Image coding with robust channel-optimized trellis-codedquantization

This paper presents a wavelet-based image coder that is optimized for transmission over the binary symmetric channel (BSC). The proposed coder uses a robust channel-optimized trellis-coded quantization (COTCQ) stage that is designed to optimize the image coding based on the channel characteristics. A phase scrambling stage is also used to further increase the coding performance and robustness to nonstationary signals and channels. The resilience to channel errors is obtained by optimizing the coder performance only at the level of the source encoder with no explicit channel coding for error protection. For the considered TCQ trellis structure, a general expression is derived for the transition probability matrix. In terms of the TCQ encoding rat and the channel bit error rate, and is used to design the COTCQ stage of the image coder. The robust nature of the coder also increases the security level of the encoded bit stream and provides a much more visually pleasing rendition of the decoded image. Examples are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed robust image coder     

基于不等差错保护的信源信道联合编码技术的研究

文中首先对与信源信道联合编码技术相关的一些必要背景知识作了简要介绍.接着提出了一种无线信道中基于小波SPIHT算法的联合信源信道编码方法.主要思想是信源部分采用基于小波SPIHT的编码方法,而信道部分采用RCPC编码对SPIHT输出码流按重要性进行不等错误保护,并加入交织以增强对突发错误的抗击能力.实验表明本方法能够提高系统的性能和编码效率,可以应用于信噪比波动较大的信道.     

Content-based multiple bitstream image transmission over noisy channels

We propose a novel combined source and channel coding scheme for image transmission over noisy channels. The main feature of the proposed scheme is a systematic decomposition of image sources so that unequal error protection can be applied according to not only bit error sensitivity but also visual content importance. The wavelet transform is adopted to hierarchically decompose the image. The association between the wavelet coefficients and what they represent spatially in the original image is fully exploited so that wavelet blocks are classified based on their corresponding image content. The classification produces wavelet blocks in each class with similar content and statistics, therefore enables high performance source compression using the set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) algorithm. To combat the channel noise, an unequal error protection strategy with rate-compatible punctured convolutional/cyclic redundancy check (RCPC/CRC) codes is implemented based on the bit contribution to both peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and visual quality. At the receiving end, a postprocessing method making use of the SPIHT decoding structure and the classification map is developed to restore the degradation due to the residual error after channel decoding. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme is indeed able to provide protection both for the bits that are more sensitive to errors and for the more important visual content under a noisy transmission environment. In particular, the reconstructed images illustrate consistently better visual quality than using the single-bitstream-based schemes.     

Robust image transmission over energy-constrained time-varyingchannels using multiresolution joint source-channel coding

We explore joint source-channel coding (JSCC) for time-varying channels using a multiresolution framework for both source coding and transmission via novel multiresolution modulation constellations. We consider the problem of still image transmission over time-varying channels with the channel state information (CSI) available at (1) receiver only and (2) both transmitter and receiver being informed about the state of the channel, and we quantify the effect of CSI availability on the performance. Our source model is based on the wavelet image decomposition, which generates a collection of subbands modeled by the family of generalized Gaussian distributions. We describe an algorithm that jointly optimizes the design of the multiresolution source codebook, the multiresolution constellation, and the decoding strategy of optimally matching the source resolution and signal constellation resolution “trees” in accordance with the time-varying channel and show how this leads to improved performance over existing methods. The real-time operation needs only table lookups. Our results based on a wavelet image representation show that our multiresolution-based optimized system attains gains on the order of 2 dB in the reconstructed image quality over single-resolution systems using channel optimized source coding     

Tradeoffs of Source Coding, Channel Coding and Spreading in Frequency Selective Rayleigh Fading Channels

This paper investigates the tradeoffs of source coding, channel coding and spreading in CDMA systems. We consider a system consisting of an image source coder, a convolutional channel coder, an interleaver, and a direct sequence spreading module. With different allocations of bandwidth to source coding, channel coding and spreading, the system is analyzed over a frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel. The performance of the system is evaluated using the cumulative distribution function of peak signal-to-noise ratio. Tradeoffs of different components of the system are determined through simulations. We show that, for a given bandwidth, an optimal allocation of that bandwidth can be found. Tradeoffs among the parameters allow us to tune the system performance to specific requirements.     

An opportunistic cooperation scheme and its BER analysis

The cooperative communication technology proposed in recent years enables network nodes to share their antennas to achieve diversity gain. In this paper, an efficient variation scheme on opportunistic cooperation is proposed by using an outage criterion, in which the cooperation mode will be adopted only when the channel from source to relay does not occur outage event. We derive a closed-form BER (bit error rate) expression for the proposed scheme over Rayleigh fading channels, showing that the full diversity is achieved by the new scheme. Also, the BER performance of the known coded cooperation is presented for the purpose of comparison with our scheme. Numerical results illustrate the superiority of the proposed scheme over the coded cooperation in terms of BER performance. It is pointed out that the corresponding BER advantage of the proposed scheme comes at the expense of increasing system overhead since the new scheme needs some feedback from relay to both source and destination.     

Medical image transmission over a GSM cellular system

This authors report on an investigation of possible source/channel coders for medical image transmission over a GSM cellular link. Two source coders (JPEG and EZW) and two channel coders (convolutional and turbo codes) are used. Analysis of the results indicates that EZW with convolutional coding gives the best performance, but some kind of automatic repeat on request (ARQ) is also needed     

一种新的基于序列蒙特卡罗方法的符号检测器

在衰落信道下检测传输符号是序列蒙特卡罗方法在通信领域中的一个重要应用.由于在序列蒙特卡罗方法中重要函数的选择直接会影响系统性能,针对这一问题,提出了一种新的混合重要函数,较大幅度提高了衰落信道下传输符号的检测水平,仿真结果也证实了这种新检测器的有效性.     

Image/video communications: joint source/channel coding

Transmission of image/video messages over communication networks is becoming a standard way of communication due to very efficient compression algorithms that reduce required channel capacity to an acceptable level. However, all compression standard techniques are strongly sensitivitive to channel disturbances and their application is suitable only for practically noiseless channels. In standard noisy channels, the effect of errors on a compressed data bit stream can be divided into two categories: systematic errors defined by the structure of data blocks, and random errors caused by amplitude changes of transmitted components. A systematic error can be detected at the receiver through control of the data stream structure and corrected by error concealment methods or by automatic repeat request (ARQ) procedures. Random errors, noise and burst‐like errors, as well as impulse noise, should be controlled through channel coding. It is reasonable that an integrated source and channel coding methods should be preferred and should give better coding performance. In this paper, a new framework for an image/video coding approach has been presented in which the source and channel coding is integrated in a unique procedure. Image compression is performed in a standard way of the JPEG algorithm based on discrete cosine transform (DCT) and error control coding is based on the real/complex‐number (N,M) BCH code using discrete Fourier transform (DFT) specified with zeros in the time domain, i.e. with roots in the frequency domain. Efficiency of the proposed method is tested on two examples, an one‐dimensional real‐valued time sequence coded by real‐number (20,16) BCH code using DFT, and an example of an image coded by complex (10,8) BCH code using DFT with the correction ability of up to 8 impulses per transmitted 8×8 block. In addition, two decoding methods based on Berlekamp–Massey algorithm (BMA) and the minimum‐norm algorithm (MNA) have also compared. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Joint source-channel coding using real BCH codes for robust image transmission.

In this paper, a new still image coding scheme is presented. In contrast with standard tandem coding schemes, where the redundancy is introduced after source coding, it is introduced before source coding using real BCH codes. A joint channel model is first presented. The model corresponds to a memoryless mixture of Gaussian and Bernoulli-Gaussian noise. It may represent the source coder, the channel coder, the physical channel, and their corresponding decoder. Decoding algorithms are derived from this channel model and compared to a state-of-art real BCH decoding scheme. A further comparison with two reference tandem coding schemes and the proposed joint coding scheme for the robust transmission of still images has been presented. When the tandem scheme is not accurately tuned, the joint coding scheme outperforms the tandem scheme in all situations. Compared to a tandem scheme well tuned for a given channel situation, the joint coding scheme shows an increased robustness as the channel conditions worsen. The soft performance degradation observed when the channel worsens gives an additional advantage to the joint source-channel coding scheme for fading channels, since a reconstruction with moderate quality may be still possible, even if the channel is in a deep fade.     

无线信道中的联合信源信道编码

该文提出了一种噪声信道下传输渐进图像的联合信源信道编码方法。该方法根据信道条件的好坏动态的调整信源编码速率和信道编码速率，因此极大地提高了系统的性能和编码效率。同时该方法还具有结构简单，易于实现等优点。试验证明本方法与以前文献中提出的EEP方法以及UEP方法相比，在信噪比低时即信道条件恶劣的情况下，能够明显提高恢复图像的质量。     

Blind MIMO system identification based on cumulant subspace decomposition

Blind identification of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) linear systems can be achieved by utilizing higher order statistics of the output signals. We study the blind identification of MIMO systems whose inputs are mutually independent, temporally white, non-Gaussian source signals. Based on sub-space analysis, we develop a new linear batch algorithm to identify MIMO systems from the common space of a set of fourth-order cumulant matrices of the channel outputs. Given knowledge of the channel orders, the identifiability conditions required by the proposed algorithm are properly established. Like most subspace-based approaches, this new algorithm remains sensitive to channel order overestimation. Simulation results illustrate its performance for various channel models.     

维纳滤波最优权修正导向矢量的SAR-GMTI动目标径向速度估计方法

针对通道幅相误差和图像配准误差等非理想因素导致动目标径向速度估计性能下降问题,本文提出利用维纳滤波最优权修正导向矢量的动目标径向速度估计方法.该方法利用抑制杂波的维纳滤波最优权矢量对动目标理想导向矢量加权处理获得修正导向矢量,并采用匹配滤波算法估计动目标径向速度.仿真数据和某机载多通道SAR-GMTI实测数据处理表明,所提方法对通道幅相误差和图像配准误差稳健,在图像相邻像素存在较大相关性时仍可获得较高的动目标径向速度估计精度.     

一种适用于丢包信道的小波编码图像传输方案

该文提出一种适用于丢包信道的基于小波变换的可伸缩图像编码传输方案。该方案利用分层多描述编码来提高信源编码的容错性能,利用信道编码来提高系统整体的抗丢包性能,采用编码后率失真优化技术对信源编码进行优化。利用非系统的RS码对信源编码符号和信道编码符号进行重新排序,将分层多描述编码和信道编码进行了有效的结合。通过在编解码端采用相同的排序算法,来减少传输开销。仿真结果表明,该方案与现有的方案相比,提高了接收图像的质量,并且需要较少的传输开销。     

基于水下成像模型的图像清晰化算法

受水下场景中有机物和悬浮颗粒的影响,水下图像存在对比度低、颜色失真和细节丢失等问题。同时,水下场景中通常有人工光源存在,造成图像光照不均。传统基于图像去雾的方法用于水下图像复原时效果欠佳,为充分考虑水对光的吸收和散射作用,近期提出了新的水下成像模型和图像复原方法。但是这些方法未考虑红通道影响,导致估计的散射比偏大;另外,也未考虑人工光源的影响,导致估计的背景光过大。针对这些问题,该文提出一套有效的水下图像清晰化方案。首先,通过设置阈值确定是否将红通道信息用于暗通道计算,并将反映人工光源影响的饱和度指标用于散射比估计,以减小人工光源的影响。由此,提出了基于红通道预判和饱和度指标的暗通道计算方法。然后,根据三通道衰减系数比估计每个通道的透射率,可弥补目前很多方法假设蓝绿通道透射率一致的缺陷。最后,利用Shades of Gray算法估计环境光,并结合新的水下成像模型得到复原图像。实验结果表明,该文算法可显著提升图像的对比度,得到颜色自然、细节清晰的复原图像。     

Joint Source/Channel Coding and MAP Decoding of Arithmetic Codes

Joint Source/Channel Coding and MAP Decoding of Arithmetic Codes In this paper, a novel MAP estimation approach is employed for error correction of arithmetic codes with a forbidden symbol. The system is founded on the principle of joint source channel coding, which allows one to unify the arithmetic decoding and error correction takes into a single process, with superior performance compared to traditional separated techniques. The proposed system improves the performance in terms of error correction with respect to a separated source and channel coding approach based on convolutional codes, with the additional great advantage of allowing complete flexibility in adjusting the coding rate. The proposed MAP decoder is tested in the case of image transmission across the AWGN channel and compared against standard FEC techniques in terms of performance an complexity. Both hard and soft decodng are taken into account, and excellent result in terms of packet error rate and decoded image quality are obtained.     

深度学习辅助的5G OFDM系统的信道估计

传统的信道估计算法难以满足5G系统中的高速率低时延的需求。针对该问题,将通信信道的时频响应视为二维图像,提出了一种基于图像恢复技术的信道估计方法。首先,设定参数产生基于5G 新空口（ New Radio,NR）标准的物理下行链路共享信道（ Physical Downlink Shared Channel,PDSCH）的信道数据信息数据集,将所产生的信道矩阵看作二维图像;然后,构建基于卷积神经网络的图像恢复网络,并融入残差连接来提高网络的性能;最后,利用训练好的网络模型进行信道估计。仿真结果表明,与最小二乘算法（Least Square,LS）、实际信道估计（Practical Channel Estimation,PCE）和基于图像超分辨率ChannelNet网络相比,所提出的信道估计算法性能提升明显。     

Joint source/channel coding for multiple images

A joint source/channel coding algorithm is proposed for the transmission of multiple image sources over memoryless channels. The proposed algorithm uses a quality scalable image coder to optimally allocate a limited bit budget among all the sources to achieve the optimal overall distortion reduction for the multiple reconstructed images. In addition to the conventional un gain, it provides channel multiplexing gain, which can be much more significant. Furthermore, an extended scheme is proposed to provide flexibility between the optimization performance and complexity.     

Subband image coding using entropy-coded quantization over noisychannels

Under the assumption of noiseless transmission the authors develop two entropy-coded subband image coding schemes. The difference between these schemes is the procedure used for encoding the lowest frequency subband: predictive coding is used in one system and transform coding in the other. After demonstrating the unacceptable sensitivity of these schemes to transmission noise, the authors also develop a combined source/channel coding scheme in which rate-compatible convolutional codes are used to provide protection against channel noise. A packetization scheme to prevent infinite error propagation is used and an algorithm for optimal assignment of bits between the source and channel encoders of different subbands is developed. It is shown that, in the presence of channel noise, these channel-optimized schemes offer dramatic performance improvements     

Joint source/channel coding for image transmission with JPEG2000 over memoryless channels.

The high compression efficiency and various features provided by JPEG2000 make it attractive for image transmission purposes. A novel joint source/channel coding scheme tailored for JPEG2000 is proposed in this paper to minimize the end-to-end image distortion within a given total transmission rate through memoryless channels. It provides unequal error protection by combining the forward error correction capability from channel codes and the error detection/localization functionality from JPEG2000 in an effective way. The proposed scheme generates quality scalable and error-resilient codestreams. It gives competitive performance with other existing schemes for JPEG2000 in the matched channel condition case and provides more graceful quality degradation for mismatched cases. Furthermore, both fixed-length source packets and fixed-length channel packets can be efficiently formed with the same algorithm.