Accurate fault location algorithm for double-circuit series compensated lines using a limited number of two-end synchronized measurements

This paper presents a new fault location algorithm for double-circuit series compensated lines based on synchronized phasor measurements. Only the sequence current phasors from both ends of the line and the sequence voltage phasors from one local end are taken as input, limiting thus the amount of data needed to be exchanged between the line terminals. In addition, the proposed algorithm does not utilize the model of the series compensation device, eliminating thus the errors resulting from modeling such devices. The new algorithm consists of three steps. In the first step, the fault type and the circuit(s) involved in the fault are determined using a synchrophasor-based fault type selection method. In the next step, the algorithm applies two subroutines designating for locating faults on particular line sections which are defined according to the series compensation placement along the line. In these subroutines, the sequence voltages and currents at the fault point are expressed with respect to the known sequence voltages and currents at the two measuring ends and the distance to fault. Then, using the fault boundary conditions that exist for a given fault type, the fault location is solved by an iterative method. Finally, in the last step a procedure for selecting the valid subroutine is applied. Due to zero sequence mutual coupling, it is not straightforward to express the zero sequence voltage and current at the fault point as a function of the zero sequence voltages and currents at the measuring ends and the distance to fault. To overcome this problem, a modal transformation matrix is introduced to obtain the modal networks, which are decoupled and can be analyzed independently. Based on distributed parameter line model, the proposed algorithm fully considers the effects of shunt capacitances and thus achieves superior locating accuracy, especially for long lines. Mutual coupling between circuits, source impedances and fault resistance does not influence the locating accuracy of the algorithm. Simulation results using ATP-EMTP and MATLAB demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed algorithm.     

A new distance relaying algorithm based on complex differential equation for symmetrical components

This paper presents a new digital impedance measuring technique for transmission lines that combines symmetrical components and the complex differential equation of an equivalent fault loop circuit. The phase voltages and currents at the relaying point are transformed into symmetrical components using Fourier filters of short window length. Depending on fault type, an appropriate fault loop circuit is formed, signals of which are the appropriate symmetrical components, while a parameter of which is the positive sequence impedance being a geometrical measure of the distance from the relaying point to a fault. The impedance, however, is measured very fast by on-line solving the complex differential equation originated for this fault loop circuit. Consequently, this approach combines frequency domain estimation of symmetrical components (accurate filtration) and time domain measurement of positive sequence impedance (high speed response).

The presented method suits well the protection of parallel lines against high-resistance faults occurring very close to the far end of a line. A new method is proposed for detecting high-resistance faults and deciding which line out of two parallel lines actually suffers a fault.

The included EMTP test results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed relaying algorithm.     

A Novel Fault Location Algorithm for Double-Circuit Transmission Lines based on Distributed Parameter

1 IntroductionWith the development of the power system,thedouble circuit transmission lines have been widely used.The increased complexities of power transmission systemmake the transmission line fault location studies morecomplicated and important.The fault location for thesemore complex lines has raised great attentions.Differentfault location algorithms can be developed depending onthe extracted data from one or both ends of thetransmission lines.The method using one end data isaffected by…     

A single ended directional fault section identifier and fault locator for double circuit transmission lines using combined wavelet and ANN approach

Fault section identification and determining its location are important aspects to reduce down/repair time, speed up restoration of power supply and to improve the reliability. In this paper combined wavelet and artificial neural network based directional protection scheme is proposed for double circuit transmission lines using single end data to identify the faulty section and its location with reach setting up to 99% of line length. The proposed method requires the three phase currents and voltage to be measured at one end of the double circuit transmission line modelled using distributed parameter line model which also considers the effect of shunt capacitance. Approximate coefficients feature vector of the three phase voltage and current are extracted using discrete wavelet transform to train the ANN with Levenberg Marquardt algorithm. The proposed scheme involves two stages. The first stage identifies the zone/section of the fault and the second stage calculates the fault location from the relaying point. The proposed combined Wavelet and ANN based fault location scheme is also compared with ANFIS based fault location scheme. The test results of the proposed scheme show that the fault section identification and location estimation is very accurate and the average percentage error in fault location estimation is within 0.001%. This method is adaptive to the variation of fault type (both forward and reverse), fault inception angle, fault location and fault resistance. The main advantage of the proposed scheme is that it offers primary protection to 99% of line length using single end data only and also backup protection to the adjacent forward and reverse line sections.     

基于电流双反相量的同杆四回线故障选相方法

为了解决同杆四回线故障情况复杂,跨线故障时无法应用单回线故障选相方法的难题,提出了一种基于故障电流双反相量的同杆四回线故障选相方法。同杆四回线发生一回线内或两回线间跨线故障时,对四回线各相电流进行变换,可得故障相电流的双同及双反相量。通过对故障电流边界条件的分析可知,不同类型故障时故障电流的3个双反相量分别具有不同的幅值和相位特点。以此为基础,提出了在一回线内故障和两回线间跨线故障时能够准确识别故障回线和故障相的同杆四回线故障选相方法。仿真表明本方法在不同的负载电流、过渡电阻、故障位置及故障类型下均能进行有效的故障选相。     

利用单端电气量的同杆双回线故障定位研究

提出了1种基于单端工频电气量的同杆双回线的故障定位算法。根据同杆双回线特殊的电气结构,算法仅使用本线路的单端电气量,利用本线路零序电流和双回线路的零序电流比表示相邻线路的零序电流。算法测距结果不受故障点过渡电阻、负荷电流和双回线路间零序互感的影响。考虑到高压长线路分布电容对测距结果的影响,本文对线路分布电容的充电电流进行了迭代补偿。PSCAD/EMTDC仿真结果表明,该算法应用于同杆双回线故障测距时具有较高的测距精度。     

Fault location of untransposed double-circuit transmission lines based on an improved Karrenbauer matrix and the QPSO algorithm

Some double-circuit transmission lines are untransposed, which results in complex coupling relations between the parameters of the transmission lines. If the traditional modal transformation matrix is directly used to decouple the parameters, it can lead to large errors in the decoupled modal parameter, errors which will be amplifed in the fault location equation. Consequently, it makes the fault location results of the untransposed double-circuit transmission lines less accurate. Therefore, a new modal transformation method is needed to decouple the parameter matrix of untransposed double-circuit transmission lines and realize the fault location according to the decoupled modal parameter. By improving the basis of the Karrenbauer matrix, a modal transformation matrix suitable for decoupling parameters of untransposed double-circuit transmission lines is obtained. To address the diffculties in solving the fault location equation of untransposed double-circuit transmission lines, a new fault location method based on an improved Karrenbauer matrix and the quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (QPSO) algorithm is proposed. Firstly, the line parameter matrix is decomposed into identical and inverse sequence components using the identical-inverse sequence component transformation. The Karrenbauer matrix is then transformed to obtain the improved Karrenbauer matrix for untransposed double-circuit transmission lines and applied to identical and inverse sequence components to solve the decoupled modal parameter. Secondly, based on the principle that voltage magnitudes at both ends are equal, the fault location equation is expressed using sequence components at each end, and the QPSO algorithm is introduced to solve the equation. Finally, the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method are verifed by PSCAD simulation. The simulation results fully demonstrate that the innovative improvement on the basis of the traditional modal transformation matrix in this paper can realize the modal transformation of the complex coupling parameters of the untransposed double-circuit transmission lines. It causes almost no errors in the decoupling process. The QPSO algorithm can also solve the fault location equation more accurately. The new fault location method can realize the accurate fault location of untransposed double-circuit transmission lines.     

Discrete wavelet transform and support vector machine‐based parallel transmission line faults classification

This paper presents a scheme for classification of faults on double circuit parallel transmission lines using combination of discrete wavelet transform and support vector machine (SVM). Only one cycle post fault of the phase currents was employed to predict the fault type. Two features for each phase current were extracted using discrete wavelet transform. Thus, a total of 12 features were extracted for the six phase currents. The training data were collected, and SVM was employed to establish the fault classification unit. After that, the fault classification unit was tested for different fault states. The power system simulation was conducted using the MATLAB/Simulink program. The proposed technique took into account the mutual coupling between the parallel transmission lines and the randomness of the faults on transmission line considering time of occurrence, fault location, fault type, fault resistance, and loading conditions. The results show that the proposed technique can classify all the faults on the parallel transmission lines correctly. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Fault location scheme for combined overhead line with underground power cable

This paper presents a fault location scheme for transmission systems consisting of an overhead line combined with an underground power cable. The algorithm requires phasor measurements data from one end of the transmission line and the synchronized measurements at the most far end of the power cable. Fault location is derived using distributed line model, modal transformation theory and Discrete Fourier Transform. The technique can be used on-line or off-line using the data stored in the digital fault recording apparatuses. The proposed scheme has the ability to locate the fault whether it is in the overhead line or in the underground power cable. In addition to, the proposed scheme gives an accurate estimation of the fault resistance at fault location. Extensive simulation studies carried out using MATLAB show that the proposed scheme provides a high accuracy in fault location under various fault conditions.     

一种利用电压模故障分量的选相元件

针对系统参数可能的变化,分析了各种类型故障条件下电压模故障分量在故障点和保护安装处的特征,提出了一种利用电压模故障分量的选相元件,该元件利用电压故障分量,故障发生后可以快速动作。在此基础上,针对线路末端经高阻单相接地时该元件灵敏度不足的问题,提出了一种选相方案。ATP仿真和MATLAB分析验证了该方案的可行性。     

A new protection scheme for fault detection, direction discrimination, classification, and location in transmission lines

This paper presents a new adaptive fault protection scheme for transmission lines using synchronized phasor measurements. The work includes fault detection, direction discrimination, classification, and location. Both fault-detection and fault-location indices are derived by using two-terminal synchronized measurements incorporated with distributed line model and modal transformation theory. The fault-detection index is composed of two complex phasors and the angle difference between the two phasors determines whether the fault is internal or external to the protected zone. The fault types can be classified by the modal fault-detection index. The proposed scheme also combines online parameter estimation to ensure protection scheme performance and achieve adaptive protection. Extensive simulation studies show that the proposed scheme provides a fast relay response and high accuracy in fault location under various system and fault conditions. The proposed method responds very well with regards to dependability, security, and sensitivity (high-resistance fault coverage).     

A novel digital distance relaying technique for transmission lineprotection

Parallel transmission lines often pose more difficult protection problems than single lines. In the case of parallel lines, a number of problems arise when using the distance protection. The paper discusses problems associated with parallel line distance relaying schemes and presents a novel technique to overcome these problems. Two relays instead of four are proposed for the double lines, One relay is located at the beginning and another one at the end. Each relay is fed by three voltage and six current signals from the two lines. The suggested technique is based on the comparison of the measured impedance of corresponding phases. So, the complexity of the possible types of faults, high path fault resistance, mutual effects, current in-feed, inter-system faults are solved. Moreover, 100% of line is protected and the problem of balance-point locations is avoided. Alternative Transient Program models the power system and simulates different fault conditions     

适用于单/双回线的双端非同步故障测距方法

单/双回线之间存在线间互感、跨线故障等特征差异,严重限制了单回线测距原理在双回线路中的应用。文中提出了一种适用于单/双回线的双端非同步故障测距方法。首先基于单回线网络结构,利用双端电压幅值比推导出双端非同步的故障测距方程。然后从双回线的网络结构和非对称参数着手,基于星角变换和六序变换原理分别建立单/双回线之间的联系桥梁,使基于单回线所提测距原理在双回线测距中能得以应用。仿真验证表明所提方法继承了双端工频测距法的优点,且无需双端数据同步,在单/双回线全线环境下均具有较高的测距精度,适用范围广。     

High-Resistance Faults on Two Terminal Parallel Transmission Line: Analysis, Simulation Studies, and an Adaptive Distance Relaying Scheme

Performance of conventional nonpilot distance relay is affected by ground fault resistance, prefault system conditions, mutual effects of parallel lines and shunt capacitance influences. The work presented in this paper addresses the problems encountered by conventional non pilot distance relay when protecting two terminal parallel transmission lines. One of the key points of this paper is the detailed analysis of the apparent impedance as seen from the relaying point taking into account the effects of transmission line parameter uncertainties, mutual effects of parallel lines for simple and more complex configuration, shunt capacitance influences and variations in the system external to the protected line. Based on extensive computer simulations of the infeed/outfeed, fault resistance, mutual coupling and shunt capacitance effects on the relay characteristics, an adaptive digital distance relaying scheme is proposed using radial basis function neural network which provides more efficient approach for training, computation, adaptation and tripping than the conventional feed forward network using back propagation algorithm. In addition, the proposed adaptive scheme improves the performance of distance relay for double-circuit lines using modified compensation factor. Moreover, the scheme does not require separate communication channel for data transmission. The results of computer simulation show the improvement of sensitivity and selectivity of the relay     

A Fault Location Algorithm Based on Circuit Analysis for Untransposed Parallel Transmission Lines

This paper proposes a fault-location algorithm for ultra-high-voltage untransposed parallel transmission lines that only use the voltages and currents at the local end. The proposed algorithm uses the voltage equation for the faulted phase of the faulted line. The equation contains the fault distance, fault resistance, and fault current. To obtain the fault current, Kirchhoff's voltage law is applied on the loops of three phases consisting of the faulted line and the adjacent parallel line. The fault current can be represented in terms of the fault distance. Inserting the fault current into the voltage equation results in an equation that contains only two parameters (i.e., the fault distance and fault resistance). The fault distance is estimated by solving the equation. Test results indicated that the algorithm accurately estimates the fault distance regardless of the fault resistance and mutual coupling effects.     

One-end fault location method for untransposed four-circuit transmission lines

This paper presents a fault location method suitable for untransposed four-circuit parallel transmission lines using the data available at one end of the line. The proposed method employs an accurate distributed parameter line model that fully accounts for mutual coupling between all the lines and shunt capacitance effects. The fault location algorithms are developed in phase-components, one for the case where the fault is in any one of the circuits, the second for the case where the fault involves any two circuits and the third for the case where the fault involves more than two circuits. The proposed method is tested using the transient data obtained by simulating a 500-kV four-circuit overhead transmission line under different fault conditions. The simulations are done using the software “DIgSILENT PoweFactory”. Results obtained indicate that the method is capable of estimating the fault distance with high accuracy for various fault conditions. Also the robustness of the fault location method is investigated.     

Under-Reach Correction in Twin Circuits Without Residual Current Input From the Parallel Line

Mutual coupling poses difficult problems witnessed during single phase to earth fault, in transmission line protection. In parallel lines on the same right of way, mutually coupled zero-sequence circuits cause error in the apparent impedance seen by the relay. This causes the distance relay at one end of the faulty line to over-reach while the one at the other end to under-reach. Incorrect sensing of the ground fault due to zero-sequence voltage inversion caused by mutually coupled zero-sequence network may lead to false trip of the neighbouring healthy line. The paper develops characteristic expressions for effective sequence impedances of twin circuit lines and presents a non-iterative microprocessor based algorithm for fault distance and under-reach estimation in real time, for under-reach correction in basic distance relaying scheme. The residual current measurement from the parallel circuit is not required for this purpose.      

Fast and accurate parameter estimation algorithm for digital distance relaying

Response of digital distance relaying depends on the fast and accurate calculation of parameters such as voltage and current phasors and fault impedance. This paper describes a new apparent impedance estimation algorithm that is based on modal components theory. It is shown in the paper that the proposed algorithm has several advantageous features in terms of speed and accuracy over previously suggested symmetrical and modal components based algorithms. The paper discusses a procedure for deriving a fault impedance estimation algorithm that can be used for protecting power transmission lines. The proposed algorithm was evaluated using an alternative transient program (ATP). The program models a power system, simulates many fault conditions on a selected transmission line and generates fault data. The relay software then obtains filtered, scaled and sampled data and calculates fault impedance using the proposed algorithm. The relay characteristic makes trip decisions based on the fault impedance estimates. The paper shows the feasibility of the proposed algorithm for first zone distance protection. Some results of these studies are presented and discussed in the paper.     

不同电压等级四回线双端故障测距原理研究

由于存在互感和故障类型众多,不同电压等级四回线的故障分析和故障测距愈加困难.为此采用六序分量矩阵叠加方法对不同电压等级的四回线进行解耦,可以将阻抗阵转换为一个特殊的对角阵,非对角线上不为零的元素只有2个,表明四回线的同向零序网存在互感,其它的非对角线元素为零,表明四回线的反向正序网之间不存在互感.采用六序分量矩阵叠加方法对四回线系统的2条同杆双回线两端的电流分别进行矩阵变换,得到2组反向正序电流,利用反向正序电压在故障点相等的特点,实现不同电压等级四回线的双端故障测距.该双端故障测距方法不需要考虑不同电压等级同杆双回线的参数归算,测距精度不受故障类型、故障点过渡电阻、系统运行方式的影响.仿真结果表明,该双端故障测距方法具有有效性和实用性     

基于站域信息的同杆双回线接地距离保护优化方案

基于单间隔电气量的接地距离保护由于受到同杆双回线线间互感的影响,存在故障线路距离测量不准确、非故障线路易发生反方向误动和末端故障超越等问题.利用智能变电站中跨间隔站域信息高度共享的特点,构建了同杆双回线单元式保护配置方案,设计了过程层信息获取及交互的实现方案.利用双回线的断路器位置和接地刀闸位置信息自适应地选择零序补偿...