TD—SCDMA系统联合检测矩阵求逆算法的研究与比较

多用户联合检测（JD）技术作为TD-SCDMA系统的关键技术之一,具有优良的抗多址干扰（MAI）和抗远近效应性能。文章在建立上行链路传播模型的基础上,以目前应用最广泛的迫零线性块均衡算法为例,对算法中最核心的矩阵求逆部分进行了深入的研究,对Cholesky分解算法和块FFT分解算法进行了理论分析和计算机仿真。仿真结果表明,块FFT分解算法较Cholesky分解算法检测性能为差,但复杂度有效降低。     

联合发送技术及其算法优化

利用TDD模式中上下行链路信道冲激响应相等这一互惠性，文献【1】提出了一种新的适用于TD-CDMA下行链路的多用户传输方式，联合传输(JT)，可以提高系统性能和减少系统复杂性，但基站采用最大ML算法，本文将JT技术应用于我国的TD-SCDMA系统，同时研究它的复杂度优化算法，很大程度上减少了基站负担。仿真结果证明了JT及其优化算法在TD-SCDMA下行链路的系统性能和复杂度方面的优越性。     

第三代移动通信系统多用户联合检测算法

多用户检测技术使用在第三代移动通信系统中可以提高系统的容量和性能。探讨了多用户联合检测技术的概念和特点，以及多用户联合检测算法的分类，并侧重介绍多用户联合检测算法中的自适应检测算法，分析比较了各种算法的计算复杂度。     

联合检测算法研究及其性能仿真

本文介绍了联合检测中的最小均方误差线性块均衡MMSE—BLE算法，并给出了详细的算法原理。在此基础上，研究了MMSE—BLE抑制ISI和MAI的能力，比较了在不同的噪声协方差环境下的性能，通过对上行和下行链路的仿真比较，得出了MMSE—BLE算法的性能更适合第三代移动通信系统的结论。     

降低多用户MIMO下行检测复杂性的联合发送技术

该文研究降低多用户MIMO下行链路检测复杂性的联合发送技术。首先给出了多用户MIMO下行链路模型,在此基础上导出了数据检测算法,每个移动台只需一个线性滤波器来完成数据检测,大大地降低了接收机的计算量,然后就TD-SCDMA系统应用环境进行了仿真和分析,结果说明了多用户MIMO联合发送方案的优越性和良好的应用前景。     

一种多径衰落信道中的多用户检测算法

针对多径衰落CDMA信道,提出了一种基于信号子空间估计的联合盲特征波形估计与多用户检测方案,分析了两处线性多用户检测器（解相关检测器和线性MMSE检测器）在信号子空间参数下的闭式解及其抗远近效应能力,并讨论了用于联合盲特征波形估计与多用户检测实现的PASTd算法。最后给出了仿真结果。     

线性联合检测算法在TD-SCDMA系统中的性能分析与比较

时分、同步码分多址（TD－SCDMA）系统是基于时分双工（TDD）的块传输系统，它使用了联合检测这项关键技术来抵抗符号间干扰（ISI）和多址干扰（MAI）。以上行链路为例，本文分析了三种线性联合检测算法－－匹配滤波块均衡器（MF－BLE）、迫零块均衡器（ZF－BLE）和最小均方误差块均衡器（MMSE－BLE）。从理论上，我们描述了这三种线性联合检测算法的基本原理，并对它们进行了比较（包括抗干扰性能和计算量）。随后，我们模拟了不同参数条件下（信道模型、码道数目、天线数目）这几种算法的性能，并与理论分析进行对照，得出一定结论。     

广义分布式网络架构下的多用户联合干扰抑制

针对广义分布式网络架构中相邻小区多用户干扰抑制的理论空白，构建了干扰小区集合的系统模型，继而提出两种该架构下可行的多用户联合于扰抑制算法．其中，交叉迭代联合检测（CI-JD，Crossed Iterative Joint Detection）算法利用多用户之间的逐级干扰消除，可以在运算复杂度增加不多的情况下显著改善系统性能；全局联合检测（G-JD，Global Joint Detection）算法通过对多用户信息的统一建模，有效抑制了相邻小区用户间的干扰，同时获得系统分集增益．仿真结果验证了本文所述两种算法的可行性及有效性。     

MC-CDMA uplink的一种新型多用户检测技术

由于多载波传输数据和基于快速傅里叶变换（Fast Fourier Transform，FFT）的矩形窗截取，MC—CDMA（Muhi—Carrier CDMA）系统对频率偏差十分敏感，同时上行链路信号的异步性和信道的非线性，令MC—CDMA从单载波扩频系统继承来的线性多用户检测手段和分集合并技术变得不再有效，信道估计困难而不准确。为了在这种条件下提高信号检测的性能，提出了基于支撑向量机增量学习算法（Incremental Support Vector Machine，ISVM）的MC—CDMA上行链路多用户检测器。该检测器在标准支撑向量机（Support Vector Machine，SVM）的基础上舍弃历史样本，减少不必要的训练，同时合理地处理了新增样本和原支撑向量机分界面的关系，保留了强大的非线性分类力。通过仿真实验，与常用的检测技术以及最佳检测曲线比较，表明该检测器能很好地逼近最佳检测器。     

MC-CDMA系统中一种预处理线性受限多用户检测算法

本文提出了MC-CDMA系统中一种预处理线性受限最小二乘恒模多用户检测算法(Pre-processed Linearly Con- strained Least Squares Constant Modulus Multi-user detection Algorithm),称为P-LCLSCMA。它是对MC-CDMA接收信号进行预处理,即在每次迭代中,用已估信道参数先消除信道在各个子载波上对期望用户信号的影响,然后对处理后的信号用P- LCLSCMA算法进行多用户检测,从而确保了算法收敛于期望信号,提高了系统的检测性能。我们对这种新算法分别在下行链路和上行链路进行了仿真,仿真结果表明,本文提出的P-LCLSCMA算法的误码率和信干比性能得到了提高。     

Turbo Multiuser Detection for TD-CDMA

In this paper the novel detection scheme multi-step joint detection for TD-CDMA mobile radio systems is presented. Multi-step joint detection uses the turbo principle for iteratively improving data detection. Extrinsic information obtained by FEC-decoding in a previous step is used for a joint reduction of interference and improvement of asymptotic efficiency of the linear multiuser detector. Multi-step joint detection helps to overcome the problems of small asymptotic efficiencies present in linear multiuser detectors like the zero forcing equalizer in TD-CDMA mobile radio systems in the case of high system loads. Simultaneously complexity is much lower than that of optimum nonlinear multiuser detectors based on the Viterbi algorithm. As an alternative to simulations the performance of multi-step joint detection can be theoretically determined under certain not too restrictive assumptions. Both approximate and simulative performance results are presented in the paper. It is shown that in typical mobile radio systems the required SNR at the receiver input can be reduced by approximately 10 dB compared to linear multiuser detection. Thus, multi-step joint detection helps to increase the permissible number of mobile stations per cell or to decrease the required cluster size in TD-CDMA mobile radio systems and thus improves spectrum efficiency and capacity.     

Comparative study of joint-detection techniques for TD-CDMA basedmobile radio systems

Third-generation mobile radio systems use time division-code division multiple access (TD-CDMA) in their time division duplex (TDD) mode. Due to the time division multiple access (TDMA) component of TD-CDMA, joint (or multi-user) detection techniques can be implemented with a reasonable complexity. Therefore, joint-detection will already be implemented in the first phase of the system deployment to eliminate the intracell interference. In a TD-CDMA mobile radio system, joint-detection is performed by solving a least squares problem, where the system matrix has a block-Sylvester structure. We present and compare several techniques that reduce the computational complexity of the joint-detection task even further by exploiting this block-Sylvester structure and by incorporating different approximations. These techniques are based on the Cholesky factorization, the Levinson algorithm, the Schur algorithm, and on Fourier techniques, respectively. The focus of this paper is on Fourier techniques since they have the smallest computational complexity and achieve the same performance as the joint-detection algorithm that does not use any approximations. Similar to the well-known implementation of fast convolutions, the resulting Fourier-based joint-detection scheme also uses a sequence of fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) and overlapping. It is well suited for the implementation on parallel hardware architectures     

A hardware demonstrator for TD-CDMA

TD-CDMA is an air interface concept for third-generation mobile radio systems. It utilizes a combination of the three elementary multiple-access schemes: frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), time-division multiple access (TDMA) and code-division multiple access (CDMA). Multiple-access interference (MAI) and intersymbol interference (ISI) are combated by joint detection of all simultaneous signals of the same cell, achieving a high spectrum efficiency. The authors have been involved in the implementation of a first experimental hardware setup of a TD-CDMA mobile radio system. Important objectives of this project are the demonstration of the economic feasibility of CDMA receivers utilizing joint detection and the performance verification of TD-CDMA by measurement campaigns. The authors present a new way of modeling the TD-CDMA receiver in the form of a data-flow model. This model serves as a starting point for the systematic design of an efficient software architecture for TD-CDMA based on a multiprocessor system. The complete digital signal processing (DSP) of a mobile terminal or of a base station can be implemented on a single Texas Instruments digital signal processor TMS320C80. Measurement results obtained by first field trials are presented. The system parameters of the TD-CDMA demonstrator described are similar but not equal to those chosen for the time-division duplex (TDD) mode of the UMTS terrestrial air interface according to the ETSI decision taken in January 1998.     

Smart antennas for combined DOA and joint channel estimation intime-slotted CDMA mobile radio systems with joint detection

In cellular mobile radio systems, the directional inhomogeneity of the mobile radio channel can be exploited by smart antennas to increase the spectral efficiency. In this paper, a novel smart antenna concept applying receiver antenna diversity at the uplink receiver is investigated for a time-slotted code-division multiple-access (CDMA) mobile radio air interface termed time-division CDMA (TD-CDMA), which has been selected by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in January 1998 to form part of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) air interface standard. First, a combined direction-of-arrival (DOA) and joint channel estimation scheme is presented, which is based on DOA estimation using the Unitary ESPRIT algorithm and maximum likelihood estimation of the channel impulse responses associated with the estimated DOA's, which can also be used as an input for advanced mobile positioning schemes in UMTS. The performance of the combined DOA and joint channel estimation is compared with the conventional channel estimation through simulations in rural and urban propagation environments. Moreover, a novel joint data detection scheme is considered, which explicitly takes into account the signal DOA's and the associated channel impulse responses. The link level performance of a TD-CDMA mobile radio system using these novel schemes is evaluated by Monte Carlo simulations of data transmission, and average bit error rates (BER's) are determined for rural and urban propagation environments. The simulation results indicate that, depending on the propagation environment, the exploitation of the knowledge of the directional inhomogeneity of the mobile radio channel can lead to considerable system performance enhancements     

Joint detection with low computational complexity for hybridTD-CDMA systems

In the hybrid multiple access technique time division-code division multiple access (TD-CDMA), both multiple-access interference and intersymbol interference (ISI) arise. In order to combat the overall interference, we propose four efficient joint detection schemes based on zero-forcing and minimum-mean square error criteria. By exploiting the Toeplitz-block structure of matrices and the asymptotic equivalence between finite-order Toeplitz matrices and circulant matrices, most computations can be carried out very efficiently through extensive use of discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and independent DFT (IDFT) transforms. Performance results based on the UMTS scenario are presented     

Joint spatial-frequency blind multiuser detection based on LCCMA

Multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) has the ability to combat with frequency selective fading and antenna array can enhance the performance of system. The paper proposes a novel joint spatial-frequency blind multiuser detection for antenna array MC-CDMA based on linear constraint constant modulation algorithm (LCCMA), which has robust performance and can ensue the weight vectors to converge to that of the desired user. Simulation indicates the proposed algorithm has better bit error ratio (BER) performance than that of the traditional beamforming-based two-step algorithm.     

基于SSCANL译码器的联合迭代检测译码算法

为了提升基于极化码的稀疏码多址接入（sparse code multiple access,SCMA）系统接收机性能,提出了基于简化软消除列表（simplify soft cancellation list,SSCANL）译码器的循环冗余校验（cyclic redundancy check,CRC）辅助联合迭代检测译码接收机方案。该方案中极化码译码器使用SSCANL译码算法,采用译码节点删除技术对软消除列表（soft cancellation list,SCANL）算法所需要的L次软消除译码（soft cancellation, SCAN）进行简化,通过近似删除冻结位节点,简化节点间软信息更新计算过程,从而降低译码算法的计算复杂度。仿真结果表明,SSCANL算法可获得与SCANL算法一致的性能,其计算复杂度与SCANL算法相比有所降低,码率越低,算法复杂度降低效果越好;且基于SSCANL译码器的CRC 辅助联合迭代检测译码接收机方案相较基于SCAN译码器的联合迭代检测译码（joint iterative detection and decoding based on SCAN decoder, JIDD-SCAN）方案、基于SCAN译码器的CRC辅助联合迭代检测译码（CRC aided joint iterative detection and decoding based on SCAN decoder,C-JIDD-SCAN）方案,在误码率为10^-4时,性能分别提升了约0.65 dB、0.59 dB。     

大规模MIMO系统低复杂度混合迭代信号检测

在大规模MIMO系统上行链路信号检测算法中,最小均方误差(MMSE)算法能获得接近最优的线性检测性能.但是,传统的MMSE检测算法涉及高维矩阵求逆运算,由于复杂度过高而使其在实际应用中难以快速有效地实现.基于最速下降(steepest descent,SD)算法和高斯一赛德尔(Gauss-Seidel,GS)迭代的方法提出了一种低复杂度的混合迭代算法,利用SD算法为复杂度相对较低的GS迭代算法提供有效的搜索方向,以加快算法收敛的速度.同时,给出了一种用于信道译码的比特似然比(LLR)近似计算方法.仿真结果表明,通过几次迭代,给出的算法能够快速收敛并接近MMSE检测性能,并将算法复杂度降低一个数量级,保持在O(K2).     

面向多区域视频监控的运动目标检测系统

为了实现视频监控现场多区域运动目标检测,分析了传统运动检测算法的不足,结合帧间差分法和背景差分法,提出背景动态更新的运动检测算法。该算法能自适应背景的变化,减少由背景变化造成的误检测。构建基于FPGA的视频监控系统,在FPGA上用该算法实现了640pixel×480pixel,30帧/s视频信号流的运动目标实时检测。系统提供了分区域运动目标检测的功能。检测区域的大小、位置和个数可通过简单的按键操作进行设定。测试结果表明,系统可以实时地对进入划定区域的运动目标进行检测和闪烁告警,且资源占用较少,适合在小规模的FPGA上进行实现。     

Joint MAP channel estimation and data detection for OFDM in presence of phase noise from free running and phase locked loop oscillator

This paper addresses a computationally compact and statistically optimal joint Maximum a Posteriori (MAP) algorithm for channel estimation and data detection in the presence of Phase Noise (PHN) in iterative Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) receivers used for high speed and high spectral efficient wireless communication systems. The MAP cost function for joint estimation and detection is derived and optimized further with the proposed cyclic gradient descent optimization algorithm. The proposed joint estimation and detection algorithm relaxes the restriction of small PHN assumptions and utilizes the prior statistical knowledge of PHN spectral components to produce a statistically optimal solution. The frequency-domain estimation of Channel Transfer Function (CTF) in frequency selective fading makes the method simpler, compared with the estimation of Channel Impulse Response (CIR) in the time domain. Two different time-varying PHN models, produced by Free Running Oscillator (FRO) and Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) oscillator, are presented and compared for performance difference with proposed OFDM receiver. Simulation results for joint MAP channel estimation are compared with Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB), and the simulation results for joint MAP data detection are compared with “NO PHN” performance to demonstrate that the proposed joint MAP estimation and detection algorithm achieve near-optimum performance even under multipath channel fading.