中长焦透射式日盲紫外光学系统设计

日盲紫外系统在导弹告警系统中起着重要的作用,利用光学软件Zemax设计了一款中长焦透射式日盲紫外光学系统。该紫外镜头由6片标准球面透镜构成,适用于240~280nm的日盲紫外波段。根据材料的透过率和色散性,选取正透镜材料为CaF_2,负透镜材料为熔石英。系统的焦距为160mm,F数为3.5,靶面直径为18mm,光学总长为154mm;各视场能量集中度在紫外CCD接收面内均大于85%,光学传递函数20lp/mm处高于0.8,具有成像质量好、结构简单紧凑的特点。     

空间三反相机调焦范围的确定

为了提高空间相机对温度的适应能力,改善相机成像质量,研究了如何通过调焦放宽相机的热控指标,降低相机热控难度的问题.推导出了纯反射离轴三反光学系统中后截距及相机受温度影响下焦面离焦的数学公式;分析证明了相机离焦量与温度变化是线性关系,并计算得到了常数项K值.计算显示,当反射镜材料的线胀系数与相机支撑框架材料线胀系数一致时,焦面不产生离焦;而两种材料线胀系数差距越大,离焦量就越大.利用离焦传递函数公式证明了当相机温度水平变化超过±1℃时(对应离焦量0.05 mm),就必须采用机械调焦的方法对其加以补偿;利用光机热集成仿真的方法,得出保证相机成像质量的温度范围At,完成了从光学指标到温度指标的转换.利用离焦公式,得出了相机的调焦范围.最后,在热真空环境下试验验证了上述焦面离焦的数学公式及相机温度水平变化±4℃时离焦量为±0.184mm是相机合适的调焦范围.     

空间相机温度-离焦特性分析与试验

为了提高空间相机在不同温度条件下的成像质量,本文建立了空间相机光-机-热集成分析模型,以此模型为基础,对系统的温度-离焦特性进行研究,得到了相机温度调焦曲线,并开展了热光学试验。首先,分析了温度变化对光学系统的影响,特别是对最佳像面位置的影响,得到了相机离焦量与光学元件参数的关系;介绍了光机热集成分析的一般方法,即将热分析的温度场,经过映射,作为结构分析的边界条件,然后进行结构有限元的热弹性分析,通过对变形结果中光学元件曲率和刚体位移做拟合,得到敏感因素的温度-离焦敏感度矩阵;在此基础上得到了相机温度调焦曲线;最后,开展了相机热光学试验。试验结果表明,基于集成分析结果的温度调焦,空间相机在20℃±8℃内的最大误差小于0.1mm,基本满足相机在轨自动调焦的要求,并指出了进一步提高相机温度调焦精度的方法。     

基于ABAQUS的转子过盈接触及热膨胀分析

螺杆转子是螺杆压缩机的核心部件。对于630机型,采用热套工艺装配后,阴转子曾出现因应力过大而产生断裂的问题,同时过盈配合与热变形共同影响着阴阳转子的间隙。本文采用有限元软件ABAQUS/CAE对630阴转子进行了有限元分析,结果表明阴转子空心齿内的最大应力达到227MPa,同时齿面最薄处的应力达150MPa,易出现疲劳断裂;对阴阳转子在以20~80℃下的非均匀温度场下的热膨胀进行量化,结果表明装配变形量在0.04~0.07mm之间;排端阴阳转子齿顶径向位移达到0.25mm,齿根为0.17mm,建议阴阳转子啮合装配间隙大于0.42mm。     

1 000万像素全景监控镜头的光学设计

为满足全景监控镜头的高清、大视场的要求,采用反远距系统设计了工作波段为可见的4.86~6.56μm、F数为2、垂直全视场角为185°、焦距为1.3mm的1 000万像素高清全景监控镜头光学系统。通过匹配光学材料和分配透镜光焦度,在-20~+60℃温度范围内对全景监控镜头光学系统进行了设计及像质评价。结果表明,系统在奈奎斯特频率300lp·mm-1处中心视场的光学调制传函接近衍射极限,大于0.4,0.7视场以内的光学调制传函大于0.3。系统整体无温度离焦,成像质量良好、结构紧凑,且适用于感光面尺寸为6.119mm×4.589mm、像元数为3 664×2 748的CMOS探测器。     

基于复合帕尔贴模块热触觉再现装置研究

设计了一种基于复合帕尔贴模块的改进型温度触觉感知再现装置。首先分析了手指接触复合帕尔贴装置表面时的热传导过程,并根据热网络分析法建立了基于复合帕尔贴模块的热触觉感知模型;据此设计了一种通过控制复合帕尔贴模块表面温度变化来模拟温度触觉过程的装置,复合帕尔贴装置由两个20 mm×20 mm的帕尔贴模块重叠放置构成,通过对上下层帕尔贴模块输入电流分别控制,实现了比单层帕尔贴模块更为快速的升降温速率和更大工作温度区间;最后,通过热图标辨别实验,分析了将温度触觉感知再现应用于特殊人群导航的可行性。     

利用Zernike多项式分析超薄镜热变形

利用圆域上正交基-Zernike多项式拟合镜面温度场,将温度场转化为较有意义的模式,采用有限元方法进行了热变形的计算,其中针对空间大口径超薄镜面建立镜面模型,且暂不考虑重力,另外因超薄镜厚度很小,也不考虑轴向温度梯度的影响。通过计算利用Zernike多项式得到温度场产生的热变形,得到了不同温度模式产生的不同像差形式:即对于不同的温度场模式—温度整体变化(平移),一端凉且一端热(倾斜),中心与边缘温度不同(离焦热模式),以及像散热模式,彗差热模式,球差热模式导致的热变形分别主要表现为像差离焦,倾斜,离焦,倾斜,倾斜,球差。不同热模式在相同温差下产生的变形有数量级的差别,能够产生较大变形量的温度模式有离焦,彗差和球差,这意味着超薄镜对这些温度场比较敏感。计算和总结表明,利用Zernike多项式分解温度场,可以对热变形规律进行有效的分析,解决了镜面温度分布随时间变化使得热分析较为不准确的困难。     

基于波前编码技术的红外系统温度敏感性的研究

波前编码技术是在成像系统的光阑面插入一个非球面相位板,得到一个中间模糊图像,并通过数字图像处理得到清晰图像。波前编码使得成像系统对很多离焦像差不敏感,例如温度引起的像差。这使得该技术可以应用于红外成像系统中,同时可以增大系统的焦深。设计了一个有效焦距f′为35mm,光圈F为2,工作波长为8~12μm的红外成像系统,并且通过数值模拟温度-20°C至60°C的改变,得出波前编码系统在不同温度不同物距下的MTF和PSF基本一致,最后通过数字滤波,可以在大温差的情况下重建大景深清晰图像。     

数控卧轴平面磨床砂轮主轴-轴承系统的热-结构耦合分析

以某型数控卧轴矩台平面磨床为研究对象,对其砂轮主轴-轴承系统进行了温度分布与热变形的有限元仿真。基于滚动轴承热态特性理论与传热学理论,利用ANSYS Workbench软件对主轴-轴承系统进行稳态和瞬态的温度场仿真,得到了轴承滚子与内外圈滚道温度随时间的变化规律;根据热-结构耦合分析理论和温度场仿真结果,对主轴-轴承系统进行了热-结构耦合分析,得到了主轴在径向、切向与轴向3个方向的热位移与热应力的变化规律,从而揭示了由轴承摩擦产生的热效应造成的温度升高与主轴产生热变形及热位移之间的关系。     

压铸模成形零件的表面强化措施

压铸模具由于型腔表面热交变应力而产生龟裂,是其失效的主要形式.因此,压铸模成形零件需进行表面强化处理,氮化是目前最常用的方法.氮化处理时的氮化层总厚度一般应控制在0.25～0.3mm之间,否则氮化层的脆性较大,易从基体上剩离.对于硬氮化而言,最佳的氮化温度为520～530℃,氮化时间为20～22 h;对于气体软氮化而言,最佳的氮化温度为550～560℃,氮化时间为4～6h.     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.