超导稳频振荡器的研究

基于理论分析和计算机仿真,得到了超导稳频振荡器的设计方案,主要包括高Q超导腔、低温环境及锁相环电路等组件的设计。通过实验验证,超导腔的Q值达到2×10⁹,低温环境温度达到1.8 K,温度的稳定度优于0.001K。根据实验结果优化设计后进行系统联调,得到了初步实验结果,超导稳频振荡器的1s频率稳定度达到10^-13量级     

圆柱微波谐振法测量氩气折射率

氩气等单原子气体的折射率,是检验量子力学从头算理论的重要参数。基于圆柱微波谐振法,精确测量了234～303 K、 0～750 kPa范围内氩气的折射率。测量了圆柱腔内不同压力下4种横磁 (TM) 模式的微波谐振频率,对谐振频率进行非理想因素修正后,结合真空下的微波谐振频率获得氩气的折射率。圆柱腔内微波谐振频率测量不确定度为2×10^-8,4种模式获得的氩气折射率的相对标准偏差小于1×10^-6。通过氩气的折射率计算获得了氩气的第一介电维里系数,与国际上已发表的结果具有良好的一致性。基于建立的实验系统,后续可开展其他气体的折射率测量。     

基于开槽管腔的高信噪比铷原子钟物理系统

物理系统提供的原子鉴频信号信噪比是决定铷原子钟频率稳定度的关键因素。借助高频结构仿真软件,设计了一款内径为20 mm的开槽管微波腔。分析和测试表明,该微波腔内微波场磁力线沿腔轴方向均匀密集分布,可激励高强度铷原子微波跃迁。基于这种微波腔,设计出分离滤光物理系统。借助F-P干涉仪光谱测量,优化了滤光效果。测试表明,这种物理系统具备高信噪比,可用于制造频率稳定度为5.0×10^-13t^-1/2的铷原子钟。     

铷原子频标物理系统小型化设计

介绍了一种用于铷原子频标的小型化物理系统。该物理系统采用了开槽管式微波腔和分离滤光设计方案,体积为30 cm³。对该物理系统进行了初步测试,短期频率稳定度为3.8×10^-12/τ^1/2,表明该物理系统同时具备了小型化和高信噪比特点,可以应用于高性能小型化铷原子频标。     

小型氢原子频标蓝宝石微波腔的仿真设计

基于理论计算和Ansoft HFSS软件仿真,设计并优化了氢频标小型蓝宝石微波腔的尺寸.通过计算机编程,分析了TE011模式下谐振频率、Q值随腔尺寸及填充介质(蓝宝石)厚度变化关系并画出曲线,得到了设计优化微波谐振腔的理论依据,这对于氢频标小型化工作具有指导意义.基于理论分析进行仿真优化,得到Q值较高、尺寸更小的微波腔.     

锁相环路对氢原子钟性能影响的实验分析

实验以上海天文台SOHM-4型氢原子钟脉泽信号和新研制的模拟-数字混合型锁相环路为基础,主要分析锁相环路参数对氢原子钟输出信号的短期频率稳定度和单边带相位噪声的影响。针对氢脉泽信号高Q值的特殊性,通过理论分析和实验验证寻求与其相匹配的最佳环路参数。实验结果表明,锁相环路的参数设置直接影响到氢原子钟输出信号的性能;在脉泽信号不变的情况下,改进后的锁相环路和主电子学系统可使氢原子钟的频率稳定度提高至1.7×10^-13/1s, 3.3×10^-14/10s, 9.1×10^-15/100s, 2.9×10^-15/1 000s, 1.4×10^-15/10000s,即较之原有的技术指标,在各取样时间范围内,频率稳定度的测试结果均提高了半个量级。     

一种高信噪比铷原子频标物理系统

物理系统是铷原子频标的核心部件,通过分析物理系统原子鉴频信号信噪比对频标频率稳定度的影响机理,对物理系统内部结构进行了改进。改进后的物理系统采用了优化的开槽管微波腔,用Xe气作为起辉气体的铷光谱灯,采用分离滤光的三泡设计方案。对改进后的系统进行了初步测试,秒稳定度约为8×10^-13。此结果表明铷原子频标的稳定度可以突破1×10^-12/τ^(1/2),铷原子频标的长期稳定度还有进一步提高的潜力。     

新型微波介质陶瓷HoVO4

采用固相法制备了新型微波介质陶瓷HoVO₄。研究了微波性能与微观形貌、致密度和拉曼半高宽之间的关系，并分析了拉曼光谱中化学键的振动模。HoVO₄在1 150℃烧结得到最优微波介电性能：ε_r=11.52,Q×f=27 271 GHz,τ_f=-22.39×10^-6/℃。选取正τ_f值的TiO ₂与负τ_f值的HoVO₄进行复合，得到谐振频率温度系数近零的微波陶瓷，当TiO₂掺杂量为6%、烧结温度为1 200℃时获得最佳微波介电性能为：ε_r=14.14,Q×f=18 978 GHz,τ_f=2.4324×10^-6/℃。     

能量天平永磁体系统的温度场分析

提出基于COMSOL有限元仿真的方法对永磁体系统的温度场进行分析。通过分析,得到永磁体在不同工作模式下的温度上升曲线。仿真结果表明永磁体磁盘在两种工作模式下存在10^-4 K量级的温度差异,由于钐钴永磁体磁盘存在-3×10^-4 K^-1的温度系数,温度对磁链差的测量影响在10^-8量级。为改善能量天平永磁体系统中悬挂线圈的发热问题,提出调整悬挂线圈电流,增大辐射面辐射系数,改变天平支撑结构3种方案,以改善温度波动引入的普朗克常数测量不确定度。     

单圆柱微波谐振法测量热力学温度的研究

利用氩气的量子力学“从头算”理论和相关实验测量结果,基于圆柱微波谐振法建立了气体折射率热力学温度计实验系统,测量了253~303 K范围内的热力学温度。通过测量圆柱微波谐振腔内4个横磁模式的微波谐振频率,获得了氩气在700 kPa附近的气体折射率,不同微波模式得到的氩气折射率一致性优于1×10^-8,进一步结合氩气的维里状态方程得到热力学温度。热力学温度T和ITS-90国际温标T90差异不确定度为11.6 mK,与国际温度咨询委员会的评估值具有良好的一致性。未来随着氩气理论计算和实验系统压力测量不确定度的深入研究,该方法测定热力学温度的不确定度会进一步改善。     

Hg+ trapped ion standard with the superconducting cavitymaser oscillator

The frequency stability of an atomic standard based on ¹⁹⁹ Hg⁺ ions confined in a hybrid RF/DC linear trap is described. The 40.5-GHz clock transition has been measured to be 17 mHz wide, representing a quality factor greater than 2×10¹². A 160-mHz line is used to steer the output of a 5-MHz crystal oscillator to obtain a stability of 2×10^-15 for 24000-s averaging times. In a separate measurement, a 37-mHz line is used to steer the output of the superconducting cavity maser oscillator to reach 1×10^-15 stability at 10000 s     

Power stabilized cryogenic sapphire oscillator

Microwave oscillators of exceptional short-term stability have been realized from cryogenic sapphire resonators with loaded Q factors in excess of 10⁹ at 11.9 GHz and 6 K. This has been achieved by a power stabilized loop oscillator with active Pound frequency stabilization. These oscillators have exhibited a fractional frequency stability of 3-4×10^-15 for integration times from 0.3 to 100 s. The relative drift of these two oscillators over one day is a few times 10^-13. To reduce the long-term drift, which is principally due to excessive room temperature sensitivity, we have added cryogenic sensors for the power and frequency stabilization servos to one of these oscillators. We have also implemented a servo to reduce the room temperature sensitivity of our phase modulators. Testing of this oscillator against a Shanghai Observatory H-maser has shown an Allan deviation of 4×10^-15 from 600 to 2000 s     

Temperature-compensated sapphire resonator for ultra-stableoscillator capability at temperatures above 77 K

We report on the design and test of a whispering gallery sapphire resonator for which the dominant (WGH_n11) microwave mode family shows frequency-stable, compensated operation for temperatures above 77 K. The resonator makes possible a new ultra-stable oscillator (USO) capability that promises performance improvements over the best available crystal quartz oscillators in a compact cryogenic package. A mechanical compensation mechanism, enabled by the difference between copper and sapphire expansion coefficients, tunes the resonator to cancel the temperature variation of sapphire's dielectric constant. In experimental tests, the WGH₈₁₁ mode showed a frequency turnover temperature of 87 K in agreement with finite element calculations. Preliminary tests of oscillator operation show an Allan Deviation of frequency variation of 1.4-6×10^-12 for measuring times 1 s ⩽τ⩽100 s with unstabilized resonator housing temperature and a mode Q of 2×10⁶. We project a frequency stability 10^-14 for this resonator with stabilized housing temperature and with a mode Q of 10⁷     

High-Q thermoelectric-stabilized sapphire microwave resonators forlow-noise applications

Two low-noise high-Q sapphire-loaded cavity (SLC) resonators, with unloaded Q values of 2×10⁵ and very low densities of spurious modes, have been constructed. They were designed to operate at 0°C with a center frequency of 10.000000 GHz. The cavity was cooled with a thermoelectric (TE) Peltier element, and in practice achieved the required center frequency near 1°C. The resonator has a measured frequency-temperature coefficient of -0.7 MHz/K, and a Q factor which is measured to be proportional to T^-2.5. An upper limit to the SLC residual phase noise of ℒ (100) Hz=-147 dBc/Hz, ℒ (1 kHz)=-155 dBc/Hz, and ℒ (10) kHz=-160 dBc/Hz has been measured. Also, we have created a free-running loop oscillator based on one of the SLC resonators, and measured a phase noise of ℒ(f)~-10-30log [f] dBc/Hz between f=10 /Hz and 25 kHz, using the other as a discriminator     

Very high Q microwave spectroscopy on trapped171Yb+ ions: application as a frequency standard

A microwave frequency standard based on buffer-gas cooled ¹⁷¹ Yb⁺ ions confined in a linear Paul trap has been demonstrated in prototype form. The standard exhibits a fractional frequency instability characterized by an Allan deviation σ_y (τ)=3.7×10^-13τ^-1/2 for τ<3000 s. Microwave Ramsey fringes with a Q factor of 1.5×10¹³ have been observed     

Precision measurement of the atomic mass of 6Li using aPenning ion trap mass spectrometer

We have used a cryogenic (4 K) Penning ion trap mass spectrometer to measure the mass ratios of ⁶Li⁺/¹²C ²⁺, ⁶Li⁺/D₃⁺, and D₂⁺/He⁺. We developed techniques to create ions outside of the cryogenic trap environment and to transport them into the trap where a small number (1-10) were confined. The ions' frequencies of oscillation were measured using a high-Q tuned circuit to detect image currents induced in the trap electrodes. The measurements involving ⁶Li⁺ result in a value for the atomic mass of ⁶Li of 6.015 122 795(16) u, with a fractional uncertainty of ±2.7×10^-9 representing a factor of 30 improvement over the published, tabulated value. A measurement of the D₂⁺/He⁺ mass ratio has an uncertainty of ±1.1×10^-9 and is within 0.6×10^-9 of the tabulated value, thus demonstrating that our techniques are reliable     

Frequency of a methane-stabilized helium-neon laser

A phase-locked laser frequency chain was used to measure the absolute frequency of a HeNe/CH₄ laser relative to the primary Cs standard, with measurement uncertainty less than ±1 part in 10¹². The frequency depends on laser parameters; a spread of 8.3×10^-11 was observed. This was attributed to the variation of Lamb dip asymmetry resulting from the gas-lens effect and the accompanying diffraction loss variation near resonance. Means of improving laser frequency reproducibility by reducing cavity diffraction loss variation were studied experimentally. The frequency obtained with a cavity exhibiting the smallest Lamb dip asymmetry was found to be 88 376 181 599.07±0.07 kHz     

Electrical conduction mechanisms in thermally evaporated thin films of 2-(4-biphenylyl) -5-(4-tert-butylphenyl) -1,3,4-oxadiazole

The AC electrical behaviour of sandwich devices fabricated entirely in vacuum using thermally evaporated thin films of 99+% pure 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4 oxadiazole (Bu–PBD) and gold electrodes, is observed over the frequency range 10⁴ to 10⁷ Hz and the temperature range 297 to 398 K. The capacitance and dissipation factor decrease with increasing frequency and at high frequency (>2×10⁶ Hz) the capacitance and dissipation factor are not temperature dependent. The results obtained show the relative importance of the variable range hopping model and band theory in describing the film conductivity.