic elements to handle multi-label classification problem because of its fast training time. Extreme learning machine based auto encoder (ELM-AE) is a novel method of neural network which can reproduce the input signal as well as auto encoder, but it can not solve the over-fitting problem in neural networks elegantly. Introducing weight uncertainty into ELM-AE, we can treat the input weights as random variables following Gaussian distribution and propose weight uncertainty ELM-AE (WuELM-AE). In this paper, a neural network named multi layer ELM-RBF for multi-label learning (ML-ELM-RBF) is proposed. It is derived from radial basis function for multi-label learning (ML-RBF) and WuELM-AE. ML-ELM-RBF firstly stacks WuELM-AE to create a deep network, and then it conducts clustering analysis on samples features of each possible class to compose the last hidden layer. ML-ELM-RBF has achieved satisfactory results on single-label and multi-label data sets. Experimental results show that WuELM-AE and ML-ELM-RBF are effective learning algorithms.     

A filter model for feature subset selection based on genetic algorithm

This paper describes a novel feature subset selection algorithm, which utilizes a genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize the output nodes of trained artificial neural network (ANN). The new algorithm does not depend on the ANN training algorithms or modify the training results. The two groups of weights between input-hidden and hidden-output layers are extracted after training the ANN on a given database. The general formula for each output node (class) of ANN is then generated. This formula depends only on input features because the two groups of weights are constant. This dependency is represented by a non-linear exponential function. The GA is involved to find the optimal relevant features, which maximize the output function for each class. The dominant features in all classes are the features subset to be selected from the input feature group.     

一种融合小波变换与卷积神经网络的高相似度图像识别与分类算法

针对特定领域高相似度图像识别与分类问题,提出融合小波变换与卷积神经网络的高相似度图像识别与分类算法。首先,利用小波变换提取图像纹理特征,对不同类别、不同分辨率图像集进行训练并确定最佳纹理差异度参数值;其次,根据纹理差异度运用小波分解方法对图像进行子图分解,提取各子图能量特征并进行归一化处理;接着,通过卷积神经网络5层卷积和3层池化交替,将输入图像特征向量转化为一维向量;最后,通过训练次数的增加以及数据量的增大,不断优化网络参数,提高在训练集中的分类准确度,在测试集中验证权值实际准确度,得到具有最高分类准确率的卷积神经网络模型。实验选取鸡蛋、苹果两类图像数据集作为实验数据,进行鸡蛋散养或圈养识别、苹果产地判定,实验结果表明：该算法平均鉴别准确率均达90%以上。     

Neural network control of nonlinear dynamic systems using hybrid algorithm

In this paper, a hybrid method is proposed to control a nonlinear dynamic system using feedforward neural network. This learning procedure uses different learning algorithm separately. The weights connecting the input and hidden layers are firstly adjusted by a self organized learning procedure, whereas the weights between hidden and output layers are trained by supervised learning algorithm, such as a gradient descent method. A comparison with backpropagation (BP) shows that the new algorithm can considerably reduce network training time.     

基于BiGRU和贝叶斯分类器的文本分类

针对传统的循环神经网络模型在处理长期依赖问题时面临着梯度爆炸或者梯度消失的问题,且参数多训练模型时间长,提出一种基于双向GRU神经网络和贝叶斯分类器的文本分类方法。利用双向GRU神经网络提取文本特征,通过TF-IDF算法权重赋值,采用贝叶斯分类器判别分类,改进单向GRU对后文依赖性不足的缺点,减少参数,缩短模型的训练时间,提高文本分类效率。在两类文本数据上进行对比仿真实验,实验结果表明,该分类算法与传统的循环神经网络相比能够有效提高文本分类的效率和准确率。     

Fuzzy integral-based perceptron for two-class pattern classification problems

The single-layer perceptron with single output node is a well-known neural network for two-class classification problems. Furthermore, the sigmoid or logistic function is usually used as the activation function in the output neuron. A critical step is to compute the sum of the products of the connection weights with the corresponding inputs, which indicates the assumption of additivity among individual variables. Unfortunately, because the input variables are not always independent of each other, an assumption of additivity may not be reasonable enough. In this paper, the inner product can be replaced with an aggregation value obtained by a useful fuzzy integral by viewing each of the connection weights as a value of a λ-fuzzy measure for the corresponding variable. A genetic algorithm is then employed to obtain connection weights by maximizing the number of correctly classified training patterns and minimizing the errors between the actual and desired outputs of individual training patterns. The experimental results further demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the traditional single-layer perceptron and performs well in comparison with other fuzzy or non-fuzzy classification methods.