Landfill methane oxidation across climate types in the U.S

Methane oxidation in landfill covers was determined by stable isotope analyses over 37 seasonal sampling events at 20 landfills with intermediate covers over four years. Values were calculated two ways: by assuming no isotopic fractionation during gas transport, which produces a conservative or minimum estimate, and by assuming limited isotopic fractionation with gas transport producing a higher estimate. Thus bracketed, the best assessment of mean oxidation within the soil covers from chamber captured emitted CH(4) was 37.5 ± 3.5%. The fraction of CH(4) oxidized refers to the fraction of CH(4) delivered to the base of the cover that was oxidized to CO(2) and partitioned to microbial biomass instead of being emitted to the atmosphere as CH(4) expressed as a percentage. Air samples were also collected at the surface of the landfill, and represent CH(4) from soil, from leaking infrastructure, and from cover defects. A similar assessment of this data set yields 36.1 ± 7.2% oxidation. Landfills in five climate types were investigated. The fraction oxidized in arid sites was significantly greater than oxidation in mediterranean sites, or cool and warm continental sites. Sub tropical sites had significantly lower CH(4) oxidation than the other types of sites. This relationship may be explained by the observed inverse relationship between cover loading and fractional CH(4) oxidation.     

Development of a coupled reactor model for prediction of organic contaminant fate in landfills

Models describing the behavior of organic chemicals in landfills can be useful to predict their fate and transport and also to generate input data for estimates of exposure and risk. The landfill coupled-reactor (LFCR) model developed in this work simulates a landfill as a series of fully mixed reactors, each representing a daily volume of waste. The LFCR model is a numerical model allowing time-variable input parameters such as gas generation, and cover type and thickness. The model was applied to three volatile organic chemicals (acetone, toluene, benzene) as well as naphthalene and the chemical warfare agent sarin under three landfill conditions (conventional, arid, bioreactor). Sarin was rapidly hydrolyzed, whereas naphthalene was largely associated with the landfill solid phase in all scenarios. Although similar biodegradation rates were used for acetone and toluene, toluene was more persistent in the landfill due to its hydrophobicity. The cover soil moisture content had a significant impact on gaseous diffusive losses.     

Coupling hydrologic and infectious disease models to explain regional differences in schistosomiasis transmission in southwestern China

Rainfall-runoff models have become essential tools for conceptualizing and predicting the response of hydrologic processes to changing environments, but they have rarely been applied to challenges facing health scientists. Yet with their efficient parameterization and modest data requirements, they hold great promise for epidemiological application. A modeling analysis incorporating simple hydrologic constraints on transmission of the human parasite Schistosoma japonicum in southwestern China was conducted by coupling a lumped parameter rainfall-runoff model (IHACRES) with a delay-differential equation schistosomiasis transmission model modified to account for channel flows and on-field egg inactivation. Model predictions of prevalence and infection timing agree with observations in the region, which indicate that hydrological differences between sites can lead to pronounced differences in transmission. Channel flows are shown to be important in determining infection intensity and timing in modeled village populations. In the periodic absence of flow, overall transmission intensity is reduced among all modeled risk groups. However, the influence of hydrologic variability was greater on the cercarial stage of the parasite than the miracidial stage, due to the parasite ova's ability to survive dormant on fields between rain events. The predictive power gained from including hydrological data in epidemiological models can improve risk assessments for environmentally mediated diseases, under both long-term climate change scenarios and near-term weather fluctuations.     

Improving national fertility evaluations by accounting for the rapid rise of embryo transfer in US dairy cattle

Dairy producers have improved fertility of their herds by selecting bulls with higher conception rate evaluations. This research was motivated by the rapid increase in embryo transfer (ET) use to 11% of recent births and >1 million total births, with >5 times as many ET calves born in the United States in 2021 compared with just 5 yr earlier. Historical data used in genetic evaluations are stored in the National Cooperator Database. Recent records in the national pedigree database revealed that only 1% of ET calves have corresponding ET records in the breeding event database, 2% are incorrectly reported as artificial inseminations, and 97% have no associated breeding event. Embryo donation events are also rarely reported. Herd years reporting >10% of calves born by ET but less than half of the expected number of ET breeding events were removed to avoid potential biases. Heifer, cow, and sire conception rate evaluations were recalculated with this new data set according to the methods used for the official national evaluations. The edits removed about 1% of fertility records in the most recent 4 yr. Subsequent analysis showed that censoring herd years with inconsistent ET reporting had little effect on most bulls except for the highest ranking, younger bulls popular for ET use, and with largest effects on genomic selection. Improved ET reporting will be critical for providing accurate fertility evaluations, especially as the popularity of these advanced reproductive technologies continues to rise.     

COVER CROPS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD PRODUCTION

Cover crops are important components of sustainable agricultural systems. They increase surface residue and aid in the reduction of soil erosion. They improve the structure and water-holding capacity of the soil and thus increase the effectiveness of applied N fertilizer. Legume cover crops such as hairy vetch and crimson clover fix nitrogen and contribute to the nitrogen requirements of subsequent crops. Cover crops can also suppress weeds, provide suitable habitat for beneficial predator insects, and act as non-host crops for nematodes and other pests in crop rotations. This paper reviews the agronomic and economic literature on using cover crops in sustainable food production and reports on past and present research on cover crops and sustainable agriculture at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Maryland. Previous studies suggested that the profitability of cover crops is primarily the result of enhanced crop yields rather than reduced input costs. The experiments at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center on fresh-market tomato production showed that tomatoes grown with hairy vetch mulch were higher yielding and more profitable than those grown with black polyethylene and no mulch system. Previous studies of cover crops in grain production indicated that legume cover crops such as hairy vetch and crimson clover are more profitable than grass cover crops such as rye or wheat because of the ability of legumes to contribute N to the following crop. A comparative analysis of four reduced-tillage corn based cropping systems at the Sustainable Agricultural Demonstration site showed that the cover crop system with corn following hairy vetch produced the largest average gross margin, followed by the conventional no-tillage system, a manure-based system, and a crown vetch living mulch system. The EPIC model to simulate the long-term economic and environmental impacts of incorporating cover crops into grain production systems in mid-Atlantic states was used. Results based on 60 simulation years indicated that there are tradeoffs between the competing objectives of increased profitability, lower soil erosion, and reduced nutrient and pesticide hazards to surface and groundwater supplies. A corn/soybean two-year rotation was found to be the most profitable, while the cover crop system and the manure system were found to be the most environmentally sound.     

COVER CROPS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD PRODUCTION

Cover crops are important components of sustainable agricultural systems. They increase surface residue and aid in the reduction of soil erosion. They improve the structure and water-holding capacity of the soil and thus increase the effectiveness of applied N fertilizer. Legume cover crops such as hairy vetch and crimson clover fix nitrogen and contribute to the nitrogen requirements of subsequent crops. Cover crops can also suppress weeds, provide suitable habitat for beneficial predator insects, and act as non-host crops for nematodes and other pests in crop rotations. This paper reviews the agronomic and economic literature on using cover crops in sustainable food production and reports on past and present research on cover crops and sustainable agriculture at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Maryland. Previous studies suggested that the profitability of cover crops is primarily the result of enhanced crop yields rather than reduced input costs. The experiments at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center on fresh-market tomato production showed that tomatoes grown with hairy vetch mulch were higher yielding and more profitable than those grown with black polyethylene and no mulch system. Previous studies of cover crops in grain production indicated that legume cover crops such as hairy vetch and crimson clover are more profitable than grass cover crops such as rye or wheat because of the ability of legumes to contribute N to the following crop. A comparative analysis of four reduced-tillage corn based cropping systems at the Sustainable Agricultural Demonstration site showed that the cover crop system with corn following hairy vetch produced the largest average gross margin, followed by the conventional no-tillage system, a manure-based system, and a crown vetch living mulch system. The EPIC model to simulate the long-term economic and environmental impacts of incorporating cover crops into grain production systems in mid-Atlantic states was used. Results based on 60 simulation years indicated that there are tradeoffs between the competing objectives of increased profitability, lower soil erosion, and reduced nutrient and pesticide hazards to surface and groundwater supplies. A corn/soybean two-year rotation was found to be the most profitable, while the cover crop system and the manure system were found to be the most environmentally sound.     

Numerical calculation of fabric air permeability based on ANSYS CFX北大核心CSCD

In order to rapidly design fabrics whose air permeability meets the actual requirements, and study the changing rules of movement, pressure and pressure intensity of air flow inside the fabric, a method was proposed to numerically calculate the air permeability of fabric by using ANSYS CFX. Firstly, the fabric model was established and processed. Then, the fabrics are numerically calculated under different pressure intensity. The results show that the airflow mainly passed through the gap between the fabric pores and the yarn, and the speed would increases due to the migration acceleration when passing through the pores. There is large shear force and pressure on the yarn surface when passing through the voids. The simulation error obtained by comparing the simulation value with the experimental values was less than 16% , so the model can reflect the actual characteristics of the fabric. The main causes of errors include: Accidental errors of test, model parameter errors, and differences between boundary conditions and test conditions. © 2018 China Silk Association. All rights reserved.     

Greenhouse gas emissions from operating reserves used to backup large-scale wind power

Wind farms provide electricity with no direct emissions. However, their output cannot be forecasted perfectly, even a short time ahead. Consequently, power systems with large amounts of wind power may need to keep extra fossil-fired generators turned on and ready to provide power if wind farm output drops unexpectedly. In this work, I introduce a new model for estimating the uncertainty in short-term wind power forecasts, and how this uncertainty varies as wind power is aggregated over larger regions. I then use this model to estimate the reserve requirements in order to compensate for wind forecast errors to a 99.999% level of reliability, and an upper limit on the amount of carbon dioxide that would be emitted if natural gas power plants are used for this purpose. I find that for regions larger than 500 km across, operating reserves will undo 6% or less of the greenhouse gas emission savings that would otherwise be expected from wind power.     

霉变玉米中玉米赤霉烯酮和黄曲霉毒素B1含量电子鼻检测模型的构建

为建立霉变玉米中玉米赤霉烯酮和黄曲霉毒素B1的电子鼻检测方法,首先以电子鼻对7 级不同霉变程度玉米响应信号的积分值作为特征参量,然后分别利用主成分回归、偏最小二乘回归、BP（back-propagation）神经网络、最小二乘支持向量机等方法建立霉变玉米中玉米赤霉烯酮与黄曲霉毒素B1含量的预测模型,并进行了比较分析。结果表明,主成分回归预测精度最差,偏最小二乘回归较差、BP神经网络和最小二乘支持向量机法比较好。对于玉米赤霉烯酮,4 种预测模型70 个样本中相对误差控制在5%以内的样本数分别为23、45、63、67 个。对于黄曲霉毒素B1,4 种预测模型70 个样本中相对误差控制在5%以内的样本数分别为19、41、62、65 个。同时,变换不同的训练集和测试集以考察BP神经网络、最小二乘支持向量机建模方法的稳健性,结果表明,在BP神经网络结构和最小二乘支持向量机核函数与核函数参数均未发生改变的条件下,两种建模方法依然有较高的预测精度,这说明了两种模型具有较高的稳健性。     

Improved field methods to quantify methane oxidation in landfill cover materials using stable carbon isotopes

Stable carbon isotopes provide a robust approach toward quantification of methanotrophic activity in landfill covers. The field method often applied to date has compared the delta13C of emitted to anaerobic zone CH4. Recent laboratory mass balance studies have indicated thatthis approach tends to underestimate CH4 oxidation. Therefore, we examined the CH4-delta13C at various soil depths in field settings and compared these values to emitted CH4. At 5-10 cm depth, we observed the most enrichment in CH4-delta13C (-46.0 to -32.1 per thousand). Emitted CH4-delta13C was more negative, ranging from -56.5 to -43.0 per thousand. The decrease in CH4-delta13C values from the shallow subsurface to the surface is the result of processes that result in selective emission of 12CH4 and selective retention of 13CH4 within the soil. Seasonal percent oxidation was calculated at seven sites representing four cover materials. Probe samples averaged greater (21 +/- 2%, p < 0.001, n = 7) oxidation than emitted CH4 data. We argue that calculations of fraction oxidized based on soil derived CH4 should yield upper limit values. When considered with emitted CH4 values, this combined approach will more realistically bracket the actual oxidation value. Following this guideline, we found the percent oxidation to be 23 +/- 3% and 38 +/- 16% for four soil and three compost covers, respectively.     

Comparative evaluation of the effects of pulsed electric field and freezing on cell membrane permeabilisation and mass transfer during dehydration of red bell peppers

The extent of cell membrane permeabilisation due to high intensity electric field pulses (HELP) varying number of pulses (1–50) using electric field of 2 kV/cm, 400 μs pulse duration and freezing on mass transfer and vitamin C content during osmotic (50° Brix sucrose at 40 °C) and convective air (60 °C, 1 m/s for 5 h) dehydration of red bell peppers was studied. Total pore area due to HELP increased with number of pulses while freezing resulted in total pore area of almost 6 times as greater as the highest value from the HELP process. Higher water loss was observed for all HELP treated than for prefrozen samples while slow freezing provided samples with the highest solids uptake. The correlation coefficient (R²) of linear regression between water loss and solids gain estimated from either total solids or soluble solids measurement ranged from 0.954 to 0.998 suggesting the possibility of using the soluble solids method in evaluating mass transfer kinetics during osmotic dehydration process. Drying rate during convective air-drying was more enhanced by HELP than by freezing. Electrical conductivity of the osmotic solution increased with the degree of permeabilisation to a given medium value after which no further increase in the release of the intracellular ions was observed. Minimal vitamin C depletion was observed immediately after HELP treatment. The order of magnitude of vitamin C retention was untreated>frozen>HELP pretreated samples with 1 pulse>5 pulses>50 pulses>10 pulses>20 pulses after osmotic dehydration. The reduction in vitamin C content of HELP treated samples after convective drying ranged from approximately 11 to 24% while freezing resulted in approximately 24% decrease compared to the untreated samples.     

毛精纺前纺工艺参数重要性的BP网络定量评价法

在BP神经网络建模技术的基础上,提出利用神经网络输入层与输出层之间的网络权值及其分布来求各输入参数重要程度的方法。将采集到的毛精纺企业前纺工艺参数运用BP神经网络分别建立了粗纱CV值和粗纱单重的预测模型。结果表明:所建模型的平均相对误差都低于3%;采用样本数据验证,其预报值与实测值间的相关系数都高于0.95。对所建模型的网络权重进行提取,分别计算出13个输入参数对粗纱CV值和粗纱单重的重要性,挖掘出显著而有效的参数。经对比认为,BP网络法比多元回归显著性分析(MRSA)更为精准,可用于对实际生产加工的预报和控制。     

Simple models for assessing migration from food-packaging films

Owing to their simplicity, two migration models based on Fick's Second Law have been frequently used for the assessment of migration of additives and contaminants from food-packaging films. While the two models are known to provide accurate estimates of diffusion coefficients for complete migration, they could generate considerable estimation errors for significantly partitioned migration. In this paper, the applicability of the two models to partitioned migration is defined by examining the assumptions and derivations of the two models as well as their errors in estimating diffusion coefficients. Furthermore, a simple migration model, based on more realistic assumptions than the two models, is proposed. The proposed model can provide far better estimates of diffusion coefficients for partitioned migration than the two models.     

DYNAMIC GAIN MATRIX APPROACH TO MODELING OF DYNAMIC MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING SYSTEMS4

Variations in food and biological systems create nonlinear interactions that increase complexity of mathematical models. A multivariable correlative mathematical modeling strategy, dynamic gain matrix (DGM) method, was derived using advanced process control concepts and it was applied to describe quality changes in beef loin steaks with postmortem fabrication time and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) conditions altered by dynamic gas exchange. DGM was used for modeling of dynamic MAP to satisfy the special modeling requirements of relationships between the processing and packaging variables and quality parameters through consideration of multivariable interacting deterioration mechanism in mathematical terms. A normalization method was also developed and applied to eliminate initial condition effects arising from meat source differences. A total of 960 data points were analyzed, and the model is reported as a series of first order differential equations with respect to retail display time to describe changes in color, pH and microbial population as functions of postmortem fabrication time, distribution gas composition, gas exchange time and retail gas composition. The model was optimized to minimize prediction sum of residual errors, and a pairing and control strategy was proposed to be used for optimum control of quality parameters for a chosen display time by manipulation of processing and packaging variables. The strategy developed has specific use for prediction and design of dynamic gas exchange MAP systems as well as potential use in similar biological engineering systems.     

晶振外壳挠曲缺陷检测算法研究

晶振外壳的表面质量对晶振的性能有较大的影响。针对工业现场中晶振外壳挠曲缺陷的特点,论述挠曲检测的图像处理和检测过程,提出一种基于晶振外壳缺陷检测系统的硬件平台的有效挠曲缺陷检测算法,用计算机视觉系统实现对晶振外壳挠曲缺陷的自动检测。实验证明该算法能有效地检测出有挠曲缺陷的晶振外壳,准确率大于92％,可以应用于工业现场检测。图5表1参9     

扭断盖滚压封口机的机构分析与参数设计

扭断盖滚压封口工艺广泛应用于瓶装饮品的封装。这里分析了扭断盖滚压封口机中滚压封口装置的工作原理，介绍了滚压封口机头中差动轮系有关参数的设计计算方法，给出了圆柱凸轮机构和径向进给机构的设计思路，并列举了一个设计计算实例。     

卷烟销量组合预测模型研究

  目的  为进一步提高卷烟月度销量预测精度,  方法  本文选择ARIMA模型、基于梯度下降算法的BP神经网络模型、基于Levenberg-Marquardt算法改进的BP神经网络模型等3种模型为单项预测模型, 并利用BP神经网络对各单项预测模型进行动态加权, 构建非线性组合模型对全国卷烟月度数据进行预测。首先, 利用各单项预测方法对卷烟历史数据进行仿真拟合, 并对2018年1~4月的销量进行预测; 其次, 构建非线性组合预测模型, 对3个单项预测模型的拟合及预测结果进行动态加权, 充分利用各个模型的优势, 获取销量数据的各方面的信息。  结果  研究表明, 相比于单项预测模型, 组合预测模型误差绝对值均小于当月的日均销售量, 预测误差更加均衡, 结果更加平稳, 适应性更强, 更符合卷烟销售的实际情况。      

Model Building and Slicing in Food 3D Printing Processes: A Review

Three‐dimensional (3D) printing has been successfully applied to food processing, and widely appreciated by food science researchers. Recently, a lot of researches and review works have been done focusing on the ink's properties, printer design, and printing parameters. However, few articles specifically describe 3D models and slicing methods used in food printing. This work introduced the requirements for 3D printing models in some specific areas, discussed the critical parameter settings in the model slicing processes, and discussed the possible use of numerical techniques in the model building and printing of food 3D printing. The objective of this review is to increase researchers' focus on 3D printing models and slices in order to optimize the printing process and to provide some useful information for future research.     

GC-MS与HELP法分析玫瑰精油化学成分

气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)分析江西大马士革玫瑰精油的化学成分。各色谱峰对应的质谱于NIST标准质谱库中进行相似度检索,共匹配鉴定64个组分,占总峰面积的92.8%;分别提取6个色谱峰的色谱-质谱二维数据,直观推导式演进特征投影分析法(HELP)解析获得新的色谱和质谱。结果结合NIST质谱库检索,与纯品色谱对照,共鉴定出7个组分,总相对含量为49.77%。解析所得组分中,β-苯乙醇、橙花醇、L-香茅醇和香叶醇的相对含量接近ISO 9842:2003《玫瑰油》保加利亚同类油的要求。     

基于BP神经网络及其改进算法的织机效率预测

为准确预测纺织厂织布车间的织机效率,提出利用BP神经网络、主成分分析结合BP神经网络(PCA-BP)、遗传算法改进BP神经网络(GA-BP)3种模型预测织机效率,并将GA-BP预测模型与传统BP神经网络和PCA-BP预测模型的预测结果进行对比分析。结果表明:GA-BP对原始数据的拟合度最好,相关系数为0.946 87, 比BP增加了6.42%,比PCA-BP增加了2.61%;GA-BP、PCA-BP、BP这3种网络十万入纬的经停仿真值与期望值间的平均误差分别为0.341 2、0.303 1、0.234 1,误差百分率分别为8.63%、7.67%、5.92%,不同网络结构下织机效率仿真预测值与期望值间的平均误差分别为3.010 9、2.688 4、2.118 9,误差百分率分别为3.51%、3.13%、2.47%;3种模型的预测准确度顺序由大到小为GA-BP、PCA-BP、BP。