后生元的制备方法及其应用

人体微生物组对人体短期和长期的健康都至关重要。微生物组和免疫系统的早期发育息息相关,并决定了成年期的免疫功能、肠道微生物组和整体健康状况。近年来益生菌类产品数量激增,这些产品宣称能影响人体不同部位微生物组的组成和功能,从而改善人体健康。这些产品的类型主要包括益生菌、益生元、合生制剂以及后生元等。随着人们对微生物与健康研究越来越密切,后生元一词在许多文献和产品在出现频繁。人们开始总结后生元的定义及其包含的成分。基于国内外研究的现状,将后生元定义为对宿主健康有益的遗传背景明确的灭活微生物和/或菌体成分,包括或不包括菌体代谢产物的制品;化学合成的成分以及病毒/噬菌体及其产物除外。本文综述了后生元的定义,并对后生元的灭活方式进行总结,还探讨了后生元对宿主-微生物的作用中起到的影响,及在食品行业的应用发展,为后生元在今后食品行业中的发展提供参考。     

后生元在肠道健康中的研究进展

后生元是指对宿主起有益作用的灭活菌或菌体成分。相对于益生菌来说,后生元既具有益生菌调节肠道健康的益生功能,同时又有良好的安全性、且成本相对低廉,是一种可替代益生菌安全有效的潜在肠道调节佐剂。本文对后生元的组成成分、对人体健康的益生作用及其在肠道健康方面的应用研究现状进行了阐述,对后生元改善儿童轮状病毒肠炎、炎症性肠病、肠应激综合征、结直肠癌以及新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的肠道健康等相关研究进行了归纳总结,以期为其通过肠-肺轴,肠-脑轴等多器官轴的生物活性作用在预防相关疾病方面的实际应用提供参考。     

后生元的作用机制及其在食品中应用

随着科学家们对益生菌研究的不断深入,“后生元”一词逐渐进入公众视野。后生元是一类对人体有益的灭活的微生物制剂,本文从后生元的概念,后生元的作用机制及其与食品的联系等方面对其进行介绍,探讨后生元对人体健康的影响以及其在食品中的发展潜力。     

后生元功效及机制的研究进展

后生元是指对宿主健康有益的无生命微生物或其成分的制剂。与广泛研究的益生菌相比,后生元具有保质期长、后加工性能力强、便于运输与包装等优势,即使进入人体后,经过唾液、胃酸等处理,仍保持较高的生理活性。后生元通过多种信号分子对人体健康产生作用,对炎症调节、免疫代谢、抗高血压、抑制异常的细胞增殖和抗氧化活性等方面有一定效果。部分经过筛选测试的后生元,对机体免疫能力的增强优于原活菌,这篇综述讨论了关于后生元的功效研究的最新进展。     

后生元制备技术及益生效应研究进展

2021年国际益生菌和益生元科学协会发表共识,将后生元定义为对宿主健康具有促进作用的无生命微生物和/或其成分的制剂。自此,关于后生元的研究进入热潮。相较于益生菌,后生元的益生特性不依赖于菌株活性,使其相较于活体微生物具有更高的稳定性和安全性,因此便于大规模生产及容易被消费者接受。作者概述了后生元制备技术,主要包括热加工技术（巴氏杀菌、高温灭菌、欧姆加热）及非热加工技术（脉冲电场、超声波、电离辐射）,并重点综述了后生元在维持肠道健康、预防肥胖、维护皮肤健康、治疗便秘、抗糖尿病、改善口腔健康等方面的益生作用,以期为未来后生元的工业生产及明确后生元益生效应机制提供参考。     

灭活菌体型后生元的体外降血压、降尿酸及降血糖作用

后生元对人体具有多种健康助益,是近年来研究的热点。某市售后生元是以大豆分离蛋白为主要原料开发制备的灭活菌体型后生元产品,该种原料类型的后生元产品鲜有报道。为了解其生物活性,研究采用大鼠胸大动脉平滑肌细胞（VSMC）、人肾小管上皮细胞（HK-2）、小鼠前脂肪细胞（3T3-L1）模型评价其体外降血压、降尿酸、降血糖作用。结果显示,该后生元产品能够显著抑制血管紧张素-Ⅱ（AngiotensinⅡ,AngⅡ）导致的VSMC细胞迁移及氧化应激,且具有浓度依赖性,作用质量浓度为200μg/m L时,迁移率降低12.44%,活性氧（ReactiveOxygen,ROS）释放量仅为空白组的86.51%。在HK-2细胞模型中,后生元能极显著降低HK-2细胞的尿酸含量,700μg/m L作用下,尿酸含量降低30.02%。而在降糖活性评价中,后生元无法促进胰岛素抵抗（Insulin Resistance,IR）的3T3-L1细胞吸收葡萄糖。研究结果表明,后生元具有显著的降血压、降尿酸生物活性,这为开发兼具降血压、降尿酸功能性食品或医药保健品提供了理论依据;细胞水平上,后生元不具有降血糖功效,可能需要动物模型...     

菌体饲料开发研究综述

菌体饲料开发研究综述西北大学（７１００６９）郗丽兰１什么是菌体饲料菌体蛋白饲料也称单细胞蛋白饲料，是利用微生物的菌体提供的蛋白质饲料。酵母、真菌、霉菌、藻类、非病源细菌等都属单细胞生物，体内含有丰富的蛋白质。在养分和基质作用下这种微生物就会很快繁殖，...     

食品中后生元的研发和应用研究进展

后生元概念将原本混乱的灭活益生菌概念进行了统一,引起了更广泛的关注。目前,可制备后生元的菌株仍以传统益生菌为主,但随着下一代益生菌研究的深入,符合后生元概念的菌株也不断更新。首先,介绍了后生元最主要的健康功效是改善肠道健康,包括缓解肠道炎症、改善肠道菌群、缓解便秘等。其次,阐释了后生元还能够作用于其他组织,发挥改善代谢异常、维护口腔健康等功能。功效因子的揭示是阐明后生元多样化功能的关键。传统认为功效组分主要是细菌结构组分,如胞外多糖、肽聚糖等,然而近年来的研究证实短链脂肪酸、胞内蛋白、氨基酸代谢物等也发挥了重要的作用,后生元也被认为是多种功效组分的集合体。这也意味着它能够同时激活多类别的细胞表面受体,引发协同效应或交叉反应,从而发挥更直接、更广泛的生物活性作用。最后阐述了,从产业化角度,后生元有安全性更高、储运更方便、作用更直接等独特的优势,在功能性膳食补充剂、食品品质改良剂、防腐剂等方面具有很好的应用前景。但是,在产业转化过程中也出现了一些问题和困难,主要集中在后生元功效循证并不充分,配套的安全评估方法、定性定量检测方法欠缺、法律法规缺乏支撑等方面。     

谷氨酸发酵感染噬菌体后菌体形态的变化

本文从形态学的角度,对谷氨酸发酵感染噬菌体后菌体形态的变化进行了较为详细的研究。谷氨酸发酵感染噬菌体后,除出现糖耗慢、pH高、生产周期长、产酸低、菌体不长或OD值下降,发酵液粘度大、泡沫多等一般症状之外,还发现菌体形态的变化亦非常明显。相同发酵时间的发酵液的菌体,随噬菌体感染程度不同,菌体形态变化差异很大。当谷氨酸菌轻度感染噬菌体时,菌体边缘出现缺齿形;当发酵液严重感染噬菌体时,菌体膨大,边缘裂解,直至全部裂解,在电子显微镜下观察能找到噬菌体。所以通过镜检对菌体形态变化的直接观察,能及时判断发酵液有否感染噬菌体及感染噬菌体的程度,以便及时采取挽救措施,减少生产的损失。 谷氨酸发酵感染噬菌体对生产造成的危害及有关防治措施,过去都有报道。但谷氨酸发酵感染噬菌体后菌体形态上的变化,国内还未见报道。1982年,笔者曾发表过“关于谷氨酸发酵中菌体形态变化的研究”一文,而本文则是进一步对谷氨酸发酵感染噬菌体后菌体形态的变化加以研究。     

后生元的研究进展

益生菌是对宿主健康有益的活性微生物,后生元是对宿主健康有益的无生命微生物和/或其成分.文章结合近年来对后生元的研究成果,综述了后生元在调节免疫、缓减过敏症状、调节胃肠道功能、抗氧化、抗炎症,以及降血糖、预防龋齿、抗肿瘤、降血压等方面的功能特性,同时概述了其可能的作用机制.与活菌相比,后生元具有安全、稳定、易于储运等优势...     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

Heavy metals in vegetables sold in the local market in Jordan

Heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in various vegetables (cabbage, green onion, lettuce, parsley, rocket, spinach, carrot, onion, potato and cauliflower) from the market in Jordan were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn ranged from 0.009–0.275 mg kg^?1 wet weight, 0.004–0.060 mg kg^?1, 0.003–0.401 mg kg^?1, 0.105–3.51 mg kg^?1, 0.15–1.15 mg kg^?1, 0.93–14.39 mg kg^?1, 0.044–0.702 mg kg^?1, 0.072–0.289 mg kg^?1 and 2.23–6.65 mg kg^?1, respectively. Parsley, followed by spinach, contained the highest concentration of heavy metals. Onion contained high levels of toxic heavy metals. The content of Cu in parsley and spinach and Pb in onion exceeded the Codex limits. However, the daily intake of heavy metals from the tested vegetables was lower than the maximum limits for allowable intake.