Behaviour of heavy metals in the partial oxidation of heavy fuel oil

The behaviour of heavy metals in the partial oxidation of heavy fuel oils under a pressure of up to 100 bar (10 MPa) has been investigated. The tests were carried out in a 5 MW HP POX (High Pressure Partial Oxidation) test plant, that is operated by the IEC (Department of Energy Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering, TU Bergakademie Freiberg) in cooperation with Lurgi GmbH. In several test campaigns preheated oil with a viscosity of up to 300 cSt (= 300 mm²/s) at the burner inlet has been gasified. The heavy metals nickel Ni, iron Fe and vanadium V occur in heavy residual oils in considerable concentration and may seriously impact the gasification itself and the synthesis gas conditioning and usage. While iron is largely recovered in the gasification residue, the recovery rates of nickel and vanadium depend on the process conditions. Volatile nickel compounds were detected in the raw synthesis gas. It was found that an incomplete carbon conversion enables the capture of nickel Ni and vanadium V in the solid residue phase and can thus mitigate the problem of volatile metal compounds in the raw synthesis gas.     

海上油气生产节能管理信息化思路与实践

节能管理信息化是提升海上油气生产管理、降低生产成本过程中的必要手段,基于中海石油(中国)有限公司湛江分公司对能源信息化管理的现状和所存在的空白,本文介绍了针对海上油气生产的节能管理信息化思路,在此基础上提出了一种技术措施节能量的管控方法。随着中海油对各种能源消耗管理的不断加强和深入,通过信息化来提高能源数据管理效力,实现节能减排目标具有重要的现实意义。     

LD5-2原油油水分离研究

以LD5-2海上稠油为研究对象,研究了该油田在开采过程中存在的油水分离问题。通过分析LD5-2采出液及原油性质,探讨了稠油油水分离动力,并考察了温度、电压等参数对油水分离工艺的影响。研究结果表明:LD5-2原油具有特稠油的性质,粘度高、常温难以流动,同时又具有较小的油水密度差,造成油水分离困难;通过优化,在温度130℃、破乳剂A1用量400μg·g~(-1)、电压1 200 V、停留时间45 min条件下原油脱后含水可满足5%的外输要求;油水分离温度、电压及破乳剂对LD5-2脱水效果影响较大;40%含水的采出液粘度存在突增现象,应予以重视。     

Heavy metal content of bottom ashes from a fuel oil power plant and oil refinery in Cuba

Fly and bottom ashes from fuel oil power plants and oil refineries may contain hazardous trace elements, such as heavy metals, which have a negative impact on the environment with time due to potential leaching through acid rains and into groundwaters. This study provides levels of As, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Ti, V and Zn of bottom ashes from a thermal power plant and an oil refinery placed in Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba. Trace elements were measured using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) with a SPECTOR X-LAB PRO 2000 system. High contents of Cr, Ni, Pb, Ti, V and Zn were found in the ashes, with values significantly higher than those reported in literature. According to Cuban regulations these ashes are classified as hazardous waste. For this reason we discuss some management alternatives.This study represents the first report of heavy metals in bottom ashes from power plants and oil refineries in Cuba.     

油基钻井液用纳米材料CQ-NZC的封堵性能评价

封堵性是油基钻井液的一个重要评价指标,提高油基钻井液的封堵性有助于井壁稳定,促进快速安全钻井.本文通过使用砂芯漏斗来模拟页岩的微裂缝,建立了一种新的评价油基钻井液封堵性能的方法,利用该方法对自制的纳米材料CQ-NZC在钻井液封堵性及其与氧化沥青封堵剂的复合作用开展了实验研究.结果表明,CQ-NZC在与沥青类封堵剂复配使用时,能够更好地降低滤失量、提高封堵性能.通过微观形态分析发现,CQ-NZC与沥青类封堵剂可以在一定程度上聚结,形成堵孔粒子,提升了钻井液体系的封堵性能.     

海上稠油热采井水泥浆体系研究

海上稠油热采井与陆地热采井对水泥浆性能要求基本相同,都要求水泥环在生产中要长期满足经受反复高温考验后仍具有稳定性的特点。针对海上平台作业条件,参照硅酸盐水泥浆体系耐高温特点和纤维材料的增韧效果,优化添加剂组合,配制出一套密度在1.50~1.90 g/cm~3、温度区间为40~90℃的新型水泥浆体系。室内试验结果表明:该水泥浆体系失水量小于50 mL,稠化时间在120~400 min范围内可控,水泥石高温养护24 h的抗压强度最高可达24.8 MPa,在经350℃高温条件下养护28 d,水泥石仍有32.9 MPa的抗压强度。表明该体系可以满足海上热采井固井的施工要求。     

SFP木质素在钻井液中的作用效能

木质素磺酸盐及其改性产品是一大类传统的钻井液稀释剂，SFP木质素是用亚硫酸盐－甲醛－蒽醌法对麦草制浆的废液生产的一种木质素磺酸盐。实验表明，SFP木质素在钻井液中有稀释、起泡及絮凝三种作用。因此，SFP木质素及其改性产品可作为钻井液稀释剂和起泡剂，也可作为处理废钻井液的絮凝剂。     

Heavy metals adsorption by banana peels micro-powder: Equilibrium modeling by non-linear models

In this study the copper and lead adsorption efficiency onto banana peels powder was investigated. The agroindustrial waste recovery represents one of the Circular Economy pillars. In the view of the synthesis of an environmentally friendly adsorbent material, the powder was used without any preliminary chemical or thermal activation, but only after simple washing, drying and grinding. The bio-adsorbent was characterized by the FTIR technique and tested in batch mode on synthetic aqueous solutions containing Pb and Cu in the range 10–90 mg·L~(-1). A selection of two(Langmuir, Freundlich) and three(Sips, Redlich–Peterson, Koble–Corrigan) parameter isotherm models was chosen to fit adsorption equilibrium data by non-linear regression procedure. The best fit isotherm model was selected relying on the error function with the lowest average percentage error(APE) value, among those characterized by the highest R~2 values. As expected, the three-parameter models are found to better represent both metals bio-adsorption, with APE and R~2 values always lower and higher, respectively, than the corresponding values obtained for the two-parameter models.     

Kinetics of microwave heating and drying of drilling fluids and drill cuttings

Drill cutting decontamination by microwave drying has been studied over the past few years and has proved to be a promising technology. This study aimed to investigate fundamental aspects of kinetics of heating and drying of drilling fluids and drill cuttings by microwaves. The microwave heating curve of cuttings free of fluid, drilling fluids, and pure organic compounds usually used in the formulation of these fluids was evaluated to understand the behavior of each component in microwave cutting decontamination. Furthermore, commercial software was used to describe the heating kinetics of the drilling fluids used in this study. The drying kinetics of cuttings contaminated with these drilling fluids was also studied at three temperatures of control. Some classic models of conventional drying of solids were used to describe the removal kinetics of the liquid components present in contaminated cuttings (water and organic compounds). Important aspects related to the interaction of these components in the drying operation and solid heating, water evaporation, and the drag of organic compounds were investigated. Both drilling fluids showed a very similar kinetic heating. Pure organic bases did not show a significant heating. For the same drying time, the removal of paraffin is more intense than the olefin. In respect to organic component removal from cuttings contaminated with both fluids, the kinetic drying curves are similar. The Page model was the one that best describes the drying operation of drill cuttings contaminated with both drilling fluids. The microwave drying model (MDM) model is proposed in this work as a simple modification in the Henderson–Pabis model: the addition of a third parameter. The incorporation of this parameter enabled a better fit of the experimental data. Computational simulations show an electric field with symmetrical patterns for the two BR-MUL fluids analyzed.     

High-pressure viscosity of used motor oil/vacuum residue blends

The overall objective of this work was to characterize and model the temperature-pressure-viscosity relationship for used motor oil, and its blends with heavy petroleum residue, in a wide range of pressure and temperature. With this aim, used motor oil, and a vacuum residue commonly used as bituminous base were used as components of the blends. Blends of used motor oil and vacuum residue were prepared by mixing both components in a batch tank with a four-blade impeller. Subsequently, the mixtures were stored at room temperature. The rheological study was performed using a controlled stress rheometer, using both a conventional coaxial cylinder geometry, and a coaxial cylinder-pressure cell. From the experimental results obtained it is apparent that whilst the used motor oil behaves as a Newtonian liquid, the blends behave as non-Newtonian fluids, showing a shear-thinning behaviour in most of the shear rate range studied, at atmospheric pressure, in a temperature range comprised between 0 and 60 °C. The viscous flow curves results obtained at different differential pressures prove that the influence of time-dependent phenomena on viscosity is not significant in most of the shear rate range studied (between 1 and 100 s⁻¹). Pressure-temperature-viscosity relationship modelling, at constant shear rate, can be performed from pressure sweep data at constant temperature, temperature sweep data at constant pressure, or pressure-temperature sweep data. In this sense, the FMT predicts the above-mentioned relationship fairly well.     

P(AMPS-AM-AOETAC-AA)聚合物钻井液防塌降滤失剂的合成

采用氧化-还原引发体系,以2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙磺酸、丙烯酰胺、丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵、丙烯酸为原料,合成了P（AMPS-AM-AOETAC-AA）聚合物钻井液防塌降滤失剂。通过均匀设计优化了反应条件,初步评价了共聚物的钻井液性能。结果表明,P（AMPS-AM-AOETAC-AA）聚合物作为钻井液处理剂具有热稳定性好和抗温能力强的特性,在淡水、盐水、饱和盐水和复合盐水钻井液中均具有较好的降滤失作用。经过150℃高温老化后仍能较好地控制钻井液的滤失量,且具有较好的防塌效果。     

固体吸附剂对油页岩半焦燃烧过程中重金属元素的影响

通过对桦甸油页岩半焦进行燃烧实验,研究了不同终温下部分重金属元素的挥发特性及吸附剂的吸附效果,研究表明：随着温度的增加,各元素的挥发率均呈现出增大的趋势,且当温度为650℃时,元素Cd、Te、Co、Sn、Pb、Sb的挥发率呈现出明显的增大趋势;相对而言,各温度段下元素Cd、Te的挥发率较大,元素Mn、Y、W的挥发率较低。添加吸附剂CaO和高岭土后,大部分元素在页岩灰中的含量均明显增加,表明吸附剂对大部分重金属元素具有良好的吸附效果;通过吸附率可以看出,吸附剂CaO除元素W、Te未发现吸附效果外,对其他所研究的重金属元素均有较强的吸附效果,尤其是元素Co、Mn、Cu、Y、Sn、Cd;而高岭土除对元素Pb、Te未发现吸附效果外,对其他元素均具有一定的吸附效果,尤其是元素Co、Mn。相比而言,CaO对重金属元素的吸附效果要比高岭土强。     

鄱阳湖流域沉积物中重金属研究及环境意义

随着社会经济的发展,鄱阳湖受到的污染越来越严重.其中位于饶河乐安河中下游的我国目前最大的铜矿--江西德兴铜矿以及位于信江中游的永平铜矿开采中产生的含重金属酸性废水是导致鄱阳湖部分区域重金属污染的主要点源.许多研究表明,湖泊表面沉积物是重金属污染物进入湖泊后迁移的重要归宿,它记录了人类工业文明中各种污染物质的来源、分布、迁移和转化的历史,是追溯重金属污染的程度重要工具.湖泊沉积物中重金属聚集主要与周边地区人类的活动有关,其垂向变化反映了人类活动与自然环境相互作用的历史,是评价环境现状及演变趋势,探测湖泊污染历史的最佳工具.沉积物中的重金属是水环境污染的指示者,能明显地反映出水体区域所受到的污染程度.     

Polyoxyalkyleneamine as shale inhibitor in water-based drilling fluids

According to the conventional evaluation methods of drilling fluids, the inhibitive property of polyoxyalkyleneamine (POAM), which was prepared in the laboratory, to sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT) was investigated, and the shale cuttings recovery ratio and the rheological properties of drilling fluids were measured before and after adding POAM in several water-based drilling fluids. The results showed that POAM was completely water-soluble, exhibited the superior performance to inhibit the hydration of Na-MMT and reduced the swelling or hydration of shale cuttings effectively. In addition, the determination of the biological toxicity and compatibility of POAM indicated that POAM was low toxic and compatible with other common drilling fluid additives.     

Removal of heavy metals from water by lignite-based sorbents

Calcium-loaded lignite was used to remove heavy metals from wastewater by ion exchange. The following quantities were determined experimentally: calcium-loading capacity for different types of lignite, selectivity coefficients of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co and Fe(II) ions, kinetic sorption dependences and the effect of flow rate on the shape of break-through curves in column experiments. Sorption kinetics was relatively slow and consequently, the sorption dynamics was influenced by this phenomenon. A numerical code taking into account the sorption kinetics was used for modelling, which proved its applicability for scaled-up columns.The process is very efficient especially in the case of low concentrations of pollutants in water, where common methods are either economically unfavourable or technically complicated. This is very often the case of various metals in the environment, and thus the method could be convenient for their removal.     

吸附法去除废水中重金属研究进展

重金属污染问题已经成为近年来危害最大的水污染问题之一。各种有效去除水体中的重金属的处理技术与方法受到了世界各国政府和研究者们的极大关注。釆用吸附技术来处理含重金属的废水是一种非常有效和具有发展前景的方法之一。本文介绍了重金属水污染的现状与危害,废水处理中去除重金属常用的吸附剂。     

Heavy fuel oil combustion in a cylindrical laboratory furnace: measurements and modeling

The finite-volume based commercial CFD-code Fluent was used to simulate the reacting flow in a heavy fuel oil fired laboratory furnace. Both the standard k−ε turbulence model and the Reynolds stress model (RSM) were tested. The combustion model was based on the conserved scalar (mixture fraction) and prescribed probability density function approach. The heavy fuel oil droplet trajectories were predicted by solving the momentum equations for the droplets using the Lagrangian treatment. The soot distribution in the furnace was calculated by solving a transport equation for the soot mass fraction. Simple expressions for the soot formation and oxidation rates were employed. The radiation heat transfer equation was solved using the finite volume method. The formation of thermal NO from molecular nitrogen was modeled according to the extended Zeldovich mechanism. Fuel-based NO was modeled assuming that all the nitrogen in the fuel is released as hydrogen cyanide (HCN), which then further reacts forming nitric oxide NO or molecular nitrogen N₂, depending on the local combustion conditions. The formation of prompt NO was also included in the calculations. The CFD-code was validated against experimental data for a combustor fired by an industry-type swirl burner for which the initial conditions of the spray have been characterized. It was found that the standard k−ε model does not satisfactorily predict the highly swirling flow field in the furnace. The RSM was able to improve the prediction of the flow field. The predicted gas species concentrations were found to be in a reasonable agreement with the measurements, except near the burner and in the vicinity of the furnace axis where discrepancies were found.     

废水重金属的生物吸附研究进展

生物吸附法是目前处理重金属废水的一种行之有效的方法,特别是对于低浓度废水,其优势明显,还可达到以废治废的目的。对废水重金属的生物吸附进行了综述,详细介绍了目前最具代表性的四种生物吸附机理以及已经开发出来的五种吸附工艺,同时还探讨了影响生物吸附重金属的多种因素和生物吸附剂的类型,展望了生物吸附废水中重金属在工业生产中的应用前景。     

Soluble metals in coal gasification residues

The By-Product Utilization Team at the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) of the US Department of Energy has conducted column leaching tests to characterize the release of various cations from coal utilization by-products (CUB). The release of metals from the nine samples of residues generated in three coal integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) installations was determined. Cations tended to be more soluble than from PC fly ash samples. Except for Hg, total cation solubility was due to the relatively high concentration in a few leachate samples. For several IGCC by-product samples generated from a mixture of coal and pet coke, the amount of As, Ni, and Zn extracted from the IGCC residues exceeded primary or secondary drinking water standards in the early leachate samples.