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1.
Cathode design is indispensable for building Li‐O2 batteries with long cycle life. A composite of carbon‐wrapped Mo2C nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes is prepared on Ni foam by direct hydrolysis and carbonization of a gel composed of ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate and hydroquinone resin. The Mo2C nanoparticles with well‐controlled particle size act as a highly active oxygen reduction reactions/oxygen evolution reactions (ORR/OER) catalyst. The carbon coating can prevent the aggregation of the Mo2C nanoparticles. The even distribution of Mo2C nanoparticles results in the homogenous formation of discharge products. The skeleton of porous carbon with carbon nanotubes protrudes from the composite, resulting in extra voids when applied as a cathode for Li‐O2 batteries. The batteries deliver a high discharge capacity of ≈10 400 mAh g?1 and a low average charge voltage of ≈4.0 V at 200 mA g?1. With a cutoff capacity of 1000 mAh g?1, the Li‐O2 batteries exhibit excellent charge–discharge cycling stability for over 300 cycles. The average potential polarization of discharge/charge gaps is only ≈0.9 V, demonstrating the high ORR and OER activities of these Mo2C nanoparticles. The excellent cycling stability and low potential polarization provide new insights into the design of highly reversible and efficient cathode materials for Li‐O2 batteries.  相似文献   

2.
Potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs) are new‐concept of low‐cost secondary batteries, but the sluggish kinetics and huge volume expansion during cycling, both rooted in the size of large K ions, lead to poor electrochemical behavior. Here, a bamboo‐like MoS2/N‐doped‐C hollow tubes are presented with an expanded interlayer distance of 10 Å as a high‐capacity and stable anode material for KIBs. The bamboo‐like structure provides gaps along axial direction in addition to inner cylinder hollow space to mitigate the strains in both radial and vertical directions that ultimately leads to a high structural integrity for stable long‐term cycling. Apart from being a constituent of the interstratified structure the N‐doped‐C layers weave a cage to hold the potassiation products (polysulfide and the Mo nanoparticles) together, thereby effectively hindering the continuing growth of solid electrolyte interphase in the interior of particles. The density functional theory calculations prove that the MoS2/N‐doped‐C atomic interface can provide an additional attraction toward potassium ion. As a result, it delivers a high capacity at a low current density (330 mAh g?1 at 50 mA g?1 after 50 cycles) and a high‐capacity retention at a high current density (151 mAh g?1 at 500 mA g?1 after 1000 cycles).  相似文献   

3.
Metal oxide‐based nanomaterials are widely studied because of their high‐energy densities as anode materials in lithium‐ion batteries. However, the fast capacity degradation resulting from the large volume expansion upon lithiation hinders their practical application. In this work, the preparation of walnut‐like multicore–shell MnO encapsulated nitrogen‐rich carbon nanocapsules (MnO@NC) is reported via a facile and eco‐friendly process for long‐cycling Li‐ion batteries. In this hybrid structure, MnO nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed inside carbon nanoshells, which can simultaneously act as a conductive framework and also a protective buffer layer to restrain the volume variation. The MnO@NC nanocapsules show remarkable electrochemical performances for lithium‐ion batteries, exhibiting high reversible capability (762 mAh g?1 at 100 mA g?1) and stable cycling life (624 mAh g?1 after 1000 cycles at 1000 mA g?1). In addition, the soft‐packed full batteries based on MnO@NC nanocapsules anodes and commercial LiFePO4 cathodes present good flexibility and cycling stability.  相似文献   

4.
To develop high‐performance anode materials of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) instead of commercial graphite for practical applications, herein, a layer of silicon has been well‐anchored onto a 3D graphene/carbon nanotube (CNT) aerogels (CAs) framework with face‐to‐face contact and balanced open void by a simple chemical vapor deposition strategy. The engineered contact interface between CAs and Si creates high‐efficiency channels for the rapid electrons and lithium ions transport, and meanwhile, the balanced open‐void allows the free expansion of Si during cycling while maintaining high structural integrity due to the robust mechanical strength of 3D CAs framework. As a consequence, the as‐synthesized Si/CAs nanohybrids are highly stable anode materials for LIBs with a high reversible discharge capacity (1498 mAh g?1 at 200 mA g?1) and excellent rate capability (462 mAh g?1 at 10 000 mA g?1), which is much better than Si/graphene‐CNTs‐mixture (51 mAh g?1 at 10 000 mA g?1). More significantly, it is found that the Si/CAs nanohybrids display no obvious capacity decline even after 2000 cycles at a high current density of 10 000 mA g?1. The present Si/CAs nanohybrids are one of the most stable Si‐based anode materials ever reported for LIBs to date.  相似文献   

5.
Although abundant germanium (Ge)‐based anode materials have been explored to obtain high specific capacity, high rate performance, and long charge/discharge lifespans for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), their performances are still far from satisfactory due to the intrinsic defects of Ge and the relatively intricate anode structure. To work out these issues, a 3D ordered porous N‐doped carbon framework with Ge quantum dots uniformly embedded (3DOP Ge@N? C) as a binder‐free anode for LIBs via a facile polystyrene colloidal nanospheres template‐confined strategy is proposed. This unique structure not only facilitates Li‐ion diffusion and electron transport that can guarantee rapid de/alloying reaction, but also alleviates the huge volume changes during reactions and improves cycling stability. Notably, the resulting anode delivers a high specific reversible capacity (≈1160 mA h g?1 at 1 A g?1), superior rate properties (exceeding 500 mA h g?1 at 40 A g?1), and excellent cycling stability (over 90% capacity retention after 1200 cycles even at 5 A g?1). Furthermore, both the 3DOP Ge@N? C anode with high areal mass loading (up to 8 mg cm?2) and the full cell coupled with LiFePO4 cathode display high capacity and cycling stability, further indicative of the favorable real‐life application prospects for high‐energy LIBs.  相似文献   

6.
Potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs) in organic electrolytes hold great promise as an electrochemical energy storage technology owing to the abundance of potassium, close redox potential to lithium, and similar electrochemistry with lithium system. Although carbon materials have been studied as KIB anodes, investigations on KIB cathodes have been scarcely reported. A comprehensive study on potassium Prussian blue K0.220Fe[Fe(CN)6]0.805?4.01H2O nanoparticles as a potential cathode material is for the first time reported. The cathode exhibits a high discharge voltage of 3.1–3.4 V, a high reversible capacity of 73.2 mAh g?1, and great cyclability at both low and high rates with a very small capacity decay rate of ≈0.09% per cycle. Electrochemical reaction mechanism analysis identifies the carbon‐coordinated FeIII/FeII couple as redox‐active site and proves structural stability of the cathode during charge/discharge. Furthermore, for the first time, a KIB full‐cell is presented by coupling the nanoparticles with commercial carbon materials. The full‐cell delivers a capacity of 68.5 mAh g?1 at 100 mA g?1 and retains 93.4% of the capacity after 50 cycles. Considering the low cost and material sustainability as well as the great electrochemical performances, this work may pave the way toward more studies on KIB cathodes and trigger future attention on rechargeable KIBs.  相似文献   

7.
Despite their high theoretical specific capacity (1675 mA h g?1), the practical application of Li–S batteries remains limited because the capacity rapidly degrades through severe dissolution of lithium polysulfide and the rate capability is low because of the low electronic conductivity of sulfur. This paper describes novel hierarchical yolk–shell microspheres comprising 1D bamboo‐like N‐doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) encapsulating Co nanoparticles (Co@BNCNTs YS microspheres) as efficient cathode hosts for Li–S batteries. The microspheres are produced via a two‐step process that involves generation of the microsphere followed by N‐doped CNTs growth. The hierarchical yolk–shell structure enables efficient sulfur loading and mitigates the dissolution of lithium polysulfides, and metallic Co and N doping improves the chemical affinity of the microspheres with sulfur species. Accordingly, a Co@BNCNTs YS microsphere‐based cathode containing 64 wt% sulfur exhibits a high discharge capacity of 700.2 mA h g?1 after 400 cycles at a current density of 1 C (based on the mass of sulfur); this corresponds to a good capacity retention of 76% and capacity fading rate of 0.06% per cycle with an excellent rate performance (752 mA h g?1 at 2.0 C) when applied as cathode hosts for Li–S batteries.  相似文献   

8.
Potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) are currently drawing increased attention as a promising alternative to lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) owing to the abundant resource and low cost of potassium. However, due to the large ionic radius size of K+, electrode material that can stably maintain K+ insertion/deintercalation is still extremely inadequate, especially for anode material with a satisfactory reversible capacity. As an attempt, nitrogen/carbon dual‐doped hierarchical NiS2 is introduced as the electrode material in PIBs for the first time. Considering that the introduction of the carbon layer effectively alleviates the volume expansion of the material itself, further improves the electronic conductivity, and finally accelerates the charge transfer of K+, not surprisingly, NiS2 decorated with the bifunctional carbon (NiS2@C@C) material electrode shows excellent potassium storage performances. When utilized as a PIB anode, it delivers a high reversible capacity of 302.7 mAh g?1 at 50 mA g?1 after 100 cycles. The first coulombic efficiency is 78.6% and rate performance is 151.2 mAh g?1 at 1.6 A g?1 of the NiS2@C@C, which are also notable. Given such remarkable electrochemical properties, this work is expected to provide more possibilities for the reasonable design of advanced electrode materials for metal sulfide potassium ion batteries.  相似文献   

9.
With the increasing demand for low cost, long lifetime, high energy density storage systems, an extensive amount of effort has recently been focused on the development of sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), and a variety of cathode materials have been discovered. However, looking for the most suitable anode material for practical application is a major challenge for SIBs. Herein, a high capacity sulfur‐doped black phosphorus‐TiO2 (TiO2‐BP‐S) anode material for SIBs is first synthesized by a feasible and large‐scale high‐energy ball‐milling approach, and its stability in air exposure is investigated through X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The morphology of TiO2‐BP‐S is characterized using transmission electron microscopy, indicating that the TiO2 nanoparticles produce P? Ti bonds with BP. The TiO2‐BP‐S composite with P? S and P? Ti bonds exhibits excellent stability in air and the superior electrochemical performance. For example, the discharge specific capacity is up to 490 mA h g?1 after 100 cycles at 50 mA g?1, and it remains at 290 mA h g?1 after 600 cycles at 500 mA g?1. Meanwhile, the scientific insight that the formation of stable P? S and P? Ti bonds can provide a guide for the practical large‐scale application of SIBs in other titanium base and black phosphorus materials is looked forward.  相似文献   

10.
A facile one‐step spraying synthesis of MoS2/C microspheres and their enhanced electrochemical performance as anode of sodium‐ion batteries is reported. An aerosol spraying pyrolysis without any template is employed to synthesize MoS2/C microspheres, in which ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets (≈2 nm) with enlarged interlayers (≈0.64 nm) are homogeneously embedded in mesoporous carbon microspheres. The as‐synthesized mesoporous MoS2/C microspheres with 31 wt% carbon have been applied as an anode material for sodium ion batteries, demonstrating long cycling stability (390 mAh g?1 after 2500 cycles at 1.0 A g?1) and high rate capability (312 mAh g?1 at 10.0 A g?1 and 244 mAh g?1 at 20.0 A g?1). The superior electrochemical performance is due to the uniform distribution of ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets in mesoporous carbon frameworks. This kind of structure not only effectively improves the electronic and ionic transport through MoS2/C microspheres, but also minimizes the influence of pulverization and aggregation of MoS2 nanosheets during repeated sodiation and desodiation.  相似文献   

11.
Hybrid potassium‐ion capacitors (KICs) show great promise for large‐scale storage on the power grid because of cost advantages, the weaker Lewis acidity of K+ and low redox potential of K+/K. However, a huge challenge remains for designing high‐performance K+ storage materials since K+ ions are heavier and larger than Li+ and Na+. Herein, the synthesis of hierarchical Ca0.5Ti2(PO4)3@C microspheres by use of the electrospraying method is reported. Benefiting from the rich vacancies in the crystal structure and rational nanostructural design, the hybrid Ca0.5Ti2(PO4)3@C electrode delivers a high reversible capacity (239 mA h g?1) and superior rate performance (63 mA h g?1 at 5 A g?1). Moreover, the KIC employing a Ca0.5Ti2(PO4)3@C anode and activated carbon cathode, affords a high energy/power density (80 W h kg?1 and 5144 W kg?1) in a potential window of 1.0–4.0 V, as well as a long lifespan of over 4000 cycles. In addition, in situ X‐ray diffraction is used to unravel the structural transition in Ca0.5Ti2(PO4)3, suggesting a two‐phase transition above 0.5 V during the initial discharge and solid solution processes during the subsequent K+ insertion/extraction. The present study demonstrates a low‐cost potassium‐based energy storage device with high energy/power densities and a long lifespan.  相似文献   

12.
Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as promising alternatives to lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) for energy storage due to the abundance of sodium, especially for grid distribution systems. The practical implementation of SIBs, however, is severely hindered by their low energy density and poor cycling stability due to the poor electrochemical performance of the existing electrodes. Here, to achieve high‐capacity and durable sodium storage with good rate capability, hierarchical hollow NiS spheres with porous shells composed of nanoparticles are designed and synthesized by tuning the reaction parameters. The formation mechanism of this unique structure is systematically investigated, which is clearly revealed to be Ostwald ripening mechanism on the basis of the time‐dependent morphology evolution. The hierarchical hollow structure provides sufficient electrode/electrolyte contact, shortened Na+ diffusion pathways, and high strain‐tolerance capability. The hollow NiS spheres deliver high reversible capacity (683.8 mAh g?1 at 0.1 A g?1), excellent rate capability (337.4 mAh g?1 at 5 A g?1), and good cycling stability (499.9 mAh g?1 with 73% retention after 50 cycles at 0.1 A g?1).  相似文献   

13.
Poly(thiophene) as a kind of n‐doped conjugated polymer with reversible redox behavior can be employed as anode material for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, the low redox activity and poor rate performance for the poly(thiophene)‐based anodes limit its further development. Herein, a structure‐design strategy is reported for thiophene‐containing conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) with extraordinary electrochemical performance as anode materials in LIBs. The comparative study on the electrochemical performance of the structure‐designed thiophene‐containing CMPs reveals that high redox‐active thiophene content, highly crosslinked porous structure, and improved surface area play significant roles for enhancing electrochemical performances of the resulting CMPs. The all‐thiophene‐based polymer of poly(3,3′‐bithiophene) with crosslinked structure and a high surface area of 696 m2 g?1 exhibits a discharge capacity of as high as 1215 mAh g?1 at 45 mA g?1, excellent rate capability, and outstanding cycling stability with a capacity retention of 663 mAh g?1 at 500 mA g?1 after 1000 cycles. The structure–performance relationships revealed in this work offer a fundamental understanding in the rational design of CMPs anode materials for high performance LIBs.  相似文献   

14.
Aqueous dual‐ion batteries (DIBs) are promising for large‐scale energy storage due to low cost and inherent safety. However, DIBs are limited by low capacity and poor cycling of cathode materials and the challenge of electrolyte decomposition. In this study, a new cathode material of nitrogen‐doped microcrystalline graphene‐like carbon is investigated in a water‐in‐salt electrolyte of 30 m ZnCl2, where this carbon cathode stores anions reversibly via both electrical double layer adsorption and ion insertion. The (de)insertion of anions in carbon lattice delivers a high‐potential plateau at 1.85 V versus Zn2+/Zn, contributing nearly 1/3 of the capacity of 134 mAh g?1 and half of the stored energy. This study shows that both the unique carbon structure and concentrated ZnCl2 electrolyte play critical roles in allowing anion storage in carbon cathode for this aqueous DIB.  相似文献   

15.
Zn batteries potentially offer the highest energy density among aqueous batteries that are inherently safe, inexpensive, and sustainable. However, most cathode materials in Zn batteries suffer from capacity fading, particularly at a low current rate. Herein, it is shown that the ZnCl2 “water‐in‐salt” electrolyte (WiSE) addresses this capacity fading problem to a large extent by facilitating unprecedented performance of a Zn battery cathode of Ca0.20V2O5?0.80H2O. Upon increasing the concentration of aqueous ZnCl2 electrolytes from 1 m to 30 m, the capacity of Ca0.20V2O5?0.80H2O rises from 296 mAh g?1 to 496 mAh g?1; its absolute working potential increases by 0.4 V, and most importantly, at a low current rate of 50 mA g?1, that is, C/10; its capacity retention increases from 8.4% to 51.1% over 100 cycles. Ex situ characterization results point to the formation of a new ready‐to‐dissolve phase on the electrode in the dilute electrolyte. The results demonstrate that the Zn‐based WiSE may provide the underpinning platform for the applications of Zn batteries for stationary grid‐level storage.  相似文献   

16.
Herein, high‐content N‐doped carbon nanotube (CNT) microspheres (HNCMs) are successfully synthesized through simple spray drying and one‐step pyrolysis. HNCM possesses a hierarchically porous architecture and high‐content N‐doping. In particular, HNCM800 (HNCM pyrolyzed at 800 °C) shows high nitrogen content of 12.43 at%. The porous structure derived from well‐interconnected CNTs not only offers a highly conductive network and blocks diffusion of soluble lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) in physical adsorption, but also allows sufficient sulfur infiltration. The incorporation of N‐rich CNTs provides strong chemical immobilization for LiPSs. As a sulfur host for lithium–sulfur batteries, good rate capability and high cycling stability is achieved for HNCM/S cathodes. Particularly, the HNCM800/S cathode delivers a high capacity of 804 mA h g?1 at 0.5 C after 1000 cycles corresponding to low fading rate (FR) of only 0.011% per cycle. Remarkably, the cathode with high sulfur loading of 6 mg cm?2 still maintains high cyclic stability (capacity of 555 mA h g?1 after 1000 cycles, FR 0.038%). Additionally, CNT/Co3O4 microspheres are obtained by the oxidation of CNTs/Co in the air. The as‐prepared CNT/Co3O4 microspheres are employed as an anode for lithium‐ion batteries and present excellent cycling performance.  相似文献   

17.
Lithium‐carbon dioxide (Li‐CO2) batteries are considered promising energy‐storage systems in extreme environments with ultra‐high CO2 concentrations, such as Mars with 96% CO2 in the atmosphere, due to their potentially high specific energy densities. However, besides having ultra‐high CO2 concentration, another vital but seemingly overlooked fact lies in that Mars is an extremely cold planet with an average temperature of approximately ?60 °C. The existing Li‐CO2 batteries could work at room temperature or higher, but they will face severe performance degradation or even a complete failure once the ambient temperature falls below 0 °C. Herein, ultra‐low‐temperature Li‐CO2 batteries are demonstrated by designing 1,3‐dioxolane‐based electrolyte and iridium‐based cathode, which show both a high deep discharge capacity of 8976 mAh g?1 and a long lifespan of 150 cycles (1500 h) with a fixed 500 mAh g?1 capacity per cycle at ?60 °C. The easy‐to‐decompose discharge products in small size on the cathode and the suppressed parasitic reactions both in the electrolyte and on the Li anode at low temperatures together contribute to the above high electrochemical performances.  相似文献   

18.
Mg batteries as the most typical multivalent batteries are attracting increasing attention because of resource abundance, high volumetric energy density, and smooth plating/stripping of Mg anodes. However, current limitations for the progress of Mg batteries come from the lack of high voltage electrolytes and fast Mg‐insertable structure prototypes. In order to improve their energy or power density, hybrid systems combining Li‐driven cathode reaction with Mg anode process appear to be a potential solution by bypassing the aforementioned limitations. Here, FeS x (x = 1 or 2) is employed as conversion cathode with 2–4 electron transfers to achieve a maximum energy density close to 400 Wh kg?1, which is comparable with that of Li‐ion batteries but without serious dendrite growth and polysulphide dissolution. In situ formation of solid electrolyte interfaces on both sulfide and Mg electrodes is likely responsible for long‐life cycling and suppression of S‐species passivation at Mg anodes. Without any decoration on the cathode, electrolyte additive, or anode protection, a reversible capacity of more than 200 mAh g?1 is still preserved for Mg/FeS2 after 200 cycles.  相似文献   

19.
Herein, Ti4+ in P′2‐Na0.67[(Mn0.78Fe0.22)0.9Ti0.1]O2 is proposed as a new strategy for optimization of Mn‐based cathode materials for sodium‐ion batteries, which enables a single phase reaction during de‐/sodiation. The approach is to utilize the stronger Ti–O bond in the transition metal layers that can suppress the movements of Mn–O and Fe–O by sharing the oxygen with Ti by the sequence of Mn–O–Ti–O–Fe. It delivers a discharge capacity of ≈180 mAh g?1 over 200 cycles (86% retention), with S‐shaped smooth charge–discharge curves associated with a small volume change during cycling. The single phase reaction with a small volume change is further confirmed by operando synchrotron X‐ray diffraction. The low activation barrier energy of ≈541 meV for Na+ diffusion is predicted using first‐principles calculations. As a result, Na0.67[(Mn0.78Fe0.22)0.9Ti0.1]O2 can deliver a high reversible capacity of ≈153 mAh g?1 even at 5C (1.3 A g?1), which corresponds to ≈85% of the capacity at 0.1C (26 mA g?1). The nature of the sodium storage mechanism governing the ultrahigh electrode performance in a full cell with a hard carbon anode is elucidated, revealing the excellent cyclability and good retention (≈80%) for 500 cycles (111 mAh g?1) at 5C (1.3 A g?1).  相似文献   

20.
Potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs) are emerging as one of the most promising candidates for large‐scale energy storage owing to the natural abundance of the materials required for their fabrication and the fact that their intercalation mechanism is identical to that of lithium‐ion batteries. However, the larger ionic radius of K+ is likely to induce larger volume expansion and sluggish kinetics, resulting in low specific capacity and unsatisfactory cycle stability. A new Ni/Mn‐based layered oxide, P2‐type K0.44Ni0.22Mn0.78O2, is designed and synthesized. A cathode designed using this material delivers a high specific capacity of 125.5 mAh g?1 at 10 mA g?1, good cycle stability with capacity retention of 67% over 500 cycles and fast kinetic properties. In situ X‐ray diffraction recorded for the initial two cycles reveals single solid‐solution processes under P2‐type framework with small volume change of 1.5%. Moreover, a cathode electrolyte interphase layer is observed on the surface of the electrode after cycling with possible components of K2CO3, RCO2K, KOR, KF, etc. A full cell using K0.44Ni0.22Mn0.78O2 as the cathode and soft carbon as the anode also exhibits exceptional performance, with capacity retention of 90% over 500 cycles as well as superior rate performance. These findings suggest P2‐K0.44Ni0.22Mn0.78O2 is a promising candidate as a high‐performance cathode for KIBs.  相似文献   

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