Electroless deposited Ni–Re–P, Ni–W–P and Ni–Re–W–P alloys

Coatings of electroless Ni–W–P, Ni–Re–P and Ni–W–Re–P alloys were plated in alkaline citrate baths containing amino alcohols, but not free ammonia ions. The reference Ni–P alloy was used as an intermediate layer in the sandwich: Ni–Me–P/Ni–P/substrate. An extremely homogeneous thickness distribution of all alloy components was found by applying scanning Auger electron spectroscopy (SAES(. The inclusion of refractory metals at the expense of nickel and without substantial change in phosphorus content was established. A non-oxidized state of the codeposited Re and W in Ni–W–P, Ni–Re–P and Ni–W–Re–P alloys was determined by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy examination, as well as by SAES profiles, revealing the absence of oxygen throughout the coatings. All alloy films are amorphous and paramagnetic.     

Electrochemical characterization of Ni–P and Ni–Co–P amorphous alloy deposits obtained by electrodeposition

Ni–P and Ni–Co–P amorphous alloy deposits were obtained by electrodeposition at 80 °C on carbon steel substrates. The influence of the electrolyte Co²⁺ concentration and of applied current density was investigated. The corrosion behaviour of amorphous and crystalline deposits was evaluated by polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in NaCl 0.1 M solution at room temperature. Impedances were measured for samples under total immersion (free potential against time) and for polarized samples in predefined regions of the polarization curves. It was found that the alloy deposit composition is highly affected by the composition of the electrolyte but displays no significant dependence on applied current density. The results showed that the presence of Co on Ni–P amorphous alloys improves the deposit performance in the studied corrosive medium. It was also verified that the amorphous structure provides higher corrosion resistance to both Ni–P and Ni–Co–P alloys.     

Magnetothermal study of nanocrystalline particle formation in amorphous electroless Ni–P and Ni–Me–P alloys

The microstructure of amorphous Ni–P and Ni–Me–P materials and especially its change during the heat treatment is of great importance for their magnetic, mechanical and corrosion behavior. A new magnetic phase analysis method (magnetothermal) is presented that reveals the precipitation of nanoparticles with strong magnetic properties during phase transformation upon heat treatment. It is applied to electroless Ni–P, Ni–Cu–P and Ni–Sn–P amorphous alloys. The results acquired by this method are compared with data obtained by differential scanning calorimetry, as well as by microhardness measurements using identical heat treatment in all three cases. Due to the high sensitivity of the magnetothermal method a more detailed picture of the precipitation processes in Ni–P alloys is obtained and the new information is discussed. Magnetothermal measurements reveal several stages of precipitation of a phase with strong magnetic properties. This phase is Ni in the Ni–P alloy, and Ni(Me) solid solution in the Ni–Me–P alloys. Though Sn has a stronger effect on the Ni magnetization, Cu is more effective in preventing the appearance of high magnetization in a thermally treated Ni–Cu–P alloy. This is due to Cu incorporation in Ni particles in a quantity above four times larger than Sn.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of TiC–TiN–Zr–WC–Ni–Co cermets

Cermet cutting tools are widely used for semi-finishing and finishing work on steel and cast iron. However, their brittleness is still an unavoidable limitation for their utilizations. Zirconium was added to improve the fracture toughness of Ti(C, N) based cermets. The microstructure and the fracture surfaces of cermets were studied by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The experimental results reveal that Zr dissolved and formed solid solutions during the sintering process. The amount of grains with typical core/rim structure decreases and that of coreless grains increases with increasing Zr addition. Moreover, the fracture toughness is improved clearly due to the increased amount of the coreless grains, the spinodal decomposition in cermets, as well as the crack deflection and crack branching mechanisms. Additionally, hardness and relative density were also measured, respectively.     

多孔Ni–P与NiCo2O4/Ni–P电极的过氧化氢传感性能

在以聚酰亚胺覆铜板为基体制备的聚苯乙烯模板上电沉积多孔Ni–P合金,继而采用水热法在其表面制备NiCo_2O_4。研究表明,多孔Ni–P合金电极和NiCo_2O_4/Ni–P复合电极对H_2O_2的还原有优异的电化学催化活性,且不受抗坏血酸、尿酸、多巴胺、葡萄糖等分子的干扰。NiCo_2O_4的负载可以显著提高电极的检测灵敏度。     

不锈钢粉尘制备Fe–Cr–Ni–Mn系黑色陶瓷颜料

不锈钢粉尘中所富含的过渡金属元素,如Fe、Cr、Ni和Mn,可用于制备黑色陶瓷颜料,从而实现不锈钢粉尘的无害化、资源化利用,并可为无钴黑色陶瓷颜料的开发提供新途径。根据Fe–Cr–Ni–Mn系黑色颜料的呈色机理,在不锈钢粉尘中添加适量化学试剂Fe₂O₃、Cr₂O₃、Mn O和NiO,调节上述组分在混合物料中摩尔比为6:1:1:1。研究了不同工艺条件下所烧制黑色陶瓷颜料色度值的变化规律,并对颜料的呈色机理进行探讨。结果表明：烧制温度过高或保温时间过长都将导致含Cr尖晶石相分解,从而对颜料的呈色性能造成不利影响;颜料最佳烧制工艺为烧制温度1 175℃、保温30 min、采用随炉冷却方式,所制备颜料的L*值、a*值和b*值分别为37.20、0.13与0.02,其所含主要物相为Fe2O3与复合尖晶石相;颜料对可见光各波段的吸光度基本一致,禁带宽度为0.88 eV,呈纯正黑色,同时颜料颗粒细小、粒径分布均匀、分散性好,尖晶石相平均晶粒尺寸为26.795 nm,且颜料在20～1 100℃范围内显示出优异的热稳定...     

Microstructure evaluation of Ni–SDC synthesized with an innovative method and Ni–SDC/SDC bi-layer construction

Nickel oxide and samaria-doped ceria based anode material (NiO–SDC) for high temperature ceramic fuel cells was synthesized via an innovative, simplified method using the reaction of metal acetates and ethylene glycol. Ni content in the final product was 55 vol% while the Ce:Sm molar ratio in the SDC (45 vol%) was 80:20. The influences of preparation conditions including the calcination temperature and morphology characteristics of the prepared powders as well as the influence of the sintering temperature on the final microstructure of sintered bodies were investigated with EGA, BET, XRD, a heating microscope and FE-SEM. After calcination at 500 °C, the one-step synthesis gave powdered products with the specific surface area of 72.5 m² g⁻¹. The optimal sintering temperature that ensured relatively high sintered densities and excellent contact between grains was found at 1250 °C. After sintering at 1250 °C, the prepared bi-layer system electrolyte/anode showed the highest contiguity, excellent contact between phases and proper porosity (31.2%) confirmed from SEM micrographs.     

Zn–Ni–Al复合氧化物的制备及光催化性能

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列Zn–Ni–Al三元类水滑石,然后焙烧制得衍生物—Zn–Ni–Al复合氧化物,并用X射线衍射、热重–差热分析、扫描电子显微镜、比表面积分析及元素分析等对样品进行了表征,考察了类水滑石Zn/Ni/Al金属原子比、焙烧温度等因素对甲基橙、亚甲基蓝、罗丹明B的光催化降解的影响。结果表明:类水滑石前驱体Zn/Ni/Al的摩尔比为1:1:1,焙烧温度为450℃时,复合氧化物的催化效果最好。此条件下制得的Zn–Ni–Al复合氧化物在300W紫外光照60min后,对甲基橙、亚甲基蓝的降解率可达到97%以上,光照100min内对罗丹明的降解率可达到91%。     

Characterization of Ni–Cu–Zn ferrite prepared from industrial wastes

We propose the distillation method to synthesize Ni–Cu–Zn ferrite powder and to recover nitric acid, using scrap iron and the waste solution of electroplating as the starting materials. It was found that the Ni–Cu–Zn ferrite powder prepared from industry wastes also showed the formation of cubic ferrite with a saturation magnetization (M_s) of 55,825 A m² g⁻¹ and an intrinsic coercive force (Hci) of 579 A m⁻¹. For sintered Ni–Cu–Zn ferrite specimen, the toroidal specimen sintered at 950 °C for 2 h presented an maximum initial permeability (μ_i) of 176 at 28.3 MHz, a maximum quality factor (Q) of 32 at 3 MHz. The AC impedance measurements were performed by using impedance analyzer Solartron 1260. The semicircles in the impedance spectra shift to higher frequencies with increasing temperatures. The values of resistance (grain interior, grain boundary, and total) decreased with increasing temperatures. The semicircles of grain boundary and electrode are observed clearly. These data can be used to analyze typical the grain interior and the grain boundary resistance of Ni–Cu–Zn ferrite.     

Structure and properties of electrodeposited Ni–Co–YZA composite coatings

The aim is to develop an economical composite coating with high thermal stability. Ni–Co alloys are found to possess better thermal, physical and mechanical properties compared to Ni. Also, oxide particles as distributed phase can impart better thermal stability. Hence, particulates of composite Yttria stabilised zirconia, a commonly used high temperature material and alumina (YZA) were reinforced in various Ni–Co alloy matrices through electrodeposition. The influence of YZA on the microhardness, tribology and corrosion behaviour of Ni–Co alloys with Co contents of 0 wt.%, 17 wt.%, 38 wt.% and 85 wt.% was evaluated. Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed the presence of YZA particles and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX) revealed the composition. Tribology testing showed that composite containing 38 wt.% Co displayed better wear resistance. It was found from the immersion corrosion studies that Ni–17Co–YZA coating displayed improved corrosion resistance. Thermal stability studies showed that Ni–85Co–YZA coating retained its microhardness at temperatures of 600 °C. Thus, these coatings can be tailored for various applications by varying the cobalt content.     

Characterisation of electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni–Mo alloys

Ni–Mo nanocrystalline layers were electrodeposited using direct current from citrate–ammonia solutions. The quartz crystal microbalance investigation confirms that the discharge process starts with hydrogen evolution before the onset of the alloy deposition. The grain size was estimated from X-ray line broadening. It decreases when the molybdenum content is increased. It is smaller for layers deposited at pH 9.5 than 8.5. The microhardness exhibits a maximum close to 800 Vickers for _Mo around 17 wt%. For higher _Mo a softening is observed showing a deviation from Hall-Petch behaviour due to small grain size. In deaerated hydrochloric solutions, the layers show a large passivation domain without any pitting. The corrosion currents as well as the passivation currents, higher than for the bulk Hastelloy B alloy, decrease when _Mo is increased.     

Structure–Function Relations in Supported Ni–W Sulfide Hydrogenation Catalysts

Ni–W catalysts were prepared by impregnation of commercial -alumina and silica supports. The sulfidation, performed directly after drying at 100°C, yielded fully sulfided Ni–W species on both supports (SEM-EDAX, XPS, XRD). At optimal metals loading (50 wt% NiO + WO₃, Ni/W = 2), the sulfided catalysts had similar texture (N₂ adsorption) and displayed similar activity in dibenzothiophene hydrodesulfurization (DBT HDS), while the activity of the Ni–W/SiO₂ catalyst in toluene hydrogenation (HYD) was six times higher than that of Ni–W/Al₂O₃. This is due to the more than two times higher WS₂ slabs stacking number in Ni–W/SiO₂ compared with Ni–W/Al₂O₃ (XRD, HR-TEM), yielding stronger adsorption of toluene (TPD).     

低应力Ni–W/Ni叠层微模具的制备与特性

采用UV-LIGA技术和Ni–W/Ni叠层电镀方法,在微喷嘴模具上制备出低应力Ni–W沉积层。研究了热处理条件对低应力Ni–W电沉积层硬度的影响。考察了沉积态及热处理态的Ni–W层、Ni层的耐磨性。结果发现,热处理后Ni–W/Ni叠层微模具界面结合良好,在干摩擦条件下,经过热处理的Ni–W层的耐磨性是Ni层的6倍;在550°C、2h真空热处理条件下,Ni–W电沉积层应力最低,为230MPa,硬度大于950HV。     

Electrodeposition of Ni–Co alloys from sulfamate baths

The paper describes the results of electrochemical investigations of Ni–Co deposition from a sulfamate bath in the presence of boric acid and two additives. The individual deposition of nickel was shown to be partly inhibited by the adsorption of sulfamate ions at low polarization; such inhibition was not observed for cobalt. The introduction of saccharin at 100 ppm, with a wetting agent seems to hinder sulfamate adsorption and Ni deposition departs at less cathodic potentials. The presence of cobalt has no effect on nickel deposition, whereas cobalt deposition is hindered by the presence of nickel in the bath. Galvanostatic deposition was carried out at the surface of a RDE and with a rotating cylinder Hull cell. At low current densities deposits with a Co content of approx. 40% were produced, but this content was shown to decrease with the applied current density. Examination of experimental data showed that cobalt deposition is diffusion-controlled and that Co content decreases with the applied current density relative to the limiting current density.     

Ni–Mn–Sn–O体系相组成及其在负温度系数热敏电阻中的应用

采用固相法制备Ni–Mn–Sn–O系单相尖晶石结构化合物。使用X-射线衍射技术确定了该体系的成相范围和温度,并判定该尖晶石结构的阳离子分布。结果表明:Ni元素摩尔含量在15%以下时,形成四方尖晶石相;在15%~30%之间时形成立方尖晶石相;大于30%时则易析出NiO相。Sn元素的含量对成相温度有重要影响,其含量越多,成相温度越高。但当Sn元素含量达到30%以上时,则不能进入尖晶石结构中。Sn元素以Sn4+的形式占据尖晶石结构中的B位,导致其电阻率和热敏常数B值急剧增加。     

Interaction of carbon monoxide with Cu–Pd and Cu–Ni bimetallic clusters

Interaction of CO with Cu–Pd and Cu–Ni bimetallic clusters deposited on a ZnO substrate has been investigated by core-level spectroscopy. The surface reactivity of both these alloy clusters increases with the decrease in cluster size, giving rise to dissociative adsorption at small cluster size. The surface reactivity also increases with the increase in Pd or Ni content and the reactivity of the alloy clusters is unlike that of either component metal. Thus, dissociative adsorption occurs on small Cu–Pd clusters unlike on either Cu or Pd clusters of comparable size. The reactivity of the Cu–Ni clusters, on the other hand, falls somewhere between those of Cu and Ni clusters. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Surface microstructure and corrosion resistance of electrodeposited ternary Zn–Ni–Co alloy

The electroplating of ternary Zn–Ni–Co alloy, the influence of cobalt codeposition on crystal orientation, surface topography and corrosion resistance were investigated and contrasted with the characteristics of Zn–Ni electrodeposits. It was found that the Zn–Ni–Co alloy showed better corrosion resistance, in 3% sodium chloride, in comparison with Zn–Ni alloy electroplated under similar conditions. The best corrosion resistance was observed for ternary deposits having 11.24% Ni and 6.52% Co. The crystal orientation and surface topography were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy, respectively.     

正向脉冲占空比对Ni–W–P–CeO_2–SiO_2纳米复合镀层性能的影响

通过Ni、W、P与CeO2、SiO2纳米颗粒的脉冲共沉积,在普通碳钢表面制备了Ni–W–P–CeO2–SiO2纳米复合镀层。在一定的脉冲频率和平均电流密度下,研究了正向脉冲占空比对纳米复合镀层的化学组成、沉积速率、显微硬度和显微组织的影响。结果表明:增大正向脉冲占空比时,纳米复合镀层的晶粒尺寸增大,沉积速率和显微硬度降低。当正向脉冲占空比控制在10%时,沉积速率最快(为48.6μm/h),显微硬度最高(为696HV)。纳米复合镀层中的P含量随着正向脉冲占空比的增大而增加,但CeO2、SiO2纳米颗粒及W的含量不断降低,正向脉冲占空比对W的沉积量影响最明显。     

Development of Ni–YSZ cermet anode for solid oxide fuel cells by electroless Ni coating

Nickel–Yttria-stabilized zirconia (Ni–YSZ) cermet (ceramic–metal composite) anodes have been prepared from a simple electroless Ni bath without hypophosphite. Ni–YSZ powder having varying amounts of Ni has been prepared. The effect of two different reducing agents has been evaluated with respect to stability of the bath. Hydrazine can be effectively used as a reducing agent up to 30 vol.% Ni. However beyond 30% Ni, the hydrazine bath loses its stability. Formaldehyde is found to be a very effective reducing agent for higher Ni concentration. The Ni–YSZ powder obtained is characterized by SEM and XRD. When the powder is oxidized for calculating actual amount of Ni deposited, it turns to complete green due to the formation of NiO. The XRD results also show distinct peaks of NiO. The powder is pressed and sintered in air and reduced in hydrogen atmosphere to convert NiO back to Ni. The sintered microstructure shows a well-defined network of Ni around YSZ particles and the fracture surface shows porosity. These features indicate the effectiveness of the technique in producing the essential microstructural elements necessary for effective functioning of the anode.