水-油-表面活性剂体系相行为

水 -油 -非离子表面活性剂体系显示出了γ(水 -油 ) ,β(水 -非离子表面活性剂 )与α(油一非离子表面活性剂 )三个互溶区 (如图 1 )。在某个温度变化范围内 ,这三个互溶区发生重叠 ,在三元体系相图中表现为一个三相三角形 ( TPT) abc。通常此三角形的底边 ab不会与三元体系相图中吉布斯三角形 ABC图 1　水 -油 -非离子表面活性剂三元相图的底边 AB重合。三相区的位置和形状主要是由两互溶区α与β的位置和形状来确定的。在给定一种油的前提下 ,互溶区α随表面活性剂的 HLB值增大而变宽 ;与此同时 ,互溶区β随表面活性剂的 HLB值增大而…     

1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑表面活性离子液体的界面膨胀流变行为研究

研究了1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑十二烷基硫酸盐([bmim][DS])和1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑二(2-乙基己基)磺基琥珀酸酯盐([bmin][AOT]两种表面活性离子液体在正庚烷/水界面的动态界面张力和膨胀特性。比较了[bmim][DS]或[bmin][AOT]和传统表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)或二(2-乙基己基)磺基琥珀酸酯钠(Na[AOT])之间的膨胀弹性,并且考察了1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑阳离子之间静电相互作用对界面膜特性的影响。另外,通过对比[bmim][DS]和[bmim][AOT]在不同浓度下的膨胀弹性,验证了烷基链数量的改变对界面膨胀流变行为的影响。     

DEDS-12/AP-P4/Na_2CO_3三元复合体系流变行为研究

研究了DEDS-12/AP-P4/Na2CO3三元复合体系(ASP)的流变行为以及盐的加入对其流变行为的影响。结果表明,在所研究的浓度范围内,DEDS-12起到无机电解质的作用,随DEDS-12浓度增加,溶液的表观粘度和剪切应力单调降低,稠度系数k下降,流性指数n增大,复合体系溶液流变行为遵循幂律流型;随体系中AP-P4和Na2CO3浓度的增高,虽然该三元体系的流变行为仍遵循幂律流型,但流性指数n增大,多在0.5以上,即与牛顿流体的差异减小;AP-P4浓度为2000 mg/L,Na2CO3浓度为1%,DEDS-12浓度为0.423 mmol/L,在NaCl浓度为1×104mg/L时,表观粘度上升3.88~8.11倍,随NaCl浓度增大,其流变行为由幂律流型逐渐表现出部分Bingham流体行为。     

PP/Mg(OH)_2阻燃复合材料流变行为的研究

用日本岛津ＡＧ－２０００型毛细管流变仪，在几个温度下，研究了ＰＰ和ＰＰ／Ｍｇ（ＯＨ）２阻燃复合材料的流变行为。研究结果表明：ＰＰ／Ｍｇ（ＯＨ）２阻燃复合材料熔体流变行为同ＰＰ一样，仍属于非牛顿型假塑性行为；在２００℃温度，相同剪切速率下，ＰＰ和ＰＰ／Ｍｇ（ＯＨ）２阻燃复合材料的粘流活化能十分接近，１０３Ｓ－１剪切速率下，ＰＰ／Ｍｇ（ＯＨ）２阻燃复合材料熔体粘流活化能为３．７１４Ｋｃａｌ／ｍｏｌ，与ＰＰ相差只有０．０３７Ｋｋｃａ／ｍｏｌ，挤出胀大比为１．２９，低于ＰＰ。     

Gemini表面活性剂C12-3-C12·2Br及C12-3(OH)-C12·2Cl的合成及表面活性

合成了联结基团分别为亚甲基链及含羟基亚甲基链的两种季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂,即C12-3-C12.2Br及C12-3(OH)-C12.2Cl。用红外光谱、核磁共振及元素分析对它们的结构进行了鉴定,并对影响反应的因素进行了研究,得出了合成C12-3-C12.2Br的最佳条件为:n(N,N-二甲基十二烷基胺)∶n(1,3-二溴丙烷)=2.2∶1.0,以乙醇作溶剂,在回流温度下反应24 h,产率可达80%以上。合成C12-3(OH)-C12.2Cl的最佳条件为n(二甲基十二烷基叔胺)∶n(二甲基十二烷基叔胺盐酸盐)∶n(环氧氯丙烷)=2.0∶1.0∶1.0,以正丙醇为溶剂,在回流温度下反应3 h,产率可达94.5%以上。测定了它们的表面张力γ、临界胶束浓度cmc及降低水溶液表面张力的效率C20,结果表明:与相应的单头基单烷烃链表面活性剂相比,Gemini表面活性剂具有很低的cmc和很强的表面活性,联结基团对其性能有较大的影响。     

LLDPE/LDPE/(E/VAC)/Mg(OH)2流变行为的研究

借助HAAKE RHEOCORD90流变仪分别在150，170和190℃下，研究了LLDPE／LDPE／(E／VAC)和LLDPE／LDPE／(E／VAC)／Mg(OH)2体系的流变行为。结果表明：二体系均属非牛顿型假塑性流体。不同剪切速率下，粘流活化能相差很小，说明其熔体粘度对温度均不十分敏感。相同温度下，LLDPE／LDPE／(E／VAC)／Mg(OH)2无卤阻燃复合材料的挤出膨胀比小于LLDPE／LDPE／(E／VAC)，这一特性说明，前者的成型稳定性较后者有所提高。     

LDPE/EVA/Mg(OH)2阻燃复合材料流变行为的研究

借助HAAKE RHEOCORD 90流变仪分别在140℃、160℃、和180℃3个温度下，研究了LDPE／EVA和LDPE／EVA／Mg(OH)2阻燃复合材料的流变行为。研究结果表明：LDPE／EVA／Mg(OH)2阻燃复合材料的熔体流动行为同LDPE／EVA一样，仍属于非牛顿型假塑性流体流动行为。不同剪切速率下，LDPE／EVA／Mg(OH)2阻燃复合材料与LDPE／EVA粘流活化能相差很小，说明LDPE／EVA／Mg(OH)2阻燃复合材料与LDPE／EVA一样，其熔体粘度对温度不十分敏感。相同温度下，LDPE／EVA／Mg(OH）2阻燃复合材料的挤出膨胀比低于LDPE／EVA，这一特性说明LDPE／EVA／Mg(OH)2阻燃复合材料制品尺寸稳定性较LDPE／EVA有所提高。     

系列m-3(OH)-m型表面活性剂的制备及其性能

采用二甲基长链烷基叔胺、环氧氯丙烷为主要原料,在盐酸水溶液条件下,一锅法合成系列1,3-二(烷基二甲基氯化铵)异丙醇双子季铵盐〔m-3(OH)-m(m=C_8、C_(10)、C_(12)、C_(14)、C_(16)、C_(18))〕;以熔点检测m-3(OH)-m型双子季铵盐纯度;以C12-3(OH)-C12为例,采用FTIR、1HNMR对其结构进行表征;分别测定不同浓度下各化合物表面张力,0.1%(质量分数)水溶液下的起泡能力、乳化能力。结果表明,随着m的变化,各化合物表面活性、起泡能力及乳化能力均呈现规律性变化;按照m=C_8、C_(10)、C_(12)、C_(14)、C_(16)、C_(18)的顺序,化合物CMC分别为0.09、0.075、0.03、0.024、0.026、0.14 mmol/L,γCMC分别为54.01、32.56、25.74、29.41、30.51、30.28 m N/m;起泡能力和起泡稳定性分别在m=C_(10)及m=C_(12)表现出较好效果;乳化能力在m=C14时效果较好。     

Gemini表面活性剂C12-3(OH)-C12·2Cl对膨化硝酸铵晶体性能影响的研究

本文通过对Gem in i表面活性剂C12-3(OH)-C12.2C l及其单体表面活性剂DTAB分别处理的膨化硝酸铵进行晶体接触角、表面能、比表面积、晶变特性、抗吸湿结块性及爆炸性能的实验研究,结果表明,同DTAB处理的膨化硝酸铵相比,C12-3(OH)-C12.2C l改性的膨化硝酸铵的晶体接触角较大、表面能较小、比表面积大,晶变热降低且晶变点后移,有良好的抗吸湿结块性,用其制得的粉状工业炸药具有更好的物理性能和爆炸性能。     

(2-羟基-3-脱氢枞氧基)丙基羟乙基壳聚糖制备及性能研究

以羟乙基壳聚糖和脱氢枞基缩水甘油醚为原料制备了非离子高分子表面活性剂(2-羟基-3-脱氢枞氧基)丙基羟乙基壳聚糖(DAGE-g-HECTS),测定了FT-IR、~1H NMR和接枝度(DG),采用表面张力法研究了DAGE-gHECTS的表面活性及其随DG的变化,以DAGE-g-HECTS为稳定剂时的苯-水乳液体系的稳定时间评价了其乳化性能。结果表明,反应成功制备了目标产物;随着DG从17.78%提高至44.31%,DAGE-g-HECTS水溶液的临界胶束浓度从1.080 6降至0.247 2 g/L,最低表面张力稳定在36.2 mN/m左右;DAGE-g-HECTS对苯-水乳液体系的稳定时间随DG的增大而延长,DG为23.16%的DAGE-g-HECTS对苯-水乳液体系的稳定时间为348 s,优于AEO-9为稳定剂时的327 s,DG为40.45%的DAGE-g-HECTS对苯-水乳液的稳定时间为712 s,优于Tween-60为乳液稳定剂时的653 s。     

三元体系K2CO3-KHCO3-H2O289K时相平衡的研究

为利用Engel复盐法制备碳酸钾,本文研究了三元体系K2CO3-KHCO3-H2O在KHCO3在289K时的相平衡,并测定溶液密度,绘制出体系的溶解度图和溶液密度一组成关系图,通过相图研究得出三元体系的共饱点及相关性质,为最终获得生产相图奠定基础。     

Phase diagram study and thermodynamic assessment of the Y2O3-YF3 system

The phase diagram of the Y₂O₃-YF₃ system up to 1973 K was investigated using a classical equilibration/quenching experiment and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Equilibrium phases were confirmed by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) phase analysis. For the very first time, the entire range of the phase diagram of yttrium oxy-fluoride system up to 1973 K was experimentally determined. Cubic-Y₂O₃ phase dissolves more than 5 mol% of YF₃ at 1973 K. The melting points of YOF and vernier phases are found to be higher than 1973 K and their steep liquidus in the YF₃-rich region are determined. Based on new experimental phase diagram data and thermodynamic property data in the literature, the Y₂O₃-YF₃ system was thermodynamically modeled by the CALculation of PHAse Diagram (CALPHAD) method. As applications of the thermodynamic database, metastable solubilities of YF₃ in Y₂O₃ during plasma etching process were calculated.     

12-3(OH)-12型表面活性剂ADAC的合成及性能研究

以十二烷基二甲基叔胺(12DMA)为主原料,在酸性条件下,合成了一种羟丙基双子型阳离子季铵盐1,3-二(烷基二甲基氯化铵)异丙醇(ADAC)。利用亚甲基蓝逆向滴定法测得产物纯度为98.63%,熔点为70.7~71.2℃。用FT-IR和~1H NMR对产物进行了结构表征。以单因素试验为基础,采用响应面法优化的ADAC合成工艺条件为:反应温度91℃、反应时间11 h、溶剂为异丙醇、n(12DMA):n(盐酸)=2.03:1、转速250 r/min。在此条件下,ADAC产率约为93.37%。15℃下对目标产物表面性能测定可知,cmc为4.5×10~(-5)mol/L,γ_(cmc)为27.07 mN/m,有效性(π_(cmc))为45.99 mN/m,效率(pc_(20))为5.301。     

四元体系（Li+， Mg2+//Cl-， borate-H2O）308.15 K相平衡与相图研究

采用等温溶解平衡法,开展四元体系Li⁺, Mg²⁺//Cl^-, borate–H₂O固液相平衡与相图研究,测定平衡溶液的液相组成、密度、折射率和pH。该四元体系相图中存在的盐类矿物为：LiCl·H₂O、Li₂B₄O₇·3H₂O、 MgCl₂·6H₂O、Mg₂B₆O₁₁·15H₂O和锂光卤石LiCl·MgCl₂·7H₂O,其中锂光卤石LiCl·MgCl₂·7H₂O是异成分复盐,溶液中MgCl₂存在下章氏硼镁石（MgB₄O₇·9H₂O）不稳定,转化为多水硼镁石（Mg₂B₆O₁₁·15H₂O）。多水硼镁石结晶区最大,表明镁硼酸盐易于结晶析出,而锂光卤石结晶区最小。采用Pitzer热力学模型对该四元体系的溶解度进行理论预测,计算相图与实验相图吻合较好。该四元体系的稳定相平衡与相图研究,可为含锂硼盐湖老卤中锂、镁、硼产品开发及其综合利用提供理论依据。     

Phase separation behavior and morphologies of PMMA/poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile)/clay nanocomposites prepared by solution mixing

Nanocomposites of blends of PMMA and poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) (SAN) with natural (PM) or organically modified montmorillonite clays (Cloisite 30B, 25A, and 15A) were prepared by solution mixing and the effect of clay on the phase separation behavior along with morphologies of nanocomposites was investigated. Nanocomposites containing clay C30B prepared from methyl ethyl ketone showed the noticeable decrease in the cloud points. None of the other nanocomposites showed the increase in the cloud point. Location of clay particles in the phase separated matrix is observed to be different depending on the type of clays and solvents. The lowest cloud point of nanocomposites containing C30B may arise from the good dispersion of C30B where Clay C30B may act as the nucleating agent inducing phase separation. Dynamic mechanical and thermal analyses support above observations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Synthesis of copolymers of 3-acryloyloxymethyl-3′-methyloxetane and 3-(2-(2-(2-methoxyethylenoxy)ethylenoxy)ethylenoxy)-3′-methyloxetane and their ionic conductivity properties

An oxetane-derived monomer, 3-acryloyloxy-methyl-3′-methyloxetane (AMO) was prepared from the reaction of 3-hydromethyl-3-methyloxetane with acryloyl chloride. The cationic ring-opening copolymerization of AMO with another oxetane-derived monomer, 3-(2-(2-(2-methoxyethylenoxy)ethylenoxy)ethylenoxy)-3′-methyloxetane (MEMO) was conducted in CH₂Cl₂ solution using BF₃ · OEt₂/1,4-butanediol as a co-initiator. The resulting copolymers were characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) analyses, and it was found that the enchained ratio of AMO in the copolymers is far lower than its feed ratio. They were crosslinked in situ via the radical polymerization of the vinyl group initiated by BPO after doping with lithium trifluoromethanesulfonimide (LiTFSI) to give rise to tough polymeric electrolyte films. The ionic conductivity was measured at varying content of AMO and different concentration of lithium salt LiTFSI by AC impedance, and a maximum ion conductivity of 1.44 × 10⁻⁵ S/cm at 30°C or 1.25 × 10⁻⁴ S/cm at 80°C was attained in the sample PAM 33 at the mole ratio of O: Li = 20. The DSC results indicated that T _g decreases with the increase of the proportion of AMO in the copolymer, well consistent with the ion conductivity trend. The TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) measurement revealed that this kind of copolymer electrolytes is more thermostable than their liquid counterparts. __________ Translated from Transactions of Beijing Institute of Technology, 2006, 26(12): 1098–1103 [译自: 北京理工大学学报]     

Investigation of miscibility and phase structure of a novel blend of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/acrylic rubber (ACM) and its nanocomposite with nanosilica

In this work, a novel polymer blend containing poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as a biocompatible and biodegradable thermoplastic and acrylic rubber (ACM) is prepared and the miscibility and phase structure of the blend and its nanocomposite (PLA/ACM/nanosilica) are investigated through theoretical and experimental methods. To predict the phase diagram of the blend, a compressible regular solution model was employed, in which an upper critical solution temperature was observed. The model predicted that PLA/ACM blends are immiscible over the whole composition range at temperatures below 260 °C. Performing scanning force microscopy on the blend showed phase separated structures for the blends containing different amounts of the PLA and ACM. This was in accordance with the results of dynamic mechanical analysis, which revealed two distinct glass transition temperatures for the studied blends. The effect of nanometer sized silica particle on morphology and rheological properties of these blends was also investigated. Scanning force microscopy results showed much reduction of droplet size in the blends containing 2 wt % nanosilica. This was attributed to the suppression effect of nanosilica on the droplets coalescences. Rheological measurements confirmed the interaction of both components with the silica nanofiller. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 45499.     

Overlap concentration of an aqueous poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) solution in the dynamic and static states

The overlap concentration of poly(N-vinylcaprolactam)s (PVCLs) of low molecular weights was studied with dynamic and static methods (with viscosity and refractive-index measurements) at three temperatures (25, 30, and 35°C). This concentration, determined by viscometry, was lower than the overlap concentration determined by refractometry. Also, the influence of the temperature and molecular weight on the viscosity and refractive index was investigated, and the opposite effect of the temperature on the viscosity and refractive index of PVCL solutions was observed. The experimental overlap concentration values were compared with those calculated with the Rao, Huggins, and Fuoss equations. The results showed that the Huggins equation is the best equation to describe the dilute solution properties of this polymer. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008