挤压轮转速对连续挤压铝锶合金成形及组织性能的影响

采用数值模拟与工艺实验相结合,研究了挤压轮转速对铝锶合金连续挤压成形过程和产品组织性能的影响。通过数值模拟分析了不同转速下坯料的温度、速度和等效应变分布情况以及模具的温度分布规律并利用金相观察和拉伸试验分析了不同转速下实际连续挤压产品的组织性能。结果表明,铝锶合金在连续挤压过程中,坯料进入腔体后,温度开始升高,最高温度和最大速度出现在模具出口处;最大等效应变出现在直角弯曲处。当挤压轮转速由4r·min~(-1)增加到7r·min~(-1)时,腔体内的坯料最高温度由460℃升高到514℃,模具出口处的温度由490℃升高到527℃;产品中Al4Sr相形态由块状变成颗粒状,尺寸减小;抗拉强度由98.7MPa上升到106.9MPa,伸长率变化不大,维持在约11%。     

铜连续挤压的有限体积法数值模拟

对铜母线连续挤压过程的几何模型进行简化,基于MSC.Superforge软件平台,对铜母线连续扩展成形过程进行了数值模拟,确定了压下量为铜杆料直径的25%时为压实轮对铜杆压下量的最佳值,分析了铜连续挤压成形过程中坯料在挤压轮沟槽内的温度分布,指出在铜的连续挤压过程中,坯料的温度上升主要源于坯料的塑性变形.结果显示,铜坯料作用在腔体挡料块上的压力高达528～600 MPa,在坯料镦粗段前偶尔会发生折叠回流,这是造成连续挤压产品表面产生较大气泡和冷拔时断线质量缺陷的重要原因之一.为了避免金属流动造成的产品质量缺陷并提高腔体的使用寿命,应对腔体、挤压轮进行优化设计.     

轮槽形状对铜母线连续挤压影响的有限元分析

分析了在连续挤压初始喂料阶段,坯料在圆轮槽中的稳定性.通过理论计算和模拟研究得出,圆轮槽中的凸台对于铜的连续挤压建立一个稳定的挤压过程起关键作用.并在此基础上提出了针对圆杆形坯料的几种新的轮槽形状,将这几种轮槽对铜母线连续挤压扩展成形的影响进行了有限元数值模拟.就轮槽形状对铜扩展成形中金属的成形性、挤压轮的扭距以及成形金属流动的均匀性的影响进行了分析讨论.最后得出,带凸台的扩口形轮槽是连续挤压扩展成形中最优的轮槽形状.     

铜连续挤压扩展成形温度场的分析

文章通过有限元数值模拟分析了铜连续挤压扩展成形中温度场的分布规律。连续挤压扩展成形过程中温升主要集中在变形和摩擦剧烈的区域。整个扩展挤压过程中最高温度出现在直角弯曲区靠近挡料块的附近,可达到700℃以上。从变形和摩擦的角度分析了坯料在挤压轮径向的温度分布的特点。从变形和传热的角度分析了金属在扩展挤压区宽度和厚度方向温度分布特点,以及温度对产品成形性的影响,并进行了现场温度测试,用热电偶采集腔体密封面和扩展腔的温度,实验结果与模拟结果吻合,为铜连续挤压扩展成形性的研究提供了依据。     

B_4C_P/6063Al板材等应变速率挤压模具优化

针对B_4C_P/6063Al基复合材料伸长率低、塑性变形困难的特点,设计出适用于B_4C_P/6063Al板材的等应变速率挤压模具。基于热压缩模拟试验结果建立材料的本构方程。利用Deform-3D软件对采用所设计的等应变速率挤压模具和传统挤压模具的挤压过程分别进行有限元模拟,对比研究了采用两种模具时挤压过程中的坯料应力场、温度场以及坯料流动性。结果表明:采用等应变速率挤压模具较传统挤压模具所需最大拉应力减小了28. 5%,坯料在模具出口处的温度升高了0. 6%,模具出口的金属流速均匀性提高了44%。模拟结果表明,等应变速率挤压模具较传统挤压模具,更利于B_4C_P/6063Al板材成形。     

温度对H62黄铜连续挤压成形性能的影响研究

针对H62黄铜变形抗力大、模具磨损严重的问题,对在室温、250、450℃条件下连续挤压产品的组织性能进行了分析.结果表明,随着温度的升高,压实轮载荷显著降低,晶粒更加均匀细小,硬度、抗拉强度和伸长率提高,且在温度为250℃左右时产品的各项性能变化更为显著;随着连续挤压产品性能的提高,模具磨损减小.     

压实轮压下量对宽铜带连续挤压过程的影响

利用DEFORM-3D软件,对宽铜带连续挤压的压实轮压下过程进行数值模拟,获得坯料在不同压下量下的等效应力、等效应变、温度和挤压轮扭矩的分布情况.结果表明:在同一压下量下,坯料的等效应力和等效应变在压实轮压下过程中都逐渐增加;当金属进入到轮槽内并与挡料块接触间,坯料的等效应变保持不变,而等效应力则急剧降低;当金属流人到腔体内时,坯料的等效应变又急剧增加.随着压下量增加,在整个连续挤压过程中坯料的等效应力、等效应变、温度和挤压轮扭矩都增加.通过点的跟踪分析和挤压轮扭矩分析可知,压实轮压下量为6 mm时更适合宽铜带连续挤压.     

2A12高强铝合金变断面挤压工艺仿真研究

挤压成形是变断面结构一种重要的成形工艺,采用有限元软件对2A12铝合金变断面管材挤压过程进行了数值模拟。研究了挤压过程中温度场和应变场在整个挤压过程中的变化特征,坯料温度、挤压速度、工作带长度和挤压模具锥角对模具口处温度场和应变场的影响规律。结果表明：随着挤压模具锥角、挤压速度的增加和坯料温度的降低,出口处温度场和应变场均匀性降低;工作带长度的变化对出口温度场和应变场的影响较小。     

基于FEM的7075铝合金轿车发动机油管接头挤压过程的温度场分析

基于DEFORM-3D软件,分析了7075高强铝合金轿车发动机油管接头热挤压成形过程,揭示了工艺参数对热挤压成形过程中材料最高温度的影响.结果表明,随着挤压速度的增大,最高温度增大;随着坯料加热温度的升高,最高温度下降;随着摩擦系数的增大,最高温度增大;随着模具预热温度的增加,最高温度增加.合理的挤压工艺参数为:挤压速度2～8 mm/s;坯料加热温度390～450℃;摩擦系数＜0.3;模具预热温度400～440℃.     

基于FEM的轿车活塞挤压成形温度场分析

基于DEFROM-3D有限元分析软件研究了热挤压工艺对活塞最高温度的影响.结果表明,随着坯料预热温度的增加,活塞最高温度先减小后增加;随着挤压速度或者模具预热温度或者摩擦系数的增加,活塞最高温度均增加;合理的挤压工艺参数为:坯料预热温度410～445℃,挤压速度1.0～3.5 mm/s,模具预热温度400～ 440℃,摩擦系数＜0.325.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。