广义B样条滤波器在表面形貌测量中的应用

摘 要：为了提取工件表面轮廓中线,给出一种基于三阶广义B样条函数的数字光滑滤波器。首先由线性方程微分方程推导出广义B样条函数。接着,利用广义B样条函数和变分公式结合推导出数字平滑滤波器,该数字平滑滤波器由一IIR滤波器和间接广义B样条变换组成。然后,给出了数字平滑滤波器的具体的递归算法,并且证明了该滤波器的通用特性。最后提取了一实际工件表面中线。实验结果表明：该滤波器具有比高斯滤波器更好的截止特性,该算法利用普通计算机提取11200点数据表面中线仅耗时0.002秒。该滤波器具有可调平滑性,零相移特性,克服了传统三阶样条插值的曲率低和振荡的缺陷,其递归滤波器的具体算法,算法简洁,效率高。     

Digital smoothing of the Langmuir probe I-V characteristic

Electrostatic probes or Langmuir probes are the most common diagnostic tools in plasma discharges. The second derivative of the Langmuir probe I-V characteristic is proportional to the electron energy distribution function. Determining the second derivative accurately requires some method of noise suppression. We compare the Savitzky-Golay filter, the Gaussian filter, and polynomial fitting to the Blackman filter for digitally smoothing simulated and measured I-V characteristics. We find that the Blackman filter achieves the most smoothing with minimal distortion for noisy data.     

小波神经网络在CCD图像噪声处理中的应用

目的：CCD相机响应功能的非线性,导致了CCD噪声模型的复杂性,使得滤波效果不佳,本文提出一种针对于数字图像中CCD噪声的小波神经网络滤波器。方法：首先,分析CCD噪声模型,找出导致CCD噪声模型复杂的原因——CCD相机响应功能（camera response function简称CRF）的非线性;接着,在对ANS滤波器分析的基础上,针对影响滤波效果的两大问题：滤波窗口和图像强度,将小波神经网络非线性逼近CCD噪声曲线,按照噪声参数对图像进行区域划分并分配相应的权值,然后结合相应的非线性滤波器进行针对性滤波,最后综合输出。结果：实验结果表明：本文改进的滤波器滤波效果明显,信噪比得到进一步提高（24.65）。结论：利用神经网络良好的非线性函数逼近性,将其结合ANS滤波器构造出神经网络非线性ANS滤波器（NN-NANS filter）,试验结果表明,该滤波器在去除噪声的同时边缘细节也得到了很好的保留,同时提高了信噪比。     

一种面积优化的内插滤波器的设计及实现

为节省芯片面积,设计并实现了一种面积优化的内插滤波器,该滤波器适用于Sigma—Delta音频数模转换器。采用级联多级半带滤波器加采样保持电路的系统结构以降低硬件复杂度。同时为了减少硬件开销,对半带滤波器的结构进行了改进。实现时采用了正则符号编码（CSD）以进一步减少芯片面积。通过Matlab仿真得到了其滤波器系数,经FPGA平台验证了其功能。滤波器采用TSMC0．18μmCMOS工艺实现,核心芯片面积为0．34mm^2。测试结果表明,芯片达到了设计指标,并且在面积上有一定的优势。     

基于3D邻域激光扫描数据随机噪声滤波

在分析激光扫描数据及其随机噪声的特点基础上。提出了激光扫描数据的3D邻域随机噪声滤波的新方法。实例结果表明：有效滤除了激光扫描数据中的随机噪声。在扫描线方向和扫描方向。数据的曲率分布更合理。数据平滑效果较好。     

Smoothing of vector fields by using the Bezier surface for strain estimation by the method of digital image correlation

The use of the Bezier surface as a smoothing filter for vector fields is studied. Advantages of the Bezier surface over the moving average filter are determined. The algorithm of adaptation of the filter aperture size is modified. The efficiency of adaptation of the aperture size in vector field processing in the problem of estimating the material strain by the method of digital image correlation is considered.     

基于三角片法矢调整的三角网格模型光顺

提出了一种新的三角网格模型光顺方法。首先,对模型中每个三角片的每个顶点,分别求出其一邻域内所有三角片与当前三角片法矢夹角的变化率。然后,根据这种变化率的不同,相应采用拉普拉斯算子或Kuwahara滤波算子对三角片法矢进行调整。最后,基于调整后的三角片法矢,调整模型中各顶点位置,实现三角网格模型的光顺处理。方法中的拉普拉斯算子,适合于对模型中的非尖锐特征区域的光顺,可以快速取得理想的整体光顺效果;而Kuwahara滤波算子则适合于对模型中的特征区域的法矢调整,能够在去除噪声的同时保留原有特征。另外,本文还提出了一种新的误差估计方法,通过计算模型光顺前后的近似间隙体积,可以得到较精确的模型光顺误差。实例表明,与传统方法相比,本文方法在获得理想光顺效果的同时,能充分保留甚至调整加强模型原有特征且光顺前后模型的变形很小。     

一种纯滞后过程的串级双环状态反馈优化设计方法

纯滞后对象是一种很难控制的对象。文中采用串级双环状态反馈控制,使这种对象获得较理想的控制品质。系统的设计方法包括:采用数值逼近方法将对象拟合成有理多项式,并选择一种近乎理想的最优低通滤波器作为串级系统内外环的参考模型;根据串级内、外环不同结构分别采用开环和闭环校正,并引入状态观测器,大幅度地减少状态的检测数量;同时采用内外环系统的协调设计,拉开内外环回路的操作频率,有利于提高系统的鲁棒性。通过仿真实验,证实该方法相当有效。     

Audiobeam loudspeaker system based on TMS320VC5509A

An audiobeam loudspeaker system based on the fixed-point digital signal processor (DSP) TMS320VC5509A (VC5509A for short) is developed to emit audible sound with high directivity along a selected path....     

Adaptive tuning piecewise cubic Hermite interpolation with Wiener filter in wavelet domain for scanning electron microscope images

Image processing is introduced to remove or reduce the noise and unwanted signal that deteriorate the quality of an image. Here, a single level two‐dimensional wavelet transform is applied to the image in order to obtain the wavelet transform sub‐band signal of an image. An estimation technique to predict the noise variance in an image is proposed, which is then fed into a Wiener filter to filter away the noise from the sub‐band of the image. The proposed filter is called adaptive tuning piecewise cubic Hermite interpolation with Wiener filter in the wavelet domain. The performance of this filter is compared with four existing filters: median filter, Gaussian smoothing filter, two level wavelet transform with Wiener filter and adaptive noise Wiener filter. Based on the results, the adaptive tuning piecewise cubic Hermite interpolation with Wiener filter in wavelet domain has better performance than the other four methods.     

纯滞后对象的鲁棒状态优化设计方法

纯滞后对象是一种很难控制的对象。针对纯滞后对象,提出一种串级双环状态反馈控制方式,使这种对象获得较理想的控制品质。系统的设计方法包括：采用数值逼近方法将对象拟合成有理多项式,并选择一种近乎理想的最优低通滤波器作为串级系统内外环的参考模型,并引入状态观测器,大幅度地减少状态的检测数量;采用内外环系统的协调设计,拉开内外环回路的操作频率;同时引入伺服补偿器,大大提高系统的鲁棒性。通过具体的工业对象进行仿真实验,证实该方法相当有效。     

粗光栅信号全数字化处理法实现高倍数细分

针对在粗光栅软件细分中的信号误差影响细分数的问题,提出了按细分的主要误差来源分类进行数字滤波和补偿的全数字化处理法,以达到粗光栅高精度测量的要求。首先对光栅测量信号进行有针对性的数字滤波,使其波形接近于理想状态。然后根据误差来源进行数字补偿,通过对软件数字细分原理的分析,推导出了原始信号不正交、幅值不等、谐波失真等误差影响细分结果的表达式,并提出了与此相对应的数字补偿方法。最后用软件细分法对测量信号进行高倍数数字细分。滤波前后波形信号的仿真比较结果验证了基于严格线性相位的FIR数字带通滤波器可以有效地屏蔽光栅信号频谱中的高低频干扰和噪声。研究结果表明,在粗光栅满足一定质量的前提下,利用全数字化处理法能够满足500细分的精度要求。     

机载设备IRIG-B(AC)码的滤波及其数字相位补偿

为了解决机载环境下交流B 码信号中的噪声和畸变问题,提高解码的精度和稳定性,设计了中心频率在1 kHz的带通滤波器对IRIG-B码信号进行滤波;然后,针对滤波后所引入的相位差设计了一个数字补偿电路,对1 PPS信号进行相位校准,消除相位误差.实验结果表明:滤波有效地抑制了信号中的噪声,还将失真的信号还原成真实的信号,无用的频率信号以-34 dB/十倍频率的水平得到抑制;经过数字相位补偿后,不仅消除了由于滤波所引入的相位差,而且消除了由于过零器的过零精度等所引入的相位差, 1 PPS准时点的精度由文献[1]的优于 10 μs提高到了优于3 μs.该设计满足机载环境下交流时间码的解码要求,消除了噪声的干扰和信号的失真,提高了解码的精度和稳定性.     

动平衡机用数字跟踪滤波器实现方法研究

电机转子轻量化、高速化的发展，给动平衡机的精度提出了更高的要求。动平衡机的精度主要取决于强背景噪声干扰下小信号的提取能力，要求滤波对信号的变化具有自适应性。提出了数字跟踪窄带滤波方法，实现的自适应跟踪方法简便，消噪效果良好。仿真和应用结果表明，该方法提高了小信号测量的精度和稳定性，减小了平衡机最小可达剩余不平衡量。     

基于改进平方检测和新型K-N互卷积窗的闪变参数检测

传统的数字式闪变仪研制主要根据IEC闪变测量原理将各环节的模拟滤波器转换为数字滤波器来实现,但数字滤波器的效果受限于采样频率和变换方法的选取。提出利用解析模式分解改进传统平方检测法的滤波环节,准确提取电压闪变包络信号,构建新型K-N互卷积窗函数,推导基于新型K-N互卷积窗三谱线插值修正算法,据此提出基于改进平方检测法和新型KN互卷积窗的闪变参数检测方法,开发基于虚拟仪器的闪变参数检测平台。仿真实验结果表明,所提算法在单一频率调制、多频率调制、电网频率波动、含有叠加谐波及噪声干扰的情况下,均能有效实现闪变参数的准确检测,相较于传统检测方法,实现简单且具有更高的准确度。     

Design of minimum multiplier fractional order differentiator based on lattice wave digital filter

In this paper, a novel design of fractional order differentiator (FOD) based on lattice wave digital filter (LWDF) is proposed which requires minimum number of multiplier for its structural realization. Firstly, the FOD design problem is formulated as an optimization problem using the transfer function of lattice wave digital filter. Then, three optimization algorithms, namely, genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) are applied to determine the optimal LWDF coefficients. The realization of FOD using LWD structure increases the design accuracy, as only N number of coefficients are to be optimized for Nth order FOD. Finally, two design examples of 3rd and 5th order lattice wave digital fractional order differentiator (LWDFOD) are demonstrated to justify the design accuracy. The performance analysis of the proposed design is carried out based on magnitude response, absolute magnitude error (dB), root mean square (RMS) magnitude error, arithmetic complexity, convergence profile and computation time. Simulation results are attained to show the comparison of the proposed LWDFOD with the published works and it is observed that an improvement of 29% is obtained in the proposed design. The proposed LWDFOD approximates the ideal FOD and surpasses the existing ones reasonably well in mid and high frequency range, thereby making the proposed LWDFOD a promising technique for the design of digital FODs.     

A local smoothing iterative algorithm for contrast image reconstruction

A new contrast image reconstruction algorithm is proposed. The algorithm is a combination of an iterative quadratic functional minimization algorithm and a local smoothing algorithm. A point-spread function of the iterative algorithm is introduced and a method for its calculation is proposed. The stopping time of the iterative algorithm is found from the required iterative algorithm resolution that is found using the point-spread function. The local filter makes it possible to reduce substantially the random error of image reconstruction without increasing the systematic error.     

The homogeneity map method for speckle reduction in diagnostic ultrasound images

This paper proposes a new method to reduce speckle noise in diagnostic ultrasound images by improving the speckle reduction capacity of an edge-sensitive filter. A homogeneity map is generated according to the local statistics of the window formed for each image pixel. The homogeneity map method uses the advantageous properties of a filter with a better smoothing capability than the edge-sensitive filter to increase the image quality of the edge-sensitive filter. We conducted our study using a cyst image simulated by the Field II program, a kidney image, and a real ultrasound image to which we applied two popular filters: SRAD and OBNLM. The results show that our proposed method has better denoising performance than the edge-sensitive filter, without any loss of edges.     

High-order spline filter: Design and application to surface metrology

The differences between the transmission characteristics of the standard cubic spline filter and the Gaussian filter lead to different evaluation results even for the same profile. There is indeed an adverse impact on the comparison of measurement results and the applications of the related international standards. A novel high-order spline filter is proposed to resolve this practical problem of approximating the Gaussian filtering characteristic. The design of the new filter is based on an improved variational approach by adding the high order derivative terms to the bending energy part whose structural parameters are determined by the aid of the universal Taylor series, so as to realize the convergence to the function of the Gaussian filter. In addition, a cascade algorithm in terms of the low-order filters is also developed in order to ensure stable performance of the high-order filter. Its effectiveness and application were verified by the experiments.     

Contour extraction of a laser stripe located on a microscope image from a stereo light microscope

A stereo light microscope has a special optical structure that consists of two optical paths. With two cameras fitted on its imaging planes, a microscopic binocular vision system can be constructed, and this system can be applied in three‐dimensional (3D) shape measurements of a microscopic object. A novel‐shape reconstruction system is developed in this article composed of laser fringe scanning and a stereo light microscope. A laser projector emits a thin light sheet and projects it onto the microscopic object's surface. The microscopic object is placed on a micro‐displacement mechanism and moved in a given direction. The entire surface of the object is scanned by the light sheet. This system captures a series of microscopic images of the laser stripe, which are used to restore the 3D shape of the object. In this article, we mainly focus on the study of the laser stripe detection method, which is derived based on the Canny rule. First, the Canny rule outputs pixels at the left and right edges of the laser stripe. Then, a subpixel edge extraction method is proposed based on polynomial fitting that outputs the center curve of the laser stripe. Finally, an edge filter is used to smooth the edge burrs, and the Hermite interpolation method is used to link the broken edges and construct continuous, smoothing edge contours. The results show that this method can effectively find the subpixel position of the laser stripe and output high‐quality edge contours. The method is suitable for extracting the contours of a laser stripe located in a microscope image.