Hf和Zr含量对FGH96合金平衡相及PPB的影响

采用材料热力学计算软件Thermo-calc,计算了FGH96合金中的平衡相,并结合显微组织观察、能谱和相分析,探讨Hf、Zr含量对γ’相和碳化物的影响,及对消除PPB的作用。结果表明:Hf和Zr不会导致产生新相,主要影响MC和γ’相的析出行为与成分。Hf和Zr能显著改变MC型碳化物的组分,增加其热力学稳定性和数量,促进MC型碳化物在合金中的均匀分布,抑制MC向M23C6转变;Hf还可以参与形成γ’相,增加其数量。Hf、Zr有助于消除FGH96合金中的原始颗粒边界(PPB)。     

铪对粉末冶金高温合金FGH97粉末颗粒的影响

研究了不同Hf含量的FGH97合金松散粉末和断口中粉末的组织及析出相。结果表明,粉末颗粒内部的碳化物主要是富Nb、Ti、Hf的MC型碳化物,同时发现粉末颗粒内部存在Zr的氧化物。Hf能进入到粉末颗粒中MC碳化物内,并促进稳定MC碳化物的析出,适量的Hf有利于消除合金中原始粉末颗粒边界(PPB)。粉末颗粒表面的Hf以HfC和HfO2复合形式存在,Hf含量大于0.6%时会对PPB有不利影响。     

固溶热处理对新型镍基粉末FGH98Ⅰ高温合金组织与性能的影响

对新型镍基粉末高温合金(FGH98Ⅰ)在不同温度下进行固溶热处理,采用热力学相计算、光学显微镜、场发射扫描电镜及化学相分析等研究了亚固溶和过固溶合金的析出相和显微组织,并综合分析了组织与性能的关系。结果表明:FGH98Ⅰ合金经1130℃亚固溶和1190℃过固溶处理后的析出相均为γ’、MC、M23C6和M3B2等,未发现TCP(拓扑密堆)相。FGH98Ⅰ合金亚固溶热处理后晶粒稍有长大,存在尺寸不同的初次、二次和三次γ′相;过固溶热处理合金的晶粒明显长大,存在单模分布的二次γ′相;前者由于晶粒较小使强度更高,后者因减小二次γ′相尺寸和消除初次γ′相,PPB(原始颗粒边界)和残余枝晶,提高了合金的高温塑性和持久性能,说明不同晶粒尺寸和γ′相特征是FGH98Ⅰ盘件获得双性能的关键因素。     

Hf在FGH4097粉末高温合金中的相间分配行为

采用3DAP、FEG-SEM、TEM以及物理化学相分析方法研究5种Hf含量的FGH4097粉末高温合金中Hf在γ′相、MC型碳化物和γ相中的分配,以及Hf对γ′和MC析出相组成的影响。结果表明:随着合金中Hf含量的增加,进入各相的Hf量增多,Hf进入γ′相的比例基本不变,进入MC型碳化物的比例增大,进入γ相的比例减小,即Hf在γ′相和MC型碳化物的分配比逐渐减小,Hf在γ′相和γ相中的分配比逐渐增大;Hf主要分配在γ′相中,其次分配在MC型碳化物中,Hf在MC型碳化物中的质量浓度大约是Hf在γ′相中的20倍。     

FGH96合金中γ′和碳化物相平衡计算

利用热力学计算软件Thermo-Calc及相应的Ni基数据库对FGH96粉末高温合金中可能析出的平衡相进行计算,并分析元素含量在允许范围内的波动对主要析出相γ′和碳化物析出行为的影响。结果表明:FGH96合金析出的平衡相有γ′、MC、M23C6、MB2、M3B2和TCP相。Al、Ti和Nb含量的增加会显著提高γ′相的固溶温度及析出量;合金中碳化物的析出量及MC的析出温度主要受到碳含量的影响,Al和Nb含量的变化对碳化物的析出温度有着显著影响,其中Al含量的影响尤为明显。     

FGH96高温合金中一次碳化物形成规律

基于Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件及相应的Ni基数据库,对FGH96高温合金中一次碳化物的生成机理进行研究,计算FGH96高温合金可能的平衡析出相及C、N、Nb、Ti元素对合金中一次碳化物相MC+M(C,N)析出行为的影响,对比分析FGH96高温合金中一次碳化物相的计算结果与扫描电镜图及能谱分析的化学成分。结果表明:C含量对一次碳化物相的析出量影响较大,而对析出温度影响较小;N含量对析出温度有非常明显的影响,而对一次碳化物相的析出量影响较小;Nb和Ti含量对FGH96高温合金中一次碳化物相的析出行为只有轻微的影响。因此,FGH96高温合金中一次碳化物相的析出行为主要受C和N的影响。由计算得出的一次碳化物相的成分变化结果结合扫描电镜图和能谱分析结果可推断出,FGH96高温合金中含有N时,首先从液态合金中析出含有微量C的氮化物TiN,两相区析出的MC型碳化物会在TiN表面析出,形成以TiN为核心的一次碳氮化物M(C,N)。     

粉末高温合金原始颗粒边界与MC型碳化物溶解度的关系

原始颗粒边界(PPB)是在粉末加热固结过程中MC型碳化物在颗粒边界析出造成的,利用扫描电镜(SEM)和电子探针X射线显微分析仪(EPMA)研究了 MC型碳化物在镍基高温合金中的溶解度与粉末高温合金中原始颗粒边界(PPB)的关系.结果表明:强碳化物形成元素(Ti、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta)对应的MC型碳化物在镍与镍基高温合金中的溶解度顺序为:TiC＞NbC＞TaC＞ZrC＞HfC,同时温度越高MC型碳化物的溶解度越大;在镍基高温合金中溶解度较大的TiC容易在粉末高温合金的PPB上析出,而溶解度较小的TaC则避免了这种现象.未添加Ta元素的FGH4098合金中原始颗粒边界(PPB)上的MC型碳化物主要为TiC;添加Ta元素的FGH4098合金,制粉过程中会在粉末颗粒内部析出更多的含Ta的MC'型碳化物,在随后的热等静压过程中,这种MC'碳化物转变成为更高稳定性的MC型碳化物(Ta,Ti,Nb)C.(Ta,Ti,Nb)C存在富Ti的核心,Ti和C元素被"固定"在了碳化物中,阻碍了 MC型碳化物在PPB上析出.     

Hf在粉末冶金镍基高温合金中的相间分配及对析出相的影响

利用三维原子探针（3DAP）,SEM,TEM和相分离方法,研究了5种Hf含量的FGH97粉末冶金高温合金中Hf在γ基体、γ′相和MC相中的分配,以及Hf对γ′和MC析出相的数量、组成和形貌的影响.结果表明:Hf主要进入γ′相和MC型碳化物,γ′相变为（Ni,Co）₃（Al,Ti,Nb,Hf）,MC碳化物变为（Nb,Ti,Hf）C.随着合金中Hf含量的增加,Hf进入γ′相的比例基本不变,进入MC相的比例逐渐增大,进入γ相的比例逐渐减小,即Hf在γ′和MC相的分配比R₁逐渐减小,在γ′和γ相的分配比R₂逐渐增大,R₁和R₂的平均值分别为1:0.1和1:0.05,这表明Hf主要分配在γ′相中,其次分配在MC相中.Hf促进γ′相和MC相析出,影响γ′相的尺寸和形貌,对MC碳化物的尺寸和形貌的影响并不明显.     

热加工过程中Ni基变形高温合金析出相的演变规律

变形高温合金在热加工过程中的相析出行为是影响合金抗拉强度的重要因素之一。本实验对GH4738合金在热加工过程中不同阶段的 MC,M23C6,γ′相三种析出相进行跟踪研究。析出相在热加工过程中不同阶段的表现：（1）合金坯料中的主要析出相为初生MC碳化物和初生γ′相。（2）合金经热变形后,初生MC碳化物发生部分分解并析出纳米级晶内次生MC碳化物和少量晶界次生M23C6碳化物,同时析出次生γ′相。（3）合金经热处理后,初生MC碳化物进一步分解直至完全溶解,进而纳米级晶内次生MC碳化物转变为大量酒瓶状晶内次级M23C6碳化物,同时γ′相接近于完全析出,但γ′相会有小幅度的长大。     

微量元素Hf对镍基粉末高温合金FGH97显微组织的影响

利用SEM和物理化学相分析方法研究了5种Hf含量的FGH97粉末高温合金中γ'相和MC型碳化物形貌、化学组成及含量.结果表明:Hf促进γ'相和MC相析出,改变γ'相和MC相的化学组成,对MC相的尺寸和形貌影响不大,显著影响γ'相的尺寸和形貌,促使γ'相的形态失稳,导致立方状γ'相发生分裂,使γ'相更快地进入稳定的立方状择优形态.在FGH97合金中添加Hf,可通过改变错配度d,从而改变γ'相发生分裂的临界尺寸Dc.建立了Dc与Hf含量w(Hf)的关系式:Dc=315.4+640.2w(Hf)-358.2[w(Hf)]2.随着Hf含量的增加,|d|逐渐变小,Dc增大.γ'相长大到临界尺寸时,γ'相由立方状分裂为八重小立方体状.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.