不完备信息系统中知识获取算法

粗糙集理论是一种新的处理模糊和不确定知识的软计算工具.应用粗糙集理论,可以将隐藏在系统的知识能够以决策规则的形式表达出来.根据粗糙集上下近似的概念,决策规则能够分成确定性规则和可能性规则两种.本文将介绍从不完备信息系统中知识获取的算法,通过这些算法能够从不完备决策表中生成一种确定性的规则和两种可能性的规则,同时也介绍了不完备决策表中描述约简的算法.     

不完备区间值信息系统中的粗集理论

针对不完备区间值信息系统,提出了一种用于分类的偏序关系,并给出了计算这种偏序关系约简的实际操作方法．在不完备区间值决策系统中,根据基于偏序关系的粗糙集模型,引入了上、下近似约简的概念．上、下近似约简是保持所有决策类的下、上近似都不发生变化的最小属性子集,借此获取简化的决策规则．     

直觉模糊决策系统的知识约简

决策系统可划分为协调决策系统和不协调决策系统,两种系统的约简通常不一致。首先介绍相对约简、相对信任约简和相对似然约简的基本概念,并给出直觉模糊粗糙集具有数值特征的充分不必要条件,即上、下近似算子具有可加性和可乘性。然后分析决策系统的一致性,当为协调决策系统时,直觉模糊决策系统的相对约简、相对信任约简和相对似然约简三者等价;当为不协调决策系统时,在广义决策优势关系下,不协调决策系统的约简与协调决策系统等价。通过上述研究,进一步完善了直觉模糊粗糙集决策系统约简的研究。     

不完备模糊决策信息系统的粗集模型与精度约简

在不完备信息系统和模糊决策信息系统概念及其粗集模型的基础上,本文提出了不完备模糊决策信息系统的概念,给出了不完备模糊决策信息系统的粗糙集模型,它既不同于不完备近似空间上的信息系统又不同于完备空间上的模糊决策信息系统。该模型是完备模糊决策信息系统和经典决策信息系统粗糙集模型的推广。文中还给出了系统的精度约简概念及其约简算法。     

不完备信息系统中基于相似关系的知识约简

以具有丢失型未知属性值的不完备信息系统为研究对象,根据非对称相似关系,讨论了知识约简问题.在不完备决策系统中,引入了近似、粗糙分布约简以及广义决策约简,讨论了它们之间的相互关系,给出了近似分布约简的判定定理、可辨识矩阵以及约简公式,并进行了实例分析,为从不完备信息系统中获取知识提供了新的理论基础与操作手段.     

不完备目标信息系统中基于描述子的知识约简

以具有遗漏型未知属性值的不完备目标信息系统为研究对象,根据描述子的定义和基于描述子的粗糙集模型,讨论了知识约简问题.给出了求得描述子所有约简的具体操作方法.根据描述于的支持集与决策类之间的关系,提出了描述子的下、上近似相对约简概念,并给出这两种约简的判定定理及区分函数,为从不完备信息系统中获取简化的决策规则提供了新的理论基础与操作手段.     

一种基于模糊粗糙集知识获取方法

本文介绍了粗糙集和模糊粗糙集的上下近似。并且利用模糊粗糙上下近似算子，论述了在不完备模糊信息系统中知识获取的一种方法。应用这种方法能够让隐藏在不完备模糊信息系统中的知识，以决策规则的形式表示出来。最后给出了一种实现算法和实例。     

直觉模糊序决策系统的部分一致约简

直觉模糊决策系统是模糊决策系统的扩展,其中条件属性值均为直觉模糊元。讨论属性值之间带有序关系的直觉模糊决策系统,即直觉模糊序决策系统。首先,引入直觉模糊序决策系统的部分一致约简,并证明了在一致直觉模糊序决策系统中,部分一致约简恰为相对约简,因此部分一致约简是相对约简在不一致直觉模糊序决策系统中的扩展。其次,给出求解直觉模糊序决策系统全部部分一致约简的部分一致辨识矩阵和辨识函数。然后,介绍了部分一致约简的两种等价形式:下约简和下近似约简。最后,用实例验证了约简计算方法的可行性。     

基于决策规则的形式背景属性约简*

在经典形式背景中,利用对象和属性间的二元关系定义一对粗糙模糊上、下近似算子,讨论算子的基本性质,指出算子与已有粗糙近似算子的关系.利用定义的粗糙模糊上、下近似算子,得到两类决策规则,即确定性决策规则和可能性决策规则.针对两类决策规则,提出下近似约简和上近似约简的概念,关于上近似约简,得到可约属性和属性协调集的判别条件,给出属性约简方法,并举例说明方法的可行性.     

不完备模糊决策系统的启发式约简算法

在不完备信息系统和模糊决策信息系统的基础上,提出一种基于相容关系的不完备模糊决策信息系统的粗糙集模型,并重新定义了不完备模糊决策信息系统上任意子集的上下近似,给出了基于属性依赖度的启发式知识约简算法,通过实例验证了算法的可行性.     

Dominance-based rough set approach to incomplete interval-valued information system

Since preference order is a crucial feature of data concerning decision situations, the classical rough set model has been generalized by replacing the indiscernibility relation with a dominance relation. The purpose of this paper is to further investigate the dominance-based rough set in incomplete interval-valued information system, which contains both incomplete and imprecise evaluations of objects. By considering three types of unknown values in the incomplete interval-valued information system, a data complement method is used to transform the incomplete interval-valued information system into a traditional one. To generate the optimal decision rules from the incomplete interval-valued decision system, six types of relative reducts are proposed. Not only the relationships between these reducts but also the practical approaches to compute these reducts are then investigated. Some numerical examples are employed to substantiate the conceptual arguments.     

Induction of multiple fuzzy decision trees based on rough set technique

The integration of fuzzy sets and rough sets can lead to a hybrid soft-computing technique which has been applied successfully to many fields such as machine learning, pattern recognition and image processing. The key to this soft-computing technique is how to set up and make use of the fuzzy attribute reduct in fuzzy rough set theory. Given a fuzzy information system, we may find many fuzzy attribute reducts and each of them can have different contributions to decision-making. If only one of the fuzzy attribute reducts, which may be the most important one, is selected to induce decision rules, some useful information hidden in the other reducts for the decision-making will be losing unavoidably. To sufficiently make use of the information provided by every individual fuzzy attribute reduct in a fuzzy information system, this paper presents a novel induction of multiple fuzzy decision trees based on rough set technique. The induction consists of three stages. First several fuzzy attribute reducts are found by a similarity based approach, and then a fuzzy decision tree for each fuzzy attribute reduct is generated according to the fuzzy ID3 algorithm. The fuzzy integral is finally considered as a fusion tool to integrate the generated decision trees, which combines together all outputs of the multiple fuzzy decision trees and forms the final decision result. An illustration is given to show the proposed fusion scheme. A numerical experiment on real data indicates that the proposed multiple tree induction is superior to the single tree induction based on the individual reduct or on the entire feature set for learning problems with many attributes.     

Knowledge acquisition in incomplete fuzzy information systems via the rough set approach

Abstract: Machine learning can extract desired knowledge from training examples and ease the development bottleneck in building expert systems. Most learning approaches derive rules from complete and incomplete data sets. If attribute values are known as possibility distributions on the domain of the attributes, the system is called an incomplete fuzzy information system. Learning from incomplete fuzzy data sets is usually more difficult than learning from complete data sets and incomplete data sets. In this paper, we deal with the problem of producing a set of certain and possible rules from incomplete fuzzy data sets based on rough sets. The notions of lower and upper generalized fuzzy rough approximations are introduced. By using the fuzzy rough upper approximation operator, we transform each fuzzy subset of the domain of every attribute in an incomplete fuzzy information system into a fuzzy subset of the universe, from which fuzzy similarity neighbourhoods of objects in the system are derived. The fuzzy lower and upper approximations for any subset of the universe are then calculated and the knowledge hidden in the information system is unravelled and expressed in the form of decision rules.     

Positive approximation and converse approximation in interval-valued fuzzy rough sets

Methods of fuzzy rule extraction based on rough set theory are rarely reported in incomplete interval-valued fuzzy information systems. Thus, this paper deals with such systems. Instead of obtaining rules by attribute reduction, which may have a negative effect on inducting good rules, the objective of this paper is to extract rules without computing attribute reducts. The data completeness of missing attribute values is first presented. Positive and converse approximations in interval-valued fuzzy rough sets are then defined, and their important properties are discussed. Two algorithms based on positive and converse approximations, namely, mine rules based on the positive approximation (MRBPA) and mine rules based on the converse approximation (MRBCA), are proposed for rule extraction. The two algorithms are evaluated by several data sets from the UC Irvine Machine Learning Repository. The experimental results show that MRBPA and MRBCA achieve better classification performances than the method based on attribute reduction.     

Fuzzy rough set based attribute reduction for information systems with fuzzy decisions

Fuzzy rough set is a generalization of crisp rough set to deal with data sets with real value attributes. A primary use of fuzzy rough set theory is to perform attribute reduction for decision systems with numerical conditional attribute values and crisp (symbolic) decision attributes. In this paper we define inconsistent fuzzy decision system and their reductions, and develop discernibility matrix-based algorithms to find reducts. Finally, two heuristic algorithms are developed and comparison study is provided with the existing algorithms of attribute reduction with fuzzy rough sets. The proposed method in this paper can deal with decision systems with numerical conditional attribute values and fuzzy decision attributes rather than crisp ones. Experimental results imply that our algorithm of attribute reduction with general fuzzy rough sets is feasible and valid.     

Rule extraction based on granulation order in interval-valued fuzzy information system

Methods of fuzzy rule extraction based on rough set theory are rarely reported in incomplete interval-valued fuzzy information systems. This paper deals with such systems. Instead of obtaining rules by attribute reduction, which may have a negative effect on inducting good rules, the objective of this paper is to extract rules without computing attribute reducts. The data completeness of missing attribute values is first presented. Two different approximation methods are then defined. Two algorithms based on the two approximation methods, called MRBFA and MRBBA are proposed for rule extraction. The two algorithms are evaluated by a housing database from UCI. The experimental results show that MRBFA and MRBBA achieve better classification performances than the method based on attribute reduction.     

Dominance-based rough set approach and knowledge reductions in incomplete ordered information system

Many methods based on the rough set to deal with incomplete information systems have been proposed in recent years. However, they are only suitable for the incomplete systems with regular attributes whose domains are not preference-ordered. This paper thus attempts to present research focusing on a complex incomplete information system—the incomplete ordered information system. In such incomplete information systems, all attributes are considered as criterions. A criterion indicates an attribute with preference-ordered domain. To conduct classification analysis in the incomplete ordered information system, the concept of similarity dominance relation is first proposed. Two types of knowledge reductions are then formed for preserving two different notions of similarity dominance relations. With introduction of the approximate distribution reduct into the incomplete ordered decision system, the judgment theorems and discernibility matrixes associated with four novel approximate distribution reducts are obtained. A numerical example is employed to substantiate the conceptual arguments.     

一种基于粗糙2模糊集集成模型的决策分析方法

针对信息系统为连续属性的情况，提出一种将粗糙集与模糊集相结合来获取决策规则的方法，这种基于粗糙—模糊集集成模型求取决策规则的方法通过一个模糊隶属函数将连续属性值表示成模糊值，从而避免了连续属性的离散化问题，同时给出了连续属性值转换成模糊值的表示形式，提出了模糊相似关系和模糊相似类的概念，给出了粗糙—模糊近似空间的下、上近似及其性质以及模糊相似关系下属性约简的方法，最后以自修复飞行控制系统的效能评估为例，给出了自修复效能评估的决策规则。