Interrelations between fracture toughness and other mechanical properties in titanium alloys

Critical stress intensity factors and general tensile properties were measured for a class of metastable beta and alpha-beta titanium alloys with a limited number of compositions but processed to have a wide variety of strength levels and microstructures. These data were used to test thirteen theoretical relations between the fracture toughness and tensile parameters. Many of the theoretical relations had been proposed previously, but several new forms were derived in the present work. The correlation showed that for alloys exhibiting a limited range of microstructures, the simpler correlations gave the better fits withK _Ic α γ⁻¹specifically being the best one. For correlations of alloys with a wide range of microstructures, more complex correlations which included microstructural parameters were found to be superior.     

In vitro evaluation of biocompatibility of experimental titanium alloys for dental restorations

Changes in energy phosphates of rabbit kidneys subjected to ischaemia-reperfusion have been measured in vivo with volume selective 31P NMR spectroscopy. The effects of pretreatment with a new lipid peroxidation inhibitor (indeno-indol derivate--code name H290/51) on the bioenergetic changes were analysed. The left kidney was moved to a subcutaneous pocket to facilitate exact positioning over the surface coil. A 1H NMR image was acquired and a 3.5-mL cube selected for 31P NMR spectra. 31P NMR spectra were recorded before occlusion of the left renal artery, during 1 h of ischaemia and 2 hours of reperfusion. Ischaemia induced drastic changes in the levels of inorganic phosphates and ATP as well as intracellular acidosis. A normalization was observed during reperfusion. Two hours after reperfusion significantly higher values for beta-ATP/Pi and intracellular pH were recorded in the animals pretreated with H290/51. The present technique allows quantitative analyses of changes in kidney bioenergetics in vivo during different experimental conditions. The importance of ischaemia-reperfusion induced lipid peroxidation for mitochondrial function is emphasized.     

钛及钛合金金属粉末注射成形技术的研究进展

钛及钛合金兼具低比重、高比强度、优异的生物相容性和良好的耐腐蚀性,在航空航天、生物医疗、化工、汽车等领域有极大的应用潜力。钛及钛合金金属粉末注射成形技术(metal injection molding,MIM)能够实现中小型复杂形状钛产品的大批量、低成本制备,对于推动钛及钛合金产品的生产及应用具有重要意义。本文介绍了金属粉末注射成形钛及钛合金的特点及优势,从粉末原料、黏结剂体系、粉末注射成形、脱黏和烧结等方面综述了钛及钛合金金属粉末注射成形技术的研究进展,并针对目前存在的主要问题,分析了金属粉末注射成形钛及钛合金的研究方向及发展前景。     

HfC含量对钼钛锆合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

在钼钛锆(titanium zirconium molybdenum alloy,TZM)合金粉末中分别添加质量分数为0、0.25％、0.50％、1.00％的HfC粉末颗粒,利用粉末冶金结合轧制变形的方法制备多元复合强化钼合金.通过金相组织观察、扫描电子显微镜形貌表征、能谱分析以及力学性能测试等手段,研究了HfC颗粒对...     

钛与钛合金的低成本清洁制备新技术

提出了多级深度热还原的理念,发明了镁热/铝热自蔓延-深度多级还原制备钛与钛合金的关键技术,成功制备出纯度为99.69%高纯还原钛粉,Ti6Al4V合金粉：Ti:89.5-90.2%、Al:5.85-6.57%、V:3.90-4.17%,氧含量<0.15%;制备出20kg级规模的TiAl合金铸锭,Ti/Al原子比为1:1,氧含量为0.09%。成果已在山东傅山集团成功转化应用,500t/a还原钛粉工业示范线于2018年12月08日试车成功,可使金属钛与钛合金的生产成本降低30%以上,项目的推广应用为钛材低成本清洁利用奠定工业化基础。     

Swelling during sintering of titanium alloys based on titanium hydride powder

Abstract

Compacts were prepared by pressing titanium and titanium hydride powders mixed with nickel powder and sintering under vacuum. Severe swelling was observed only for compacts based on TiH₂ powder. Pressure changes in the vacuum furnace, dilatometry results and mass loss data all indicate that dehydrogenation of TiH₂ powder compacts occurs at lower temperature than any significant sintering. Swelling appears to have been caused by a contaminant in the TiH₂ powder rather than hydrogen. The onset of severe swelling during heating was associated with the formation of liquid phase as the solidus was crossed. However, some swelling appears to take place under solid state sintering conditions. Various results indicate that the mechanism of swelling is high gas pressure within closed pores. Large pores appear to form by breakage of ligaments between small pores followed by opening of the pore. It appears that the use of (uncontaminated) TiH₂ powder in place of Ti powder would allow the benefit of lower green porosity to be retained during sintering to achieve low sintered porosity.     

MAX phases in titanium and aluminum alloys

The crystalline structures in the Ti-Al-C and Ti-Si-C systems are analyzed, and experiments are conducted with VT6 titanium alloy and eutectoidal Silumin (Al-12% Si) subjected to electroexplosive alloying and electron-beam treatment. Diffraction analysis reveals the formation of MAX phases (Ti₃SiC₂ and Ti₃AlC) in the modified layer of these alloys.     

钛合金的环保电化学抛光工艺

针对航空用钛合金开发了一种不采用氢氟酸、甲醇、铬酐类等有毒物质的低毒、无刺激、环保型电化学抛光工艺,并采用光学显微镜、原子力显微镜等方法对电化学抛光后的钛合金表面形貌进行研究.该工艺所用溶液由无水乙醇、乳酸、高氯酸和高氯酸钠组成,将Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al钛合金在直流电源恒电流模式下电化学抛光,可以通过改变抛光时间、电流密度和高氯酸浓度等参数控制腐蚀深度.分别在体积分数为5%,10%和15%的三种高氯酸溶液中和在20,25和30 A·dm^-2三个电流密度下进行电化学抛光.抛光后的钛合金表面形貌观察结果表明:在高氯酸含量较低(5%)的溶液中以20 A·dm^-2电流密度抛光可以取得较理想的效果.     

Effects of oxygen and heat treatment on the mechanical properties of alpha and beta titanium alloys

Two alloys, Ti-6Al-2V and Ti-2Al-16V, simulating the alpha and beta phases of Ti-6A1-4V, respectively, were prepared with oxygen concentrations from 0.07 to 0.65 wt pct (0.20 to 1.83 at. pct). Their microstructure, deformation behavior, and strength were investigated with X-ray diffraction, microscopy, and mechanical tests to determine the effects of oxygen concentration and heat treatment. In both alloys the hardness increases in identical fashion with the square root of oxygen concentration. The alloys' strengths also depend on heat treatment, but in different ways. Whereas the alpha alloy is non-age-hardenable, the beta alloy's strength can be doubled by aging. The hardening effect of oxygen is generally unaffected by heat treatment, except for the alloys with the highest oxygen concentrations. During aging of the alpha a small amount of Ti₃Al can form, and slight age-hardening occurs. The ductility of the alpha alloy is little affected by aging. On the other hand, oxygen causes a change from good ductility at low oxygen concentration (0.07 wt pct) to total brittleness at 0.65 wt pct oxygen, independent of heat treatment. In the beta alloy there are complex phase transformations depending on heat treatment. Its deformation behavior varies from very ductile in solutiontreated and quenched (STQ) condition to totally brittle in aged conditions. The aging embrittlement appears to be caused by alpha and some omega precipitation. Decoration of the beta grain boundaries with precipitates accounts for the intergranular brittle fracture. Oxygen, on the other hand, is not an embrittler, although it reduces the ductility of the beta alloy.     

X-ray-line-profile analysis of titanium alloys

X-ray-line-profile analysis has been used to investigate the dislocation structures resulting from severe plastic deformation in a series of titanium alloys. The effect of oxygen level (up to 0.33 wt pct) on the dislocation arrangements in titanium as well as in a series of titanium-aluminum alloys (4, 6, and 9 wt pct Al) was the principal thrust of the investigation. Although correlations were found between the stacking fault probability and alloying elements, the dislocation arrangements can not be interpreted solely in terms of stacking fault energies. Short-range order definitely plays an important role, and solute-dislocation interactions may be active.     

Review of effect of oxygen on room temperature ductility of titanium and titanium alloys

Abstract

Room temperature tensile ductility is an important property of titanium (Ti) and titanium alloys for structural applications. This article reviews the dependency of tensile ductility on oxygen for α-Ti, (α+β)-Ti and β-Ti alloys fabricated via traditional ingot metallurgy (IM), powder metallurgy (PM) and additive manufacturing (AM) or three-dimensional printing methods and recent advances in understanding the effect of oxygen on ductility. Seven mechanisms have been discussed based on case studies of individual titanium materials reported in literature. The dependency of ductility on oxygen is determined by both the composition and microstructure of the titanium alloy. For Ti–6Al–4V (wt-%), as sintered Ti–6Al–4V shows a critical oxygen level of about 0·33 wt-% while additively manufactured Ti–6Al–4V exhibits different critical levels ranging from about 0·22% to well above 0·4% depending on microstructure. Rare earth (RE) elements are effective scavengers of oxygen in titanium materials even just with a small addition (e.g. 0·1 wt-%), irrespective of the manufacturing method (IM, PM and AM). High cycle fatigue experiments revealed no initiation of fatigue cracks from the resulting RE oxide particles over the size range from submicrometres to a few micrometres. A small addition of RE elements offers a practical and affordable approach to mitigating the detrimental effect of oxygen on ductility.     

Deuterium surface segregation in titanium alloys

Deuterium surface segregation has been investigated in α, α + β, and β-phase titanium that were deuterium charged over the range of 2 to approximately 300 wppm. Surface segregation was observed in samples that were essentially α-phase materials,i.e., high-purity commercial α-Ti, Ti-6A1, and Ti-3A1-2.5V, whereas Ti-6A1-4V had slight enrichment and β-Ti-13Mn had no detectable segregation. Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) techniques were used to measure the near-surface deuterium concentration, and the segregation has been localized to within 50 nm of the surface. The time-dependent increase of deuterium at the surface is consistent with deuterium diffusion from the bulk to the surface and a room-temperature diffusivity of approximately 3 × 10^-9 cm²/s. Surface enrichment in excess of 30 times the bulk concentration was observed in charged samples and in excess of 60 times for samples that had been charged and then vacuum annealed. Polishing was found to be of importance in causing segregation. The presence of deuterides or a surface defect state is suggested to explain the deuterium surface enrichment.     

钛合金在舰船上的应用

钛合金具有质量轻、比强度高、耐海水腐蚀、无磁性等特点，在舰船上应用相当广泛．本文介绍了钛合金作为造船材料的优点以及钛合金在舰船上的应用．