高油酸花生油酶促酯交换合成类可可脂工艺优化

为促进高油酸花生油的高值化利用,在无溶剂体系中以高油酸花生油为原料,棕榈酸乙酯、硬脂酸乙酯为酰基供体,酶促酯交换合成类可可脂。以目标甘三酯1,3-二棕榈酸-2-油酸(POP)、1-棕榈酸-2-油酸-3-硬脂酸(POS)、1,3-二硬脂酸-2-油酸(SOS)含量,硬脂酸指数和酰基位移率为评价指标,在单因素实验的基础上采用响应面法对酶促酯交换合成类可可脂的工艺条件进行优化。结果表明：酶促酯交换合成类可可脂的最佳工艺条件为硬脂酸乙酯与棕榈酸乙酯物质的量比1.3∶1、酰基供体与高油酸花生油物质的量比12∶1、加酶量2.7%(以底物质量计)、反应温度60℃、反应时间7 h,在该条件下产物甘三酯中POP、POS、SOS的含量分别为14.55%、48.87%、25.17%,硬脂酸指数为0.56,酰基位移率为7.35%。产物的目标甘三酯组成和脂肪酸组成与可可脂相近,可作为可可脂替代品应用。     

酶促酸解制备1-油酸-2-棕榈酸-3-亚油酸 甘油三酯

以棕榈硬脂为原料富集高纯度三棕榈酸甘油三酯，以米糠油水解的游离脂肪酸为酰基供体，在脂肪酶的作用下采用一步酸解法制备1-油酸-2-棕榈酸-3-亚油酸甘油三酯（OPL），在单因素试验的基础上采用正交试验对OPL制备工艺条件进行优化。结果表明，OPL最佳制备工艺条件为：以Lipozyme RM IM为催化用酶，反应温度60 ℃，加酶量为底物总质量的10%，三棕榈酸甘油三酯与游离脂肪酸摩尔比1∶ 10，反应时间4 h。在最佳条件下，产物中棕榈酸分布在sn-2位的含量为52.02%，油酸和亚油酸分布在sn-1,3位的含量分别为33.21%和26.60%，推测产物中主要为OPL。     

酶促油酸乙酯与棕榈硬脂酯交换合成OPO工艺研究

1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯(OPO)是人乳脂中重要组成部分,能促进婴儿对脂肪酸的吸收利用。以高油酸花生油脂肪酸乙酯(以下简称油酸乙酯)和棕榈硬脂为原料,在Novozym40086脂肪酶的催化作用下酯交换合成OPO。在单因素实验的基础上采用响应面法对酶法合成OPO的工艺条件进行优化。结果表明:酶法合成OPO的最佳反应条件为油酸乙酯与棕榈硬脂摩尔比6∶1、反应时间1 h、反应温度60℃、加酶量8%(以底物总质量计),在该条件下合成的产物甘三酯中OPO含量、2位棕榈酸占所有棕榈酸含量以及PPP含量分别为(46. 30±0. 03)%、(60. 70±0. 23)%、(5. 67±0. 30)%。产品指标均满足GB 30604—2015的规定。     

新型固定化Aspergillus oryzae脂肪酶催化合成1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯

旨在评价自制固定化sn-1,3专一性脂肪酶Aspergillus oryzae L03(AOL)替代商业固定化脂肪酶酸解法合成1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯(1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol,OPO)的可行性。以棕榈硬脂和油酸为原料,在正己烷体系中,得到AOL最适反应参数为:反应温度55℃,反应时间1 h,棕榈硬脂和油酸的底物摩尔比为1∶8,正己烷与底物混合物质量比1∶6,AOL水分含量3.5%(w/w)。该条件下,OPO含量44.9%,三棕榈酸甘油酯(PPP)含量为3.23%,sn-2位棕榈酸占所有棕榈酸比例为68.86%,符合国家标准。同时,AOL和LipozymeRM IM、LipozymeTL IM两种商品酶对比,AOL的催化速率最快,1 h达到最大OPO生产峰值。经过8次循环使用,AOL具有良好的操作稳定性。研究表明,自制的新型廉价固定化酶AOL具有良好的应用前景。     

1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯的合成

为了解决1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯(OPO)合成过程中不利于脂肪酶活性发挥的问题,采用两步法合成OPO,首先以棕榈硬脂和高油酸葵花籽油为原料通过化学酯交换反应得到相对棕榈硬脂熔点降低的油脂,再以化学酯交换油脂与油酸为原料在Lipozyme RM IM脂肪酶催化下进行酶法酸解反应得到OPO。通过单因素实验及响应面优化实验确定最优反应条件为棕榈硬脂与高油酸葵花籽油质量比2∶1、化学酯交换油脂与油酸质量比1∶1.45、酶添加量4%、反应温度50.40℃、反应时间5.29 h,该条件下OPO含量为27.26%,sn-2位棕榈酸占总棕榈酸含量为67.36%。以棕榈硬脂为原料合成OPO的新工艺一方面提升了高油酸植物油的使用价值,另一方面酶法酸解反应的温度适中,更有利于脂肪酶活性发挥。     

酶法合成1-油酸-2-棕榈酸-3-亚油酸甘油三酯结构脂的研究

在Lipozyme RM IM脂肪酶的催化作用下,将分提后的棕榈硬脂与油酸和亚油酸反应,通过酶法酸解合成富含1-油酸-2-棕榈酸-3-亚油酸甘油三酯(OPL)的结构脂,通过单因素实验对酶法合成反应条件进行了优化。结果表明,合成OPL结构脂的最优反应条件为:棕榈硬脂、油酸、亚油酸摩尔比1∶7∶7,酶添加量8%,反应温度60℃,反应时间6 h。在最优条件下,进行50倍放大实验,合成产物中OPL和sn-2位棕榈酸的含量分别为48.37%和84.70%。     

改性巴沙鲶鱼油制备1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯的研究

以巴沙鲶鱼油为原料采用酶法酸解制备1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯(OPO)。首先将巴沙鲶鱼油在30℃下分提,富集鲶鱼油中富含sn-2棕榈酸的部分,再以sn-1,3位选择性脂肪酶Lipozyme RM IM为催化剂,以高油酸葵花籽油脂肪酸为酰基供体,在填充床反应器中酸解鲶鱼油分提物,制备得到富含OPO的产品。酸解反应的优化条件为:停留时间1 h,鱼油与脂肪酸的比值1∶6(摩尔比),反应温度50℃,水分含量3.5 wt%。在此条件下,所得产品的sn-2棕榈酸含量为57.8%,sn-1,3油酸含量为78.7%。     

酶法催化生产1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯

1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯(OPO)是母乳脂肪中甘油三酯的重要组成成分,可有效改善和保证棕榈酸在婴幼儿体内的吸收和利用。本文对其脂肪酶催化生产进行了简单探索,以三棕榈酸甘油酯(PPP)和油酸(OA)为底物,通过1,3-特异性脂肪酶RMIM催化的酸解反应成功制备了1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯。经单因素优化后最佳反应条件为:PPP与油酸摩尔比1:6,加酶量8%,反应温度50℃,反应时间6 h,反应产物中脂肪酸组成为:油酸54.86%,sn-2位棕榈酸含量为87.64%。     

人乳脂替代品1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯的研究进展

母乳是婴儿最理想的营养来源,母乳脂肪酸在甘油三酯骨架上具有高度特异性的位置分布,其70%为sn-2棕榈酸酯。棕榈酸在甘油三酯中酰基化位置的不同直接影响棕榈酸在人体内的生理功能,sn-2棕榈酸酯易被人体吸收。1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯(1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl triglyceride,OPO)是一种典型的sn-2棕榈酸酯。普通婴儿配方奶粉主要以牛乳为原料,虽然牛乳脂肪酸组成与母乳脂肪酸接近,但其脂肪酸结构与母乳存在显著差异,牛乳中的sn-2棕榈酸酯远低于母乳中sn-2棕榈酸酯含量。以牛乳为基础,在奶粉中加入1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯(OPO),较之一般的配方奶粉更加接近母乳,更宜作为人乳脂替代品?本文介绍了人乳脂替代品1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯(OPO)的研究意义、结构特点、制备方法和分析测定方法等研究进展,旨在为婴儿配方奶粉的开发提供有益参考。     

酸解52℃棕榈硬酯制备1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯的工艺研究

1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯(OPO)是母乳脂肪中重要的组成部分。目前,针对其合成路线的研究,主要通过两步法来实现。本实验以熔点为52℃的棕榈硬酯为酰基受体、食品级油酸为酰基供体,采用Lipozyme RM IM脂肪酶为催化剂,通过一步法制备OPO。通过单因素实验,得到最佳反应条件为:底物摩尔比1∶10,反应温度56℃,酶添加量10%,加水量1%,反应时间4 h。在最佳条件下所制备的OPO产品中,sn-2位棕榈酸占总棕榈酸的含量为57.73%,OPO含量为45.23%,PPP的含量为3.86%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the