可再生能源的关键技术与发展趋势

本文综述了可再生能源的发展概况.主要介绍了风能、太阳能和海洋能的利用。分析了利用可再生能源组成发电系统的关键技术.包括:电能变换、储能装置、电能质量控制与并网控制,并展望了未来发展趋势。     

Lifetime analysis of wireless sensor nodes in different smart grid environments

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can help the realization of low-cost power grid automation systems where multi-functional sensor nodes can be used to monitor the critical parameters of smart grid components. The WSN-based smart grid applications include but not limited to load control, power system monitoring and control, fault diagnostics, power fraud detection, demand response, and distribution automation. However, the design and implementation of WSNs are constrained by energy resources. Sensor nodes have limited battery energy supply and accordingly, power aware communication protocols have been developed in order to address the energy consumption and prolong their lifetime. In this paper, the lifetime of wireless sensor nodes has been analyzed under different smart grid radio propagation environments, such as 500 kV substation, main power control room, and underground network transformer vaults. In particular, the effects of smart grid channel characteristics and radio parameters, such as path loss, shadowing, frame length and distance, on a wireless sensor node lifetime have been evaluated. Overall, the main objective of this paper is to help network designers quantifying the impact of the smart grid propagation environment and sensor radio characteristics on node lifetime in harsh smart grid environments.     

Development of Wi-Fi Based Home Energy Monitoring System for Green Internet of Things

Green Internet of things (IoT) has been heralded as the next big thing waiting to be realized in energy-efficient ubiquitous computing. Green IoT revolves around increased machine-to-machine communications and encompasses energy-efficient wireless embedded sensors and actuators that assist in monitoring and controlling home appliances. Energy efficiency in home applications can be achieved by better monitoring of the specific energy consumption by the appliances. There are many wireless standards that can be adopted for the design of such embedded devices in IoT. These communication technologies cater to different requirements and are classified as the short-range and long-range ones. To select the best communication method, this paper surveys various IoT communication technologies and discusses the advantages and disadvantages to develop an energy monitoring system. An IoT device based on the Wi-Fi technology system is developed and tested for usage in the home energy monitoring environment. The performance of this system is then evaluated by the measurement of power consumption metrics. In the efficient deep-sleep mode, the system saves up to 0.3 W per cycle with an average power dissipation of less than 0.1 W/s.     

A low power high speed MTJ based non-volatile SRAM cell for energy harvesting based IoT applications

Powering billions of devices is one of the most challenging barrier in achieving the future vision of IoT. Most of the sensor nodes for IoT based systems depend on battery as their power source and therefore fail to meet the design goals of lifetime power supply, cost, reliable sensing and transmission. Energy harvesting has the potential to supplant batteries and thus prevents frequent battery replacement. However, energy autonomous systems suffer from sudden power variations due to change in external natural sources and results in loss of data. The memory system is a main component which can improve or decrease performance dramatically. The latest versions of many computing system use chip multiprocessor (CMP) with on-chip cache memory organized as array of SRAM cell. In this paper, we outline the challenges involved with the efficient power supply causing power outage in energy autonomous/self-powered systems. Also, various techniques both at circuit level and system level are discussed which ensures reliable operation of IoT device during power failure. We review the emerging non-volatile memories and explore the possibility of integrating STT-MTJ as prospective candidate for low power solution to energy harvesting based IoT applications. An ultra-low power hybrid NV-SRAM cell is designed by integrating MTJ in the conventional 6T SRAM cell. The proposed LP8T2MTJ NV-SRAM cell is then analyzed using multiple key performance parameters including read/write energies, backup/restore energies, access times and noise margins. The proposed LP8T2MTJ cell is compared to conventional 6T SRAM counterpart indicating similar read and write performance. Also, comparison with the existing MTJ based NV-SRAM cells show 51–78% reduction in backup energy and 42–70% reduction in restore energy.     

A systematic literature review of machine learning applications in IoT

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of interconnected smart objects having capabilities that collectively form an ecosystem and enable the delivery of smart services to users. The IoT is providing several benefits into people's lives through the environment. The various applications that are run in the IoT environment offer facilities and services. The most crucial services provided by IoT applications are quick decision for efficient management. Recently, machine learning (ML) techniques have been successfully used to maximize the potential of IoT systems. This paper presents a systematic review of the literature on the integration of ML methods in the IoT. The challenges of IoT systems are split into two categories: fundamental operation and performance. We also look at how ML is assisting in the resolution of fundamental system operation challenges such as security, big data, clustering, routing, and data aggregation.     

A review on evolving domains of Internet of Things: Architecture,applications, and technical challenges

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system that includes smart items with different sensors, advanced technologies, analytics, cloud servers, and other wireless devices that integrate and work together to create an intelligent environment that benefits end users. With its wide spectrum of applications, IoT is revolutionizing both the current and future generations of the Internet. IoT systems can be employed for broad-ranging real applications, such as agriculture, the environment, cities, healthcare, and the industrial sector. In this paper, we briefly discuss the three-tier architectural view of IoT, its different communication technologies, and the smart sensors. Moreover, we study various application areas of IoT such as the environmental domain, healthcare, agriculture, smart cities, and industrial, commercial, and general aspects. A critical analysis is shown for the existing schemes and techniques related to this work. Further, this paper addresses the basic context, tools and evaluation approaches, future scope, and the advantages and disadvantages of the aforestated IoT applications. A comprehensive analysis is provided for each domain along with its fundamental parameters like the quality of service (QoS), network longevity, scalability, energy efficiency, accuracy, and cost. Finally, this study highlights the technical challenges and open research problems existing in different IoT applications.     

一种基于可视化界面和物联网技术的智能用能需求侧管理平台

文章提出了一种智能的基于可视化和物联网技术的用能需求侧管理平台。平台在探索物联网在用能需求侧管理中的具体应用,搭建基于物联网与可视化界面的用能智能分析及控制环境,采集智能终端及传感器传导的用能信息的基础上,通过各种实时网络分析等高级应用软件对采集数据进行分析和处理,实现了重点耗能设备与客户或电网企业间进行实时高效的信息交互,可为客户提供全面、多维的用能管理辅助决策支持,也可为变频设备、同步调相机、无功补偿装置等设备的一体化运行提供数据支持和接入策略等优化方案。     

Towards Privacy Protection in Smart Grid

The smart grid is an electronically controlled electrical grid that connects power generation, transmission, distribution, and consumers using information communication technologies. One of the key characteristics of the smart grid is its support for bi-directional information flow between the consumer of electricity and the utility provider. This two-way interaction allows electricity to be generated in real-time based on consumers’ demands and power requests. As a result, consumer privacy becomes an important concern when collecting energy usage data with the deployment and adoption of smart grid technologies. To protect such sensitive information it is imperative that privacy protection mechanisms be used to protect the privacy of smart grid users. We present an analysis of recently proposed smart grid privacy solutions and identify their strengths and weaknesses in terms of their implementation complexity, efficiency, robustness, and simplicity.     

ICT and renewable energy: a way forward to the next generation telecom base stations

The tremendous growth in technology is also causing global warming due to harmful greenhouse gas emissions. The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector is one of the fastest growing, having the greatest impact on almost every other technology. Energy efficiency and reduction in global warming is now a desire and realization by all key players associated with this technology. Not only there is scope for energy efficiency in ICTs itself but it can also help other sectors in becoming smart i.e., energy efficient. Smart buildings, smart motors, smart logistics and smart grids are being realized with the incorporation of information and communication technologies. The ICT industry is equally aware of the potential benefits of renewable energy sources (RES) in making the future systems greener and sustainable. This is quite evident from the research that is going on towards sustainable ICT solutions, as reviewed in this paper. Not only renewable energy is applicable to large scale applications like telecom base stations (BS), it is also applicable to small and medium scale systems and devices like computer peripherals and electric vehicles. In order to explore the evident potential of RES, all aspects of renewable energy are being addressed by the researchers. These aspects can broadly be categorized as generation, distribution, management and most significantly application of renewable energy. This paper takes a broader look at both aspects in which ICTs are making our world eco-sustainable i.e., making other technologies smarter and incorporating renewable energy sources wherever possible.     

Implementation of Efficient B2G and V2G in Practical Cases

In this paper, building to grid (B2G) and vehicle to grid (V2G) have been defined with clear and practical understanding. Both of them are new generation technologies which are the essential part of smart city living and crowd energy clustering. Firstly, an in-detailed overview has been provided with an introduction to B2G and V2G followed by a historical overview and theoretical analysis in respect to smart city planning. Next, a review is conducted on current and previous smart living research, which deals with B2G and V2G. Efficient B2G and V2G implementations in practical cases then have been discussed. Lastly, both of these technical prospects have been analyzed in crowd energy diagram.     

认知网络管理在物联网中的应用

The wide variety of smart embedded computing devices and their increasing number of applications in our daily life have created new opportunities to acquire knowledge from the physical world anytime and anywhere, which is envisioned as the“Internet of Things” (IoT). Since a huge number of heterogeneous resources are brought into IoT, one of the main challenges is how to efficiently manage the increasing complexity of IoT in a scalable, flexible, and autonomic way. Furthermore, the emerging IoT applications will require collaborations among loosely coupled devices, which may reside in various locations of the Internet. In this paper, we propose a new IoT network management architecture based on cognitive network management technology and Service-Oriented Architecture to provide effective and efficient network management of IoT.     

Energy consumption optimization for self‐powered IoT networks with non‐orthogonal multiple access

Energy harvesting (EH) has been considered as one of the promising technologies to power Internet of Things (IoT) devices in self‐powered IoT networks. By adopting a typical harvest‐then‐transmit mode, IoT devices with the EH technology first harvest energy by using wireless power transfer (WPT) and then carry out wireless information transmission (WIT), which leads to the coordination between WPT and WIT. In this paper, we consider optimizing energy consumption of periodical data collection in a self‐powered IoT network with non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA). Particularly, we take into account time allocation for the WPT and WIT stages, node deployment, and constraints for data transmission. Moreover, to thoroughly explore the impact of different multiple access methods, we theoretically analyse and compare the performance achieved by employing NOMA, frequency division multiple access (FDMA), and time division multiple access (TDMA) in the considered IoT network. To validate the performance of the proposed method, we conduct extensive simulations and show that the NOMA outperforms the FDMA and TDMA in terms of energy consumption and transmission power.     

An Overview to the Concept of Smart Coupling and Battery Management for Grid Connected Photovoltaic Battery System

The paper gives an overview on the need for smart coupling for battery management in grid integrated renewable energy system (RES). Grid integrated photovoltaic (PV) battery system, as being popular and extensively used has been discussed in the paper. Smart coupling refers to intelligent grid integration such that it can foresee local network conditions and issue battery power flow management strategy accordingly to shave the peak PV and peak load. Therefore, a need for predictive energy management arises for smart integration to the grid and supervision of the power flow in accordance to the grid conditions. This is also a running project at the Institute of Energy Systems (INES), Offenburg University of Applied Science, Germany since January, 2015. The paper should provide insights to the motivation, need and gives an outlook to the features of desired predictive energy management system (PEMS).     

物联网时代下的智能电网发展

电力行业与物联网的关系较为密切,智能电网是电力系统发展到一定阶段的必然产物,物联网是智能电网发展的有利技术手段,在智能电网发展的各环节中,都有物联网的参与。文中对智能电网的发展进行了论述,并重点对物联网在智能电网各环节中的作用进行了探讨,最后介绍了两种面向智能电网应用的物联网设备。     

Research of authentication techniques for the Internet of things

Identity authentication technology is a key technology in the Internet of things (IoT)security field which ensures the authenticity of the identity information of users and device nodes connected to the IoT.Due to the low cost,low power consumption,small storage of IoT devices and heterogeneity of IoT network,the identity authentication mechanisms in traditional computer networks are often not applicable.Firstly,the development process of IoT was introduced,the security risks of IoT and the challenges faced by the authentication work were analyzed.Then the emphasis was put on comparison of the advantages and disadvantages among five typical authentication protocols.Moreover,the authentication technologies in several practical scenarios of RFID,smart grid,Internet of vehicles,and smart home were summarized and analyzed.Finally,the future research direction was discussed.     

Dynamic clustering approach based on wireless sensor networks genetic algorithm for IoT applications

Energy is vital parameter for communication in Internet of Things (IoT) applications via Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Genetic algorithms with dynamic clustering approach are supposed to be very effective technique in conserving energy during the process of network planning and designing for IoT. Dynamic clustering recognizes the cluster head (CH) with higher energy for the data transmission in the network. In this paper, various applications, like smart transportation, smart grid, and smart cities, are discussed to establish that implementation of dynamic clustering computing-based IoT can support real-world applications in an efficient way. In the proposed approach, the dynamic clustering-based methodology and frame relay nodes (RN) are improved to elect the most preferred sensor node (SN) amidst the nodes in cluster. For this purpose, a Genetic Analysis approach is used. The simulations demonstrate that the proposed technique overcomes the dynamic clustering relay node (DCRN) clustering algorithm in terms of slot utilization, throughput and standard deviation in data transmission.

     

A survey on communication protocols and performance evaluations for Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a large-scale network of devices capable of sensing, data processing, and communicating with each other through different communication protocols. In today's technology ecosystem, IoT interacts with many application areas such as smart city, smart building, security, traffic, remote monitoring, health, energy, disaster, agriculture, industry. The IoT network in these scenarios comprises tiny devices, gateways, and cloud platforms. An IoT network is able to keep these fundamental components in transmission under many conditions with lightweight communication protocols taking into account the limited hardware features (memory, processor, energy, etc.) of tiny devices. These lightweight communication protocols affect the network traffic, reliability, bandwidth, and energy consumption of the IoT application. Therefore, determining the most proper communication protocol for application developers emerges as an important engineering problem. This paper presents a straightforward overview of the lightweight communication protocols, technological advancements in application layer for the IoT ecosystem. The survey then analyzes various recent lightweight communication protocols and reviews their strengths and limitations. In addition, the paper explains the experimental comparison of Constrained Applications Protocol (CoAP), Message Queuing Telemetry (MQTT), and WebSocket protocols, more convenient for tiny IoT devices. Finally, we discuss future research directions of communication protocols for IoT.     

Technical Investigation on V2G,S2V,and V2I for Next Generation Smart City Planning

The paper investigates a few of the major areas of the next generation technological advancement, “smart city planning concept”. The areas that the paper focuses are vehicle to grid (V2G), sun to vehicle (S2V), and vehicle to infrastructure (V2I). For the bi-directional crowd energy single entity concept, V2G and building to grid (B2G) are the primary parts of distributed renewable generation (DRG) under smart living. This research includes an in-depth overview of this three major areas. Next, the research conducts a case analysis of V2G, S2V, and V2I along with their possible limitations in order to find out the novel solutions for future development both for academia and industry levels. Lastly, few possible solutions have been proposed to minimize the limitations and to develop the existing system for future expansion.     

IOT Based Augmented Perturb-and-Observe Soft Switching Boost Converters for Photovoltaic Power Systems in Smart Cities

This paper focuses on IOT based soft switching boost converter based solar energy applications for smart cities and making cities smarter and greener around the globe. It presents one of the applications of the Internet of Things to design and implementation of a highly efficient boost converter used for powering the Arduino and the Bluetooth device for controlling the switching of the led and buzzer by using smart city applications. The soft switching boost converter is essential to maximize the low-level voltage obtained from the solar board to the enhanced voltage conversion ratio for the efficient electric power generation. In this paper, the three separate methodologies of DC–DC boost converters with additional resonant/snubber circuit and resistive load associated with solar panel modules proposed with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control. The MPPT is obtained by modified augmented perturb and observe algorithm. IoT helps Smart City(SC) systems to support various network functions throughout the generation, transmission, distribution and consumption of energy by incorporating IoT devices (such as sensors, actuators and smart meters), as well as by providing the connectivity, automation and tracking for such devices. It is utilized to extract the most extreme power from solar panel by controlling the duty ratio of the suggested soft switching based boost converter. In this paper a smart IOT system is used to control and monitoring the effect of reference power variations, parameter values to the voltage control to the converter. The solar panel, boost converter and the MPPT is modeled using MATLAB/SIMULINK environment and reach the power transfer efficiency up to 97%.     

面向智能电网的物联网信息聚合技术

物联网应用于智能电网是信息通信技术发展到一定阶段的必然结果,利用物联网技术将能有效整合电力系统基础设施资源,提高电力系统信息化水平,改善现有电力系统基础设施的利用效率。本文针对物联网技术和我国智能电网建设规划,研究面向智能电网应用的物联网网络架构及关键技术,总结了技术特点。在阐明网络架构的基础上,进一步针对智能电网应用中海量设备终端和海量采集信息的特点,详细论述物联网信息聚合技术,分析信息聚合技术带来的网络收益,提出信息聚合技术基本功能框架及实现方式。物联网信息聚合技术在采集原始数据的同时进行大量的信息处理和计算,从海量的、杂乱无章、难以理解的原始数据中抽取并推导出对于智能电网一体化管理平台具有特定意义和判决参考价值的数据,并且能够降低网络数据传输总量、减少网络拥塞发生、提高网络性能,是物联网发展的重要技术方向之一。本文针对智能电网目前相对薄弱的配用电环节提出配变电设备监测物联网的主要功能与信息聚合方案。