基于SLM的梯度多孔牙种植体力学特性

目的 确定既满足强度要求又能够有良好长期稳定性的梯度多孔牙种植体最佳孔隙值。方法 设计4组不同孔隙率(G30、G40、G50、G60)的梯度多孔结构样件及均质多孔样件S30,选区激光熔化(SLM)成型后通过准静态压缩试验对其力学性能进行研究,测量出样件的弹性模量和屈服强度。通过有限元分析评估不同孔隙率种植体及对应下颌骨组织的应力分布。结果 相较于实体钛合金结构(110 GPa),多孔结构的弹性模量(13.47~15.88 GPa)已完全符合人体自然骨组织(2~20 GPa)范围,多孔结构屈服强度(484.81~834.47 MPa)远高于皮质骨(180.5~211.7 MPa);梯度多孔结构样件弹性模量相较于均质多孔结构略有提升,屈服强度(834.47 MPa)比均质多孔结构样件(730.56 MPa)提高了约14%。梯度多孔种植体周围皮质骨最大等效应力值分布在43.362 9~45.015 4 MPa之间,松质骨最大等效应力值分布在4.756 58~ 5.055 6 MPa之间,完全满足2~60 MPa范围内的最大应力,适合骨组织生长。种植体与下颌骨之间的应力差值随着孔隙率的增大而逐渐变大,孔隙率为30%的TPMS–G型梯度多孔牙种植体与下颌骨应力差值最小,生物力学特性最佳,有利于形成稳定的骨整合。结论 通过试验及仿真模拟,确定了适用于种植体的最佳梯度多孔结构,既满足强度要求,又具有良好的长期稳定性。     

粉体性能及选区激光熔化打印工艺对AlSi10Mg合金致密化行为的影响

本研究重点探索了AlSi10Mg合金的粉体性能以及选区激光熔化(SLM)打印工艺对AlSi10Mg合金粉体致密化行为的影响。通过对两种粒度组成不同的球形AlSi10Mg合金粉体在选区激光熔化(SLM)工艺过程中致密化行为的研究,发现AlSi10Mg粉体粒度组成对SLM打印过程中的致密化程度有关键性影响:粗粉含量较高,更有利于较高致密度的SLM打印件的制备。通过选取上述两种粉体中SLM打印性能较高的AlSi10Mg粉体,采用Box-Behnken响应曲面实验设计系统探索了SLM工艺参数对打印件致密度的影响规律,获得了SLM打印工艺参数与打印件相对密度的定量关系模型。研究发现,SLM打印参数中对AlSi10Mg合金相对密度的影响程度从大到小依次为:激光功率、扫描速度、扫描间距;当激光功率为375 W、扫描速度为2 000 mm/s、扫描间距为50μm时,AlSi10Mg打印件的相对密度值可达到98.26%,抗拉强度可达487 MPa。     

扫描速度对激光选区熔化成形304L不锈钢板材高温持久性能的影响

目的 以激光选区熔化（SLM）成形304L不锈钢为对象,研究激光扫描速度对其组织及性能的影响,为优化304L不锈钢成形参数提供试验依据。方法 采用单因素试验研究了扫描速度对304L不锈钢微观组织、孔隙率、相对致密度、硬度、持久寿命等性能的影响,得到了304L不锈钢SLM成形相对最佳工艺参数。结果 当激光功率为300 W、扫描间距为0.1 mm、层厚为0.03 mm时,SLM成形304L不锈钢的最优扫描速度为1 000 mm/s,在此参数下试样持久时间为62.5 h,相对密度为99.5%,室温洛氏硬度为91.3HRB,700℃下维氏硬度为126.2HV。结论 在最优成形条件下,显微胞状结构组织均匀致密且气孔较少,熔池边界细小晶粒取向基本随机,熔池内偏大的柱状晶取向沿着<001>方向有一定的择优性,具有弱织构特征;相主要由奥氏体组成,持久断口呈灰黑色,无明显的颈缩现象,断口呈现锯齿状起伏滑移,并伴有明显的撕裂特征,断口为韧性撕裂断口。     

激光选区熔化成形18Ni300工艺参数优化及组织性能分析

目的 研究工艺参数对18Ni300马氏体时效钢激光选区熔化成形质量的影响。方法 采用正交试验方法研究激光功率和扫描速度对18Ni300相对致密度、硬度的影响,得到铺层层厚0.03 mm、扫描间距0.1 mm时为18Ni300最佳工艺参数,并对最佳工艺参数成形的试样进行组织及力学性能表征。结果 激光功率为230 W、扫描速度为1100 mm/s时,试样硬度为44.7HRC,相对致密度为99.98%,相对最优;材料鱼鳞状组织均匀致密,气孔较少,部分柱状晶沿熔池边界呈外延生长,熔池边界细小晶粒取向基本随机,熔池内部分粗大柱状晶有一定的择优性。结论 最优参数情况下SLM成形的18Ni300主要由体积分数为99.8%的马氏体和0.2%的残余奥氏体组成;试样的力学性能有明显的各向异性,拉伸断口有明显的颈缩,断裂形式为韧性断裂,纤维区可以看到明显的等轴大韧窝、孔洞,并伴有明显的撕裂特征。     

选区激光熔化工艺参数对Ti-6Al-4V成形质量的影响

选区激光熔化是一种利用高能束选择性熔化金属粉末进而直接制造复杂几何形状产品的增材制造技术。采用选区激光熔化成形Ti-6Al-4V样品,分析影响选区激光熔化成形质量的主要因素,采用体式显微镜、金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、显微硬度计系统研究了不同工艺参数对Ti-6Al-4V合金选区激光熔化成形样品的表面形貌、致密度、组织、显微硬度的影响规律。研究得出Ti-6Al-4V合金选区激光熔化成形的优选工艺参数为:扫描功率450W,扫描速度2 500mm/s,扫描间距0.07mm,该工艺参数下打印出的样品具有较为优良的成形质量,致密度高达97.8%,显微硬度平均值为446HV。     

激光选区熔化316L不锈钢凝固特征与微观组织结构

对不同工艺参数下激光选区熔化(Selective Laser Melting, SLM)成形316L不锈钢微观组织结构进行表征,研究不同工艺参数下SLM成形316L不锈钢微观组织结构演化规律、单熔化道凝固特性。结果表明,SLM成形316L不锈钢具有跨尺度、非均质凝固组织特征,包括微米尺度柱状晶粒、小角晶界、熔池界面和纳米尺度亚结构。单熔化道的稳定成形是三维块体成形的基础,熔化道稳定性由激光工艺参数与金属粉体物理特性共同决定。不同的激光工艺参数显著影响SLM成形316L不锈钢微观组织结构,通过改变激光参数可实现微观组织结构的调控,在不同的激光逐层旋转角度下,SLM成形316L不锈钢晶粒尺寸随着扫描间距的增大而增大。强制定向热流使得外延生长机制主导凝固晶粒的生长,在不同的激光工艺参数下,沿增材方向的柱状晶粒形貌普遍存在。     

选区激光熔化成形金属零件表面粗糙度研究进展

选区激光熔化(SLM)作为一种新型金属增材制造技术,具有可批量化、高精度、近净成形的特点,尤其适用于制备高性能、复杂精细结构的金属零件,在航空航天和生物医疗等领域具有广泛的应用.然而,目前SLM成形零件的表面质量仍难以直接满足工业应用的需求,优化工艺参数与不同的后处理工艺成为控制成形件表面质量的主要途径.SLM成形件的后处理工艺主要包括机械加工、表面喷砂、激光抛光、化学抛光、电解抛光、超声波表面改性等.但是,具有特定用途的零件对其表面的耐磨性、缺口敏感性、流体摩擦阻力等提出了更高的要求.因此,选择金属零件的后处理工艺时,需要结合零件的应用背景来选择合适的处理工艺.本文基于SLM技术原理和特点,概述了影响SLM成形件表面粗糙度的主要因素,归纳了改善成形件表面粗糙度的主要后处理工艺,最后对控制SLM成形件表面粗糙度所面临的挑战和未来的发展趋势进行了展望及总结.     

TiB2/AlSi10Mg激光选区熔化成形工艺研究

目的 针对TiB2/AlSi10Mg开展激光选区熔化成形研究,获得工艺参数影响规律并优化工艺参数.方法 采用正交试验法设计三因素四水平正交试验,进行TiB2/AlSi10Mg激光选区熔化成形,分别研究激光功率、扫描速度、扫描间距等3种工艺参数对TiB2/AlSi10Mg致密度和硬度的影响规律,分析激光能量密度对铝合金内...     

激光选区熔化成形TC4合金腐蚀行为

采用激光选区熔化成形技术(Selective Laser Melting,SLM)制备TC4钛合金试样,观察其显微组织,并用电化学腐蚀实验测试不同成形面以及粗糙度对TC4钛合金耐蚀性能的影响,并与传统轧制态进行对比。结果表明:成形方式、成形面和粗糙度均影响TC4钛合金的耐蚀性能。激光选区熔化成形技术制备的TC4钛合金纵截面由原始柱状β晶粒和与生长方向成±45°针状α′马氏体组成,横截面上的晶粒呈棋盘状。传统轧制态由片状α+β相以及等轴α相组成。传统轧制态的耐腐蚀性要强于SLM成形的试样,且SLM成形的纵截面的耐腐蚀性要强于横截面。表面粗糙度小的试样耐腐蚀性要强于表面粗糙度大的试样。激光选区熔化成形态试样腐蚀表面都出现明显的腐蚀坑,腐蚀形态均为点蚀。     

线间距对SLM成形钛合金Ti–6Al–4V力学性能的影响研究

目的 探究选区激光熔化技术工艺参数线间距对钛合金Ti–6Al–4V增材试件力学性能的影响。方法 通过SLM成形技术,以钛合金粉末为原材料、以线间距为变量制备增材成形试件,通过拉伸试验、断口形貌分析以及表面硬度测量获取不同线间距工艺参数条件下钛合金成形试件力学性能表现较好的较优解。结果不同线间距条件下成形试件拉伸曲线差异较大,线间距为0.05mm和0.10mm时,成形试件拉伸曲线表现较好,成形试件断口组织撕裂均具有连续性,韧窝结构明显,具有一定塑性。试件成形过程受氧化影响,其拉伸性能与硬度性能表现不一致。结论 试验最终工艺参数如下：曝光时间为80μs、点间距为40μm、线间距为0.05mm,SLM成形试件获得了较高的表面硬度,试件断口组织撕裂连续性较为明显,韧窝结构较大,断口界面缺陷较少,力学性能较优。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from