两性离子调剖堵水剂的制备及性能研究

以丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸(AA)、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)为单体,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)为交联剂,凹凸棒土为填料,过硫酸钾(KPS)、亚硫酸氢钠(SHS)为引发剂,制备两性离子调剖堵水剂(ZPAM)。考察填料种类、填料用量、交联剂用量、单体比、矿化度、温度对调剖堵水剂吸水性能的影响。结果表明,最佳工艺为:以凹凸棒土为填料,AM∶AA∶DMDAAC=15∶1∶1(质量比),填料用量2%(以单体总质量为准),交联剂用量1%(以单体总质量为准),使用氧化-还原引发体系在30℃水浴中制得两性离子调剖堵水剂。在60℃的注入水中吸水性较好,吸水倍数可达34.9倍。     

两性离子调剖堵水剂的制备及性能研究

以丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸(AA)、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)为单体,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)为交联剂,凹凸棒土为填料,过硫酸钾(KPS)、亚硫酸氢钠(SHS)为引发剂,制备两性离子调剖堵水剂(ZPAM)。考察填料种类、填料用量、交联剂用量、单体比、矿化度、温度对调剖堵水剂吸水性能的影响。结果表明,最佳工艺为:以凹凸棒土为填料,AM∶AA∶DMDAAC=15∶1∶1(质量比),填料用量2%(以单体总质量为准),交联剂用量1%(以单体总质量为准),使用氧化-还原引发体系在30℃水浴中制得两性离子调剖堵水剂。在60℃的注入水中吸水性较好,吸水倍数可达34.9倍。     

高相对分子质量阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺合成工艺的研究

以丙烯酰胺(AM)和二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)为单体,采用溶液聚合法制备DMDAAC-AM共聚物。用正交实验法考察了引发剂用量、温度、单体配比、pH等因素对共聚物阳离子度、特性黏度,以及相对分子质量的影响。结果表明,温度为70℃,pH=8,引发剂量为4 mL,DMDAAC∶AM(质量比)=1∶1时,得到的阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)的相对分子质量最大。用所制得的CPAM对高岭土模拟悬浊水样进行的絮凝实验,发现相对分子量为1.73×106的CPAM的絮凝效果最好,浓度为0.05%的CPAM溶液仅用0.4 mL便可使浊度为22.4的皂土悬浮液的浊度去除率达到85.8%。     

两性高分子絮凝剂的合成与应用研究

在氧化还原体系过硫酸铵/亚硫酸氢钠作引发剂条件下,丙烯酰胺(AM)、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)、丙烯酸(AA)经水溶液共聚合成两性高分子絮凝剂PDAA。探讨了单体浓度、反应温度、引发剂用量等因素对聚合反应速率和产物特性黏数的影响。并以硅藻土模拟废水对制得的产品进行了絮凝实验。实验结果表明:合成两性高分子絮凝剂PDAA的较佳条件为:单体质量分数为35%,引发剂用量占单体质量分数为0.1%,反应温度为30℃。     

季铵型淀粉基强阳离子高分子聚合物的制备及应用

用自制的引发剂,通过溶液聚合反应合成了淀粉、丙烯酰胺(AM)、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)季铵型淀粉基强阳离子高分子聚合物,并通过红外光谱对其进行了表征。最佳反应条件为:接枝共聚反应引发剂用量为0.15%,m(淀粉)∶m(AM+DMDAAC)=3∶7,m(AM)∶m(DMDAAC)=7∶3,反应时间4 h,反应温度50℃。产物对油田污水中油和固体悬浮物的去除率优于阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)。     

响应面法优化疏水改性阳离子胶原蛋白絮凝剂的制备条件

以皮革废弃物提取的明胶为原料,丙烯酰胺（AM）、丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵（DAC）和丙烯酸丁酯（BA）为单体（AM：DAC：BA摩尔比为80:18:2）,叔丁基过氧化氢和焦亚硫酸钠为引发剂,接枝共聚合成疏水改性阳离子胶原蛋白絮凝剂P(C-AM-DAC-BA)。以絮凝剂对油田模拟废水浊度去除率为指标,探讨m（明胶）：m（单体）、引发剂用量、接枝温度、接枝时间对絮凝效果的影响,通过响应面法优化得到P(C-AM-DAC-BA)接枝共聚最佳条件：m（明胶）：m（单体）为1:2.04、引发剂用量0.032mol/L、接枝温度49.2℃、接枝时间2.8h。在此条件下,P(C-AM-DAC-BA)对油田模拟废水浊度去除率为91.5%。     

二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵共聚物合成条件对其絮凝特性的影响

通过改变二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)与丙烯酰胺(AM)共聚反应的原料投加比、反应时间、反应温度及引发剂用量,制得不同性状的共聚产物(PDA),使用高岭土悬浊液对产物絮凝性能进行了考查。结果表明:在0.07%的过硫酸钠引发下,50℃条件下反应4h得到的共聚物PDA絮凝除浊性能最佳;同等用量的PDA比二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵均聚物(PDMDAAC)具有更优的絮凝除浊效果;PDA与无机絮凝剂硫酸铝联合使用时,硫酸铝可显著提升PDA的絮凝除浊效果。本研究有利于系统认识DMDAAC型有机高分子材料的混凝特性,为其在水处理工程中的应用提供理论依据。     

两性型高分子絮凝脱色剂PAM/AMPS/DMDAAC的合成与表征

以非离子单体丙烯酰胺(AM)、阴离子单体2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)和阳离子单体二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)为原料,以过硫酸铵、亚硫酸钠、2,2'-偶氮二异丁基脒二盐酸盐为引发荆,合成了絮凝剂产品PAM/AMPS/DMDAAC.在单体质量分数为10%的条件下,得到了最佳的合成工艺为:m(AM):m(DMDAAC):m(AMPS)=7:2:1,反应温度为45℃,偶氮引发剂2,2'-偶氮二异丁基脒二盐酸盐用量为溶液质量分数的0.006%,过硫酸铵用量为溶液质量分数的0.004%,哑硫酸氢钠用量为溶液质量分数的0.002%;对PAM/AMPS/DMDAAC的结构进行红外光谱和透射电镜表征,表明PAM/AMPS/DMDAAC链节上含有季铵盐和磺酸盐基团,分子呈现长链结构,分子链刚性好,交联现象少.     

复合引发体系制备阳离子聚丙烯酰胺及其应用

将复合引发体系用于甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)和丙烯酰胺(AM)水溶液共聚,制备了阳离子聚丙烯酰胺类絮凝剂P(DMC-AM)。探讨了单体质量分数、引发剂用量,反应时间等因素对聚合物特性粘数的影响,并利用红外光谱对其结构进行了表征。实验结果表明,最佳反应条件为:引发剂质量分数为0.014%,单体质量分数30%。DMS与AM的质量比为1∶1,pH值为5.5,反应时间为5￣6h。将其应用于十堰市污水厂废水,对废水的CODCr去除率达到80%以上,对色度和浊度的去除率达到95%以上,是一种性能优良的絮凝剂。     

三元共聚阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺的合成及应用

以丙烯酰胺(AM)、甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)及二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)为原料,水溶性偶氮化合物为引发剂,采用水溶液聚合法合成了三元共聚阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂。考察了阳离子单体配比、单体质量分数、反应时间、引发剂用量及反应温度对聚合物相对分子质量的影响。结果表明,该三元共聚物的相对分子质量可达5.0×106,且水溶性好;对煤泥水具有良好的絮凝效果。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。