喷嘴临界截面直径对喷射器性能影响实验研究

依据索科洛夫等学者提出的经验公式对喷射器进行优化设计,搭建了用于测量喷射器性能的实验台,以CO2为工质,分别研究当工作流体压力在8.0~9.6MPa、引射流体压力在2.4~2.8MPa以及工作流体温度在70~90℃时,喷嘴临界截面直径对喷射系数的变化规律。实验结果表明：当喷射器背压为3.9MPa、工作流体温度为90℃、引射流体压力为2.4MPa、工作流体压力在8.0~9.6MPa时,喷射器的喷射系数随喷嘴临界截面直径的增大而减小;当喷射器背压为3.9MPa、工作流体温度为90℃、工作流体压力为10.0MPa、引射流体压力在2.4~2.8MPa时,喷射器的喷射系数也随喷嘴临界截面直径的增大而减小;且喷射系数理论值与实验值吻合度较好,误差在±3.75%范围内。当喷射器工作流体压力为10.0MPa、引射流体压力为2.7MPa、喷射器背压为3.9MPa、工作流体温度在70~90℃时,喷射系数随着喷嘴临界截面直径的增大而逐渐减小。另外,在保持喷射器的基本工作参数不变时,工作流体压力及引射流体压力的提高对喷射器喷射系数均有提升作用。     

喷嘴临界截面直径对喷射器性能影响实验研究

依据索科洛夫等学者提出的经验公式对喷射器进行优化设计,搭建了用于测量喷射器性能的实验台,以CO_2为工质,分别研究当工作流体压力在8.0～9.6 MPa、引射流体压力在2.4～2.8 MPa以及工作流体温度在70～90℃时,喷嘴临界截面直径对喷射系数的变化规律。实验结果表明:当喷射器背压为3.9 MPa、工作流体温度为90℃、引射流体压力为2.4 MPa、工作流体压力在8.0～9.6 MPa时,喷射器的喷射系数随喷嘴临界截面直径的增大而减小;当喷射器背压为3.9 MPa、工作流体温度为90℃、工作流体压力为10.0 MPa、引射流体压力在2.4～2.8 MPa时,喷射器的喷射系数也随喷嘴临界截面直径的增大而减小;且喷射系数理论值与实验值吻合度较好,误差在±3.75%范围内。当喷射器工作流体压力为10.0 MPa、引射流体压力为2.7 MPa、喷射器背压为3.9 MPa、工作流体温度在70～90℃时,喷射系数随着喷嘴临界截面直径的增大而逐渐减小。另外,在保持喷射器的基本工作参数不变时,工作流体压力及引射流体压力的提高对喷射器喷射系数均有提升作用。     

氨水液-汽型喷射器性能分析与结构优化

建立氨水液-汽型喷射器的一维稳态热力学模型,对喷射器的热力学性能与结构进行研究,包括工作喷嘴、扩散段中的工作流体与引射流体的压力及速度的变化,以及不同扩散角对喷射器性能的影响。将氨水液-汽型喷射器应用于Kalina循环,以降低膨胀机的背压来提高循环输出功与效率。在对喷射器性能,如:引射系数、引射压力及混合出口压力等相互关系分析基础上,以得到Kalina循环更高的循环输出功为目的,对喷射器的性能与结构进行研究。结果表明,喷射器的扩散角越小,越有利于喷射器的压力回收,扩散角越大,越有利于汽、液两相的混合。给定喷射器混合出口压力时,引射系数越小,引射压力越小。引射系数对提高Kalina循环性能起关键作用。最终优化得到的喷射器设计工况为:扩散角为1°、引射系数0.1、引射压力656 k Pa。     

圆柱形混合室截面直径对喷射系数影响的实验研究

依据索科洛夫等学者提出喷射器计算的经验公式对喷射器进行优化设计加工,并自行搭建测量喷射器性能实验台。采用N_2、CO_2、R290 3种自然工质,研究了当扩压室直径为定值,实验压力为高压(10 MPa≤P≤100MPa)状态时圆柱形混合室截面直径变化对喷射器性能的影响规律。实验结果表明:当喷射器背压为3.9 MPa、工作流体温度为90℃、工作流体压力变化范围为8.0～10.0 MPa或引射流体压力变化范围为2.4～2.9 MPa、混合室截面直径在1.7～2.1 mm范围变化时,喷射器的喷射系数均随圆柱形混合室截面直径的增大而升高,且在实验工况范围内,以N_2为工质的喷射系数随圆柱形混合室截面直径变化趋势相对平缓。     

蒸汽喷射器流动参数与性能的数值分析

通过二维流动数值计算，分析了以水蒸气为工质的喷射器内工作流体压力、引射流体压力及出口压力对喷射系数的影响；探讨了各工作参数变化对喷射系数产生影响的原因，以及激波产生的条件、激波的位置、强度，产生引射流体雍塞的条件等。结果表明：喷射器存在临界的出口压力pd，当喷射器出口压力大于pd时，喷射器的喷射系数随出口压力升高而降低；当喷射器出口压力小于pd时，喷射器的喷射系数将保持不变。在计算模拟的制冷工况范围内，工作流体压力升高，引起喷射系数降低，pd升高；而引射流体压力升高时，喷射系数与pd都升高。     

蒸汽喷射式热泵变工况性能分析

采用数值模拟的方法对低压蒸汽增压利用系统中的蒸汽喷射式热泵在非设计工况下的操作性能进行研究，计算并分析了工作蒸汽压力和温度、引射流体压力及混合流体压力等热力参数对热泵操作性能的影响。数值结果表明：当混合流体的压力低于一定的数值时，喷射系数维持一定值；而热泵对引射流体压力的变化极为敏感，引射压力的微小变化可能导致热泵操作性能的急剧下降；提高工作蒸汽的压力并不一定能改善喷射泵的工作性能，这是因为提高工作蒸汽压力会增加额外的蒸汽量所致；喷射系数随工作蒸汽温度的升高而略有增大，并近似呈线性率。     

工作流体含水喷射器性能的实验研究

对工作流体含水喷射器性能进行了实验研究,得到不同条件下喷射器性能的变化规律。结果表明:在临界工况下,本文参数变化范围内,随着工作流体含液率的增大,喷射器的引射比略有减小,含液量从0 kg/min增大到0.2 kg/min时,引射比相应减小5.9%～8.7%;而在非临界工况下,本文参数变化范围内,随着工作流体含液率的增大,喷射器的引射比显著减小,喷射器引射性能变差,含液量从0 kg/min增大到0.2 kg/min时,引射比相应减小16.9%～29.3%;随着工作流体含液率的增大,喷射器的临界背压和临界压力比均减小,喷射器的升压性能变差,含液量从0 kg/min增大到0.2 kg/min时,临界背压减小0.006～0.010 MPa,临界压力比相应减小0.041～0.065。     

蒸汽喷射压缩器性能的三维数值模拟

通过对蒸汽喷射压缩器内流场进行三维数值模拟,对初步设计的蒸汽喷射压缩器进行结构优化,并研究了结构参数、工况参数和调节锥对喷射器工作性能的影响.结果 表明:混合室直径和喷嘴出口到混合室入口间距是影响喷射器性能的两个关键参数;降低工作蒸汽压力、提高引射蒸汽压力和降低背压都能够使喷射系数升高;使用调节锥能够在一定程度上提高喷...     

带喷射器的跨临界CO2热泵系统仿真研究

利用自行搭建的跨临界CO₂热泵实验台对系统的整体热力性能进行了相关的实验研究,分析比较了气冷器CO₂出口温度、蒸发温度对跨临界CO₂热泵系统(SBC)制热系数(C_oph)的影响。在此基础上建立了带喷射器的跨临界CO₂热泵系统(SEC)对应的热力学模型,利用Matlab编写系统循环程序,对系统性能进行数值模拟,分析当改变工作流体压力、工作流体温度和蒸发温度等参数时,喷射系数、喷射器出口工质干度和C_oph的变化规律。结果表明：仿真值与实验值较为吻合,建立的系统热力学模型准确性高;在工作流体温度由31℃升高到38℃时,SEC的最大C_oph比SBC的最大C_oph高出24.8%;在蒸发温度由5℃升高到13℃的过程中,SEC的最大C_oph比SBC的最大C_oph高出28%,喷射器大大减少了CO₂工质在膨胀过程中所产生的节流损失,对系统性能的提升有显著作用。     

对流热采油页岩过程低温余热ORC系统热力分析

为回收利用对流热采油页岩过程中产生的低温余热蒸汽,提出并设计有机朗肯循环(ORC)系统进行热力发电。在特定余热蒸汽参数条件下,基于R245fa循环工质,编制计算程序模拟分析了ORC系统变工况参数对该系统热效率及输出功率的影响规律。数值模拟结果表明:设定汽轮机背压为0.25MPa时,工质最高蒸发压力为2.566MPa,在此范围内,系统热效率随蒸发压力升高单调增加,增幅减缓;取蒸发器出口温度85℃时,对于不同的蒸发压力系统允许运行工质流量范围不同,在同一蒸发压力下,由于热源限制导致系统热效率并未随工质流量增加显著提高,但可得到更多输出净功;蒸发压力为1.5 MPa时,随余热排放温度的降低,系统输出净功显著提高;随汽轮机背压的降低,系统热效率得到明显改善,但汽轮机背压的降低增加了工质冷凝的困难,合适的背压值取0.2MPa。     

Phase change characteristics and their effect on the performance of hydrogen recirculation ejectors for PEMFC systems

The working fluid of the hydrogen recirculation ejector in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) systems is humid hydrogen containing water vapour. However, previous studies on the hydrogen recirculation ejector using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were based on the single-phase flow model without considering the phase change of water vapour. In this study, the characteristics of the phase change and its effect on the ejector performance are analysed according to a two-phase CFD model. The model is established based on a non-equilibrium condensation phase change. The results show that the average deviation of the entrainment ratio predicted by a single-phase flow model is 25.8% compared with experiments involving a hydrogen recirculation ejector, which is higher than the 15.1% predicted by the two-phase flow model. It can be determined that droplet nucleation occurs at the junction of the primary and secondary flow, with the maximum nucleation rate reaching 4.0 × 10²⁰ m^?3s^?1 at a primary flow pressure of 5.0 bar. The higher temperature, lower velocity, and higher pressure of the gas phase can be found in the mixing region due to condensation, resulting in a lower entrainment performance. The nucleation rate, droplet number, and liquid mass fraction increase remarkably with an increasing primary flow pressure. This study provides a meaningful reference for understanding phase change characteristics and two-phase flow behaviour in hydrogen recirculation ejectors for PEMFC systems.     

高温流体温度变化对液-气引射器内部汽化影响特性研究

为了揭示液-气引射器在工作流体温度较高时存在汽化的问题,通过建立液-气引射器三维模型,对不同温度工作流体引射器内部的流动状态进行了数值模拟,得到了引射器内部汽化的时变规律,明确了不同工作流体温度对引射器内部汽化的影响。研究表明,工作流体的温度越高,汽化现象越明显。该研究将为高温工作流体的液-气引射器的设计和安全运行提供了指导和参考。     

Optimization Study of a Coanda Ejector

The Coanda effect has long been employed in the aerospace applications to improve the performances of variousdevices.This effect is the ability of a flow to follow a curved contour without separation and has well been util-ized in ejectors where a high speed jet of fluid emerges from a nozzle in the ejector body, follows a curved sur-face and drags the secondary flow into the ejector.In Coanda ejectors,the secondary flow is dragged in the ejec-tor due to the primary flow momentum. The transfer of momentum from the primary flow to the secondary flowtakes place through turbulent mixing and viscous effects.The secondary flow is then dragged by turbulent shearforce of the ejector while being mixed with the primary flow by the persistence of a large turbulent intensitythroughout the ejector.The performance of a Coanda ejector is studied mainly based on how well it drags thesecondary flow and the amount of mixing between the two flows at the ejector exit.The aim of the present studyis to investigate the influence of various geometric parameters and pressure ratios on the Coanda ejector per-formance.The effect of various factors,such as,the pressure ratio, primary nozzle and ejector configurations onthe system performance has been evaluated based on a performance parameter defined elsewhere.The perform-ance of the Coanda ejector strongly depends on the primary nozzle configuration and the pressure ratio.The mix-ing layer growth plays a major role in optimizing the performance of the Coanda ejector as it decides the ratio ofsecondary mass flow rate to primary mass flow rate and the mixing length.     

Simulation and experimental measurements of 10-kW PEMFC passive hydrogen recovery system

Simulations are performed to examine the performance of a vacuum ejector in the hydrogen recovery loop of a 10-kW PEMFC system. The simulations commence by examining the effects of the primary flow fluid pressure and secondary flow temperature on the recirculation ratio and hydrogen stoichiometric ratio. Further simulations are then performed to investigate the temperature, pressure, velocity and Mach number distributions within the ejector for various values of the primary flow inlet pressure and temperature. A prototype ejector is fabricated using a 3D printing technique. Experiments are performed to evaluate the gas tightness and gas recovery performance of the ejector under realistic operating conditions. The simulation results show that the recirculation ratio and hydrogen stoichiometric ratio increase with a decreasing primary flow inlet pressure and secondary flow inlet temperature. As the primary flow inlet pressure increases, the pressure, velocity, and Mach number in the mixing chamber increase, and the hydrogen recovery performance decreases. Furthermore, as the temperature of the primary fluid flow increases, the stability of the isentropic flow condition within the ejector is enhanced. The experimental results show that the prototype vacuum ejector has a maximum gas leakage of just 0.7 psi and a minimum hydrogen recirculation rate of 59.3%. Consequently, it has significant potential for passive hydrogen recovery in large-scale fuel cell systems.     

PEMFC系统引射器设计及仿真研究

针对燃料电池汽车的运行特点,对氢气循环引射器进行了结构设计,利用Fluent软件对所设计的引射器进行了全工况模拟,确定了对引射器效率影响较大的变量。通过改变工作流体流量,并经过多次模拟后发现,为了使氢气引射器在怠速工况下不失效,引射器前端工作流体压力p_p要≥1.05 MPa。分析了工作流体质量流量G_p、喷嘴喉部直径d_(p*)和工作流体压力p_p对引射性能的影响,发现G_p对引射器的引射性能影响最大,并给出了G_p的取值范围。研究建议引射器设计时G_p在0.21~0.23 g·s~(-1)范围内最佳。     

Experimental and Numerical Analysis on the Internal Flow of Supersonic Ejector Under Different Working Modes

Supersonic ejectors involve very complex phenomena such as interaction between supersonic and subsonic flows, shock trains, instabilities, which strongly influences the performance of supersonic ejector. In this study, the static pressure distribution along the ejector wall and Mach number distribution along the axis are used to investigate the internal flow field of supersonic ejector. Results indicate that when the back pressure is much less than the critical back pressure, there are two series of shock trains, and the change of the back pressure will not affect the flow field before the effective area section, so the entrainment ratio would remain constant. The second shock train moves further upstream and is combined with the first shock train to form a single shock train as the back pressure rises. When the back pressure is greater than the critical back pressure, the position of the shock train, the static pressure at its upstream and the entrainment ratio, will be affected. The “effective area section” in the mixing tube is obtained. The effective area section position moves downstream with the increase of the primary flow pressure, while it moves upstream with the increase of the secondary flow pressure. The entrainment ratio shows inversely proportional relationship with the effective section position. Besides, the first shock train length increases with the increase of primary flow pressure or secondary flow pressure. The critical back pressure represents direct proportional relationship to the first shock train length.     

Unsteady flows of a scroll expander under various types of expansion process

本工作采用计算流体力学（CFD）的方法对适应于微型压缩空气储能（micro-CAES）系统的涡旋膨胀机工作过程进行非定常数值模拟,得到膨胀机内部压力场、速度场和温度场的分布,研究了相同排气背压下外膨胀比对涡旋膨胀机非稳态性能的影响规律及工作腔流场结构分布,结果显示：排气背压一定时,外膨胀比的变化对进气质量流量的脉动规律影响较小,外膨胀比的增加,增大了出口质量流量脉动程度、增大了膨胀机内压缩空气的热量利用程度、增大了膨胀机非稳态驱动力矩、增大了背压腔内二次流旋涡的强度和尺度,背压腔中存在明显局部高温区。     

The effect of secondary flows on the starting pressure for a second-throat supersonic ejector

The effect of the secondary flow on the starting pressure of a second-throat supersonic ejector has been investigated by adapting the height of the secondary flow inlet. The obtained results show that an optimum value of the secondary inlet height exists, and the starting pressure of the ejector becomes a minimum at that condition. Based on the results of the pressure measurements, a qualitative analysis has been made to clarify the flow behavior and the physical meaning of the performance diagram. It appears that the choking phenomenon of the secondary flow plays an important role in the starting process of the ejector. When the secondary inlet height is relatively small, the choked secondary flow and the supersonic primary flow could be employed to protect the static pressure in the suction chamber from being disturbed by the back pressure effect at a certain primary stagnation pressure, which is lower than the starting pressure for the case of the zero-secondary flow. However, as the secondary inlet height increases and exceeds a critical value, the static pressure in the suction chamber rapidly increases, and the starting pressure of the ejector increases accordingly.     

Experimental investigation on starting process of supersonic single-stage air ejector

This paper deals with experimental study of flow field of starting process in two-dimensional, single-stage supersonic ejector on different air total pressure. Schlieren pictures of flow field were taken, static pressure distribu-tions on side wall were measured. The obtained results show that, on critical pressure, the starting main shock waves in ejector oscillated back and forth between the second throat and the middle section of the mixing chamber, it causes the pressure in the second half of the mixing chamber acutely fluctuated .When the working pressure of the active flow is higher than the critical starting pressure, ejector starts normally and the inner flow-field of the mixing chamber keeps stable and the shock waves in the second throat have a certain degree of oscillation . After ejector starts, the operating pressure of the active flow may be lower than the starting pressure .     

Anode gas recirculation behavior of a fuel ejector in hybrid solid oxide fuel cell systems: Performance evaluation in three operational modes

In this paper, a theoretical model for the performance monitoring and fault detection of fuel ejectors in the hybrid solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system is proposed. The procedures of using the model to analyze ejector properties such as the primary mass flow rate, the secondary mass flow rate, the recirculation ratio and steam to carbon ratio (STCR) are introduced. Based on the model, the anode gas recirculation performances of a hybrid SOFC system are studied under various operating conditions. Results show that the model can be used to evaluate the performance of ejector not only in the critical mode but also in the subcritical and back flow modes, which is especially useful at SOFC off-design operating conditions such as start up, load changes and shut down.