Spark Plasma Sintering Preperties of Ultrafine Ti （ C, N）-based Cermet

Ultrafine Ti( C, N)-based cermet was sintered by SPS from 1050℃ to 1450℃ and its sintering properties, such as porosity, mechanical properties and phase transformation , were investigated by optical microscopy ( OM ), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction ( XRD ), and differential scanning calorimeter (OSC). It is found that the spark plasma sintering properties of Ti ( C, N )-based cermet differ from those of conventional vacuum sintering. The liquid phase appearance is at least lower by 150℃ than that in vacuum sintering. The porosity decreases sharply belove 1200℃ and reaches minimum at 1200℃ , and afterwards it almost keeps invariable and no longer increases. SPS remarkably accelerates the phase transformation of Ti ( C, N )-based cermet and it has a powerful ability to remorse oxides in Ti( C, N)-based cermets. Above 1350℃, denitrification occurred. Fresh graphite phase formed above 1 430℃ . Both the porosity and graphite are responsible for the poor TRS.     

Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷与3Cr13不锈钢的真空钎焊

采用AgCuZnNi钎料对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷和3Cr13不锈钢进行真空钎焊。研究了钎焊温度和钎焊时间对钎焊接头剪切强度的影响,通过SEM和EDS对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷/3Cr13不锈钢接头的显微组织、元素分布及断口形貌进行分析。研究表明:随着钎焊温度和钎焊时间的增加,钎焊接头的剪切强度先增大后减小。在钎焊温度为820℃,钎焊时间为10 min的工艺条件下,钎焊接头的结合强度达到最大,其剪切强度为154 MPa。Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷/3Cr13不锈钢焊缝由Ag基固溶体和Cu基固溶体构成。Ag基固溶体主要集中在焊缝的中部,而Cu基固溶体大多数分布在焊缝两侧与母材结合。Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷/3Cr13不锈钢接头断裂主要发生在Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷侧,其断裂方式为脆性断裂。     

Preparation of TiAl/Ti2AlC Composites with Ti/Al/C Powders by In-situ Hot Pressing

TiAl/Ti2AlC composites were prepared by in-situ hot pressing of TilAl/C powders mixtures and sintered at different temperatures were investigated by X- ray diffraction （ XRD ） of samples. The reaction procedure of Ti-Al-C system could be divided into three stnges. Below 900℃ , Ti reacts with Al to form TiAl intermetallics ; above 900 ℃ , C reacts with remain Ti to form TiC triggered by the exothermal reaction of Ti and Al ; TiAl reacts with TiC to produce dense TiAl/Ti2AlC compasites.In the holding stage, ternary Ti2AlC develops to layered polycrystal and composites pyknosis in the meanwhile. The mechanism of synthesis and microstructure was especially discussed.     

Low Temperature Synthesis of （Pb,La）（Zr,Sn,Ti）O3 Powders by Citrate Process

Lead lanthanum zirconate stannate titanate （PLZST） powders with homogeneous composition were synthesized at a relatively low temperature of 650 ℃ by a citrate process based on the Pechini method. Clear aqueous solutions were prepared from inorganic salts, and citric acid was added as a chelating agent to attain precursor sols. Dried gel-precursors were calcined at different temperatures for various time. The perovskites powders were obtained at 650 ℃ for 1 hour. XRD and SEM results show that the powders were single-phase and ultrafine particles.     

Preparation of nanosized metal-oxide ultrafine powders by atomizing-combustion technique

Ｔｈｅｎａｎｏｓｉｚｅｄｍｅｔａｌ－ｏｘｉｄｅｏｆＴｉｎ（Ｓｎ）,Ｉｎｄｉｕｍ（Ｉｎ）,Ｂｉｓｍｕｔｈ（Ｂｉ）ａｎｄｓｏｏｎａｒｅｈｉｇｈｑｕａｌｉｔｙｃｅ－ｒａｍｉｃｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓ．Ａｓｔｈｅｌａｔｅｓｔｓｔｕｄｉｅｓｈａｖｅｓｈｏｗｎ,ｐｒｏ...     

Effect of metallic phase species on the corrosion resistance of 17M/（10NiO-NiFe2O4） cermet inert anode of aluminum electrolysis

1 INTRODUCTIONThere are many disadvantages in the presentaluminumelectrolysis with carbon anode ,such assevere energy consumption,carbon wasting,envi-ronmental pollution and so on.Inert electrode sys-tem can overcome these disadvantages[1 3]. Re-cently ,the researches of the inert anode materialshave mainly been concentrated on alloys[4]and cer-met materials[5 ,6]. NiFe2O4based cermets , whichpossess not only high electrical conductivity ofmetal but also good corrosion resistance of cera…     

Influences of Carbon Content on the Properties and Microstructure of Ultrafine WC-10Co Cemented Carbide

WC-10Co nanocrystalline composite powders prepared by spray pyrogenation-continuous reduction and carburization technology were consolidated by vacuum sintering plus hot isostatic pressing (HIP). Influences of carbon content on properties and microstructure of ultrafine WC-10Co cemented carbide were investigated. The results show that the relative density of the ultrafine WC-10Co cemented carbides can reach 99.72%, and the transverse rupture strength (TRS) was higher than 3 890 MPa, Rockwell A hardness (HRA) was higher than 92.5, the average grain size was less than 460 nm, when carbon content in nanocrystalline composite powder was 5.54wt% and the ball-milled time was 48 hours, ultrafine WC-10Co cemented carbide with excellent properties and homogeneous microstructure was obtained. Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50502026), the Youth Science Plan for Light of the Morning Sun of Wuhan City(No.200750731270), and Key Project for the Science & Technology Research Department, Chinese Ministry of Education (No.105123)     

Comparative study of β-Si3N4 powders prepared by SHS sintered by spark plasma sintering and hot pressing

β-Si3N4 powders prepared by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) with additions of Y2O3 and Al2O3 were sintered by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The densification, microstructure, and mechanical properties of Si3N4 ceramics prepared using this method were compared with those obtained by hot pressing process. Well densified Si3N4 ceramics with finer and homogeneous microstructure and better mechanical properties were obtained in the case of the SPS technique at 200℃ lower than that of hot pressing. The microhardness is 15.72 GPa, the bending strength is 716.46 MPa, and the fracture toughness is 7.03 MPa.m1/2.     

Fundamentals of fast reduction of ultrafine iron ore at low temperature

Fundamentals on the fast reduction of ultrafine iron ore at low temperature, including characterization of ultrafine ore, deoxidation thermodynamics of stored-energy ultra.fine ore, kinetics of iron ore deoxidation, and deoxidation mechanism, etc., and a new ironmaking process are presented in this article. Ultrafine ore concentrate with a high amount of stored energy can be produced by mechanical milling, and can be deoxidated fast below 700℃ by either the coal-based or gas-based process. This novel process has some advantages over others： high productivity, low energy consumntion, and environmental friendliness.     

正丁醇钛－乙酸钡水解法合成BaTiO_3粉体的工艺研究

本文着重研究了Ｔｉ（ＯｎＢｕ）４－Ｂａ（ＯＡｃ）２水解法合成高纯超细ＢａＴｉＯ３粉体的制备工艺和工艺参数。对不同工艺条件下制得的ＢａＴｉＯ３粉体进行了ＴＧ－ＤＴＡ、ＸＲＤ、ＴＥＭ、ＳＡＸＳ和ＩＣＤ－ＡＥＳ的测试和分析，找出了其中的规律。采用本工艺方法合成的ＢａＴｉＯ３粉体，纯度达到９９．８０ｗｔ％，比表面积为６８ｍ２／ｇ，一次粒子平均粒径为４６．７ｕｍ，二次粒子粗径分布在２０～３００ｕｍ之间。     

Microstructures and properties of WC-2OCo-1Y2O3 cemented carbide by hot-press and liquid phase sintering

Ultrafine tungsten carbide and fine cobalt as well as nano yttrium oxide powders were used as the raw materials. The effects of hot-press below the eutectic temperature and conventional liquid phase sintering on the structures and properties of WC-20Co-1Y2O3 cemented carbide were studied. It is shown that hot-pressed alloy has the character of isotropic properties and microstructure with homogeneous and ultrafine WC grains. However, the ultrafine and fully-densified structure is developed at the cost of the presence of large amount of cobalt-lake (uneven-ly distributed binder phase), and thus lower strength. Yttrium oxide in the alloy cannot play the role of grain growth inhibitor fully when cemented carbide with high content of cobalt and ultrafine raw materials is sintered at high liquid phase sintering temperature. Peculiar platelet-enhanced bi-model structure is formed in WC-20Co-1Y2 O3 cemented carbide by conventional liquid phase sintering, which points out that yttrium oxide in the alloy facilitates the formation of plate-like WC grain.     

几种氧化铝基陶瓷材料的摩擦特性及有限元分析

利用高速环-块摩擦磨损试验机,研究了Al2O3、Al2O3/Ti(C,N)、Al2O3/TiC/CaF2陶瓷材料在室温下与45#钢干摩擦时的摩擦特性,并利用ANSYS分析了摩擦过程中的应力分布。结果表明:纯Al2O3和Al2O3/Ti(C,N)随着转速和载荷(载荷为10 N除外)的增加摩擦系数呈下降趋势;Al2O3/TiC/CaF2的摩擦系数先随转速增大而略有上升,然后减小,随着载荷(载荷为10 N除外)的增加摩擦系数减小。与Al2O3相比,Al2O3/Ti-(C,N)陶瓷的最大主应力和最大剪应力接近,但力学性能优于Al2O3陶瓷,使磨粒的刻划作用减弱,摩擦磨损性能改善;Al2O3/TiC/CaF2自润滑陶瓷的主应力和剪应力明显降低,并且在摩擦过程中自润滑陶瓷能在摩擦表面形成一层自润滑膜,从而改善了摩擦磨损性能。     

Preparation and properties of 4.25Cu-0.75Ni／NiFe2O4 cermet

4.25Cu-0.75Ni/NiFe₂O₄ cermets were prepared by doping NiFe₂O₄ ceramic matrix with the mixed powders of Cu and Ni or Cu-Ni alloy powder as the electrical conducting metallic elements. The effects of technological parameters, such as the adding modes of metallic elements, the ball milling time, the sintering time and the sintering temperature, on the relative density and resistivity of the cermets were studied. The results show that the resistivity of 4.25Cu-0.75Ni/NiFe₂O₄ cermets decreases with increasing temperature, and has a turning point at 590 °C, which is similar to that of NiFe₂O₄ ceramic. The sintering temperature and adding modes of metallic elements have a great influence on the properties of 4.25Cu-0.75Ni/NiFe₂O₄ cermets. When the sintering temperature increases from 1200 °C to 1300 °C, the relative density increases from 89.86% to 95.33%, and the resistivity at 960 °C decreases from 0.11 Ω · cm to 0.03 Ω · cm, respectively. When the metallic elements are added with the mixed powders of Cu and Ni, the cermets of finely and uniformly dispersed metallic phase, high density and electric conductivity are obtained. The relative density and resistivity at 960 °C are 90.23% and 0.04 Ω · cm respectively for the cermet samples sintered at 1200 °C for 2 h, which are both better than those of the cermets prepared under the same technique conditions but with the metallic elements added as 85Cu-15Ni alloy powders. Foundation item: Project (G1999064903) supported by the National Key Fundamental Research and Development Program of China; project(2001AA335013) supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China; project (50204014) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

磨球直径对机械合金化合成TiC反应过程的影响

使用机械合金化方法在卧式行星式球磨机上制备了TiC。利用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜对粉末的微观结构和形貌的变化进行了分析。讨论了在机械合金化制备TiC过程中磨球直径对于球磨效率、球磨能量的传递以及Ti+C→TiC发生机理的影响,对于TiC的不同形成机理作出了解释。结果表明:在机械合金化制备TiC的过程中,磨球直径对于反应发生的速率和反应机理有着明显的影响,即当磨球直径较小时,Ti+C→TiC反应是以机械诱发扩散反应(MRD)的形式逐步进行的;当磨球直径较大时,反应是以自蔓燃反应(SHS)的形式快速进行的。     

Solvothermal preparation and characteristics of Sn-doped In2O3

Sn-doped In2O3 （ITO） nanopowders were prepared in ethanol solvent by solvothermal process. The effects of the solvothermal temperature, coprecipitation pH value and SnO2 content on the products phase and microwave absorption were investigated by X-ray diffractometry and microwave reflectance. ITO nanopowders with cubic structure can be respectively prepared at 250 and 270 ℃ for 6 h. The prepared product is InOOH or the mixture of InOOH and In3Sn4O12 when the solvothermal temperature is below 250℃. With rising solvothermal temperature and prolonging time, the absorption of the ITO powders gradually decreases. The products are ITO nanopowders by coprecipitating at pH=9 or 11, but ITO powders with Sn3O4 at pH=6. The absorption of powders prepared at pH=6 is better than that at any other pH value. The products are all ITO nanopowders and crystal size reduces with increasing SnO2 content. The microwave absorption of ITO nanopowders with SnO2 content of 8% （mass fraction） is the best among samples with different SnO2 contents.     

Structure transition of nano-titania during calcination

1　INTRODUCTIONTitaniahasthreecrystallines :brookite ,anataseandrutile .Theirbasicstructuralunitisthesame[TiO6 ]octahedron ,buttheirlatticestructuresaredifferent .Forexample ,brookitebelongstorhombiccrystallo series ,whilerutileandanatasebelongtosquarecrystallo series .Thoughrutileandanatasearethesamecrystallo series ,theirsymmetricalelementsandunit cellparametersaredifferent[1] .Inrecentyears ,muchattentionhasbeenpaidtophasetransformationoftitaniaparticle ,especiallytothetemperatureofph…     

WC和Mo2C添加对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷切削性能的影响

传统的Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷刀具材料广泛采用Mo2C来改善粘结相对硬质相的润湿性,近年来Mo的价格不断上涨,寻找低成本金属代替Mo已成为Ti(C,NEDS)基金属陶瓷的发展趋势。为了探讨WC代Mo2C添加的可行性及其效果,研究了WC和Mo2C添加对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷切削性能的影响,采用电子扫描显微镜（SEM）观察刀具的磨损形貌,通过能谱分析（EDS）分析磨损表面的元素分布,并对刀具的主要磨损机理进行分析。实验结果表明,添加WC的金属陶瓷的切削长度和添加Mo2C的相当,将原始WC粉末粒度细化后,不仅切削长度显著增加,切屑也由带状缠乱型变为螺旋型,并且大大减少积屑瘤的形成,有利于切削的进行。切削磨损机理主要为扩散磨损和氧化磨损,伴有轻微的磨粒磨损。     

Microstructure and properties of W-15Cu alloys prepared by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering process

W-15Cu composite powders prepared by mechanical alloying （MA） of raw powders were consolidated by spark plasma sintering （SPS） process at temperature ranged 1 230-1 300 ℃ for 10 min and under a pressure of 30 MPa. By using high energy milling, particles containing very fine tungsten grains embedded in copper, called composite particles, could be produced. The W grains were homogeneously dispersed in copper phase, which was very important to obtain W-Cu alloy with high mechanical properties, fine and homogeneous microstructure. The microstructure and properties of W-15Cu alloys prepared by SPS processes at different temperature were researched. The results show that W-15Cu alloys consolidated by SPS can reach 99.6 % relative density, and transverse rupture strength （TRS） is 1 400.9 MPa, Rockwell C hardness （HRC） is 45.2, the thermal conductivity is 196 W/m-K at room temperature, the average grain size is less than 2 μm, and W-15Cu alloy with excellent properties, homogeneous and fine microstructure is obtained.     

Phase transformation of nano-grained W(Co, C) composite powder and its phase constitute

1 INTRODUCTION Nano-grained WC-Co cemented carbides with high toughness and high hardness have drawn extensive attention of hard metal industry[1?2]. There are two key processes for the fabrication of this high performance alloy[3?4]. One is the preparation of nanometer WC-Co composite powders, the other is the effective control of grain growth during sintering. At present, great technical breakthrough has been achieved in the preparation of nanometer powders. The typical methods of na…     

Effect of CaO doping on corrosion resistance of Cu/（NiFe2O4-10NiO） cermet inert anode for aluminum electrolysis

The CaO-doped Cu/（NiFe2O4-10NiO） cermet inert anodes were prepared by the cold isostatie pressing-sintering process, and their corrosion resistance to Na3AlF6-K3AlF6-Al203 melt was studied. The results show that the relative density of 5Cu/（NiFe2O4-10NiO） cermet sintered at 1 200 ℃ increases from 82.83% to 97.63% when 2% CaO （mass fraction） is added. During the electrolysis, the relative density of cermet inert anode descends owing to the chemical dissolution of additive CaO at ceramic grain boundary, which accelerates the penetration of electrolyte. Thus, the corrosion resistance to melts of Cu/（NiFe2O4-10NiO） cermet inert anode is reduced. To improve the corrosion resistance of the cermet inert anode, the content of CaO doped should be decreased and the technology of cleaning the ceramic grain boundary should be applied.