基于卡尔曼滤波的四旋翼飞行器姿态估计和控制算法研究

四旋翼飞行器作为无人机的一种,由于其简单气动布局和复杂的动力学模型,在控制领域获得了越来越多的学术关注;本文首先分析了微机电系统惯性测量单元(MEMS IMU)传感器的误差,给出了基于自回归(autoregressive,AR)噪声模型的卡尔曼滤波算法设计;然后根据加速度计和陀螺仪长短周期测量的不同特性,进一步对姿态数据做互补融合,实验表明此算法可以实现良好的滤波效果;基于上面的姿态估计,本文又提出了一种双增益的PD控制算法对飞行器进行姿态控制;最后将姿态估计算法和控制算法应用到实验平台中,可以实现四旋翼在支架上的自主悬停等功能.     

基于反幂法和扩展卡尔曼滤波的姿态估计算法

针对基于Davenport的四元数法和扩展卡尔曼(extended Kalman filtering,EKF)的姿态估计算法的精度受特征值精度影响的问题,设计一种基于反幂法与EKF算法的姿态估计算法。根据Davenport矩阵K的近似特征值,利用反幂法迭代计算出Davenport矩阵K的特征向量,将其作为EKF的测量值,降低EKF测量值对特征值的敏感度。为验证算法有效性,搭建四旋翼无人机实验平台,实测实验结果表明,该算法能为无人机提供高精度、实时的姿态信息,实现了无人机的稳定飞行。     

基于Mahony滤波器和PID控制器的四旋翼飞行器姿态控制

四旋翼飞行器由于其简单的气动布局和复杂的动力学模型在控制领域引起了研究热潮,姿态估计与控制器设计一直是实现四旋翼飞行器稳定飞行的难点。为实现精确的四旋翼飞行器姿态估计,首先分析了IMU传感器示值组成和误差存在的原因,然后在方向余弦矩阵(DCM)和重正交化的基础上,具体给出了Mahony滤波器的实现流程。通过与扩展卡尔曼滤波器对比表明,该算法不仅能保证很高的姿态估计精度,而且计算时间小于扩展卡尔曼滤波器,有助于提高系统姿态估计的实时性。结合Mahony滤波后的姿态信息,采用嵌套PI-PID控制策略设计了控制器。最后,将姿态估计算法和控制算法应用到实验平台上,可以实现四旋翼飞行器悬停和角度跟踪功能。     

基于IEKF的四旋翼无人机姿态测量方法研究

研究四旋翼无人机在实时飞行时姿态测量的问题.由于四旋翼无人机多采用陀螺仪、加速度计、地磁计(MEMS)传感器测量各姿态,测量值存在偏差,无法直接使用.为解决利用不准确的传感器测量信息获得精确姿态角度的难点,并为了克服常规的扩展卡尔曼算法(EKF)带来的较大滤波偏差,以及四元素法表述复杂等困难,采用了一种改进的迭代EKF(IEKF)算法,利用欧拉角的描述方法,融合MEMS的信息对四旋翼无人机的姿态角度进行测量.实验结果表明,改进方法能准确测量出姿态角,且通过与常规EKF测量效果的比对可以看出,IEKF在测量精度上确有较明显的改善,表明改进方法是有效的,为四旋翼无人机实时调整姿态提供了一种科学手段.     

基于STM32的四旋翼飞行器姿态解算的研究

分析了四旋翼飞行器的姿态解算原理,提出了一种基于 STM32的姿态测量系统。系统由 STM32F407微控制器和捷联惯性测量组件(IMU)组成。利用四元数描述姿态进行坐标换算,采用多传感器数据融合方案,通过互补滤波算法进行数据融合,获取精确的姿态角,并完成姿态解算。实验结果表明,采用互补滤波算法有效融合了捷联惯性测量组件的传感器数据,实现了四旋翼飞行器的高精度姿态解算。     

基于SO(3)的多四旋翼无人机编队协同控制

针对多四旋翼无人机系统的编队飞行问题,提出了基于特殊正交群SO(3)的协同控制设计方法.在给出编队空间队形和通信拓扑描述后,建立了多四旋翼无人机系统SO(3)控制模型.由于SO(3)与传统俯仰/偏航/滚转三通道模型具有不同的结构,文中进一步研究了SO(3)中无人机之间相对误差的表示方法,设计了适用于多飞行器的SO(3)控制器实现对编队和姿态的协同控制.推力控制器用于调节无人机的位置与速度,并在此基础上构造旋转矩阵形式的姿态协同指令.文中相应设计了SO(3)姿态控制器用于实现指令跟踪,最后从理论上对协同稳定性进行了分析.提出的控制方法能够使得多四旋翼无人机形成期望的队形,并且保持姿态一致进行稳定飞行.仿真结果验证了本文方法的有效性.     

互补滤波算法在四旋翼飞行器姿态解算中的应用

针对四旋翼飞行器飞行过程中的姿态最优估计问题,本着准确、快速的原则,选择了基于陀螺仪、加速度计和电子罗盘的捷联式惯性测量系统.由于这些传感器存在温度漂移和噪声干扰等问题,采用互补滤波算法,通过融合IMU多传感器的数据信号,对测得的姿态数据进行补偿修正,解算出高精度的姿态角.为了验证互补滤波算法的有效性和实用性,通过实际的四旋翼飞行器角度测量系统对互补滤波算法展开研究.结果表明姿态角解算中采用互补滤波算法能够快速、稳定的输出高精度姿态数据,姿态角最大跟踪误差控制在±2°以内,满足四旋翼飞行器飞行控制的要求,成功完成了姿态的最优估计.     

基于Mahony滤波器和PID控制器的四旋翼飞行器姿态控制

四旋翼飞行器由于其简单的气动布局和复杂的动力学模型在控制领域引起了研究热潮,姿态估计与控制器设计一直是实现四旋翼飞行器稳定飞行的难点。为实现精确的四旋翼飞行器姿态估计,首先分析了IMU传感器示值组成和误差存在的原因,然后在方向余弦矩阵（DCM）和重正交化的基础上,具体给出了Mahony滤波器的实现流程。通过与扩展卡尔曼滤波器对比表明,该算法不仅能保证很高的姿态估计精度,而且计算时间小于扩展卡尔曼滤波器,有助于提高系统姿态估计的实时性。结合Mahony滤波后的姿态信息,采用嵌套PI-PID控制策略设计了控制器。最后,将姿态估计算法和控制算法应用到实验平台上,可以实现四旋翼飞行器悬停和角度跟踪功能。     

小型四旋翼无人机姿态测量仿真研究

研究无人机姿态流通量优化问题,由于低成本小型四旋翼无人机中所使用的姿态测量传感器存在精度低、噪声大的缺点,并且易受温度等环境的影响,不能准确的测量出无人机的姿态,特别是在无人机加速飞行过程中,姿态误差会很快累积扩大,不能长时间加速飞行。为提高无人机姿态测量精度,提出设计由陀螺仪、加速度计和磁强计组成的姿态测量系统,通过计算加速度计信任度,并利用卡尔曼滤波的方法实现对误差四元数的估计,从而得到无人机的姿态角度。实验结果表明,该卡尔曼滤波能够在低动态的飞行环境中准确测量出无人机姿态角度,并能克服以往无人机不能长时间加速飞行的缺点,证明卡尔曼滤波被成功应用于四旋翼无人机姿态测量优化提供了科学依据。     

基于四元数衍生无迹卡尔曼滤波的二段式多旋翼无人机姿态估计算法

对传统多旋翼无人机姿态估计算法难以兼顾高精度、强实时性以及抗干扰能力差的问题,首先基于一种计算量较小的衍生无迹卡尔曼滤波算法,在量测更新中,将加速度数据和磁力计数据分为两个阶段进行姿态四元数校正处理,然后从旋转四元数的本质出发,推测出四元数各元素分别包含着不同的姿态角信息,最后将校正四元数分别乘上为降低校正过程中的相互干扰所设计的系数,提出一种基于四元数衍生无迹卡尔曼滤波的二段式多旋翼无人机姿态估计算法.通过使用PIXHAWK飞控数据,与传统姿态估计算法进行仿真实验对比,实验表明,本文提出算法与传统使用扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)或无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)的姿态估计算法相比,在实时性、解算精度和抗干扰能力方面有较大提升.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.