1-(2-羟丙基磺基)-3-十二烷基咪唑内盐的合成与性能

以3-氯-2-羟基丙磺酸钠与n-十二烷基咪唑为原料,合成了两性型离子液体(IL)表面活性剂1-(2-羟丙基磺基)-3-十二烷基咪唑内盐(HPSDim),通过ESI-MS,FTIR及1HNMR表征其分子结构;分别用表面张力法和稳态荧光法测定了35℃时HPSDim在0.5 mol·L-1的NaCl水溶液中的临界胶束浓度(cmc)和平均胶束聚集数(Nm)等表面活性参数。结果表明,HPSDim的Krafft点高达(65.8±0.5)℃,但在室温下易溶于0.5 mol·L-1的NaCl水溶液中;表面张力法测得其cmc为0.98 mmol.L-1(荧光探针法为1.0 mmol·L-1);在6.0～8.0 mmol·L-1范围内,Nm随HPSDim浓度增加而线性增大,推算其临界胶束聚集数(Nm,c)为30.9;其堆积参数(Pc)为0.40,推测HPSDim胶束形状可能为柱状。     

双十二烷基甲基羧基甜菜碱在水溶液中的胶束化研究

采用表面张力法和荧光探针法研究了25℃下双十二烷基甲基羧基甜菜碱(diC12B)在水溶液中的临界胶束浓度(cmc)和胶束聚集数(Nm)。结果表明,用2种方法测得的cmc值基本一致,分别为3.7×10-6和3.5×10-6mol.L-1;与十八烷基二甲基羧基甜菜碱(cmc为4.2×10-6mol.L-1)相比,diC12B具有更强的亲油性,但cmc值相当,表明双长链烷基在一定程度上具有抑制胶束形成的作用。由于具有双长链烷基,diC12B的水溶性较差,其单一体系的Nm不便测定,通过将其与同类物质十二烷基二甲基羧基甜菜碱混合,可以测得混合胶束的Nm随体相中diC12B摩尔分数的变化,外推得到单一diC12B的Nm=65,这一Nm值明显大于具有类似结构的阳离子表面活性剂双十二烷基二甲基溴化铵的Nm=29,表明diC12B分子在胶束中的排列比阳离子表面活性剂更为紧密,这一特征与其在水/空气界面的单分子层中紧密排列、具有较小的分子截面积相符合。     

十二烷基酰胺丙基磷酸酯甜菜碱的复配性能研究

在298 K,0.1 mol/L NaCl水溶液中,分别研究了十二烷基酰胺丙基磷酸甜菜碱(C_(12)-APA)/十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和十二烷基酰胺丙基磷酸甜菜碱(C_(12)-APA)/脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚9(AEO_9)混合表面活性剂体系在不同摩尔比下的表面化学性质,通过常规溶液理论计算了混合体系的协同作用参数。结果表明,SDS/C_(12)-APA混合体系具有比单一表面活性剂更好的表面活性,当摩尔比n(SDS)/n(C_(12)-APA+SDS)为0.5时,混合物的协同作用最强;由SDS/C_(12)-APA和AEO_9/C_(12)-APA复配体系的微极性和胶束聚集数,可简单判定SDS/C_(12)-APA复配体系具有协同效应,而AEO_9和C_(12)-APA形成的混合体系没有协同效应,并且混合体系形成了比原来更小更稳定的胶束结构。     

十二烷基三甲基己酸铵/SDBS复配体系的表面活性和应用性能研究

研究了十二烷基三甲基己酸铵(C_(12)NC_6)与十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)复配体系的表面活性及应用性能。结果表明,复配体系的临界胶束浓度(cmc)和临界胶束浓度下的表面张力(γcmc)均比单一表面活性剂的低,其扩散吸附速率较单一表面活性剂的慢;复配体系中SDBS的加入可提高C_(12)NC_6的稳泡性、润湿性;当n(C_(12)NC_6):n(SDBS)=1:1时,复配体系的cmc和γcmc达到最低,具有较好的稳泡性和润湿性,但发泡性和乳化性变差。     

联接基链长对非共价键构筑的双子表面活性剂溶液性能的影响

利用非表面活性的十二烷基二甲基叔胺(DA12)和二元羧酸HOOC(CH_2)_(n-2)COOH(n=2,3,4,6,8,10),以非共价键作用的形式构筑了一系列的双子(Pseudogemini)表面活性剂(12-n-12),通过表面张力法及电导率法研究了联接基链长与溶液性能的关系,并考察了联接基链长对乳化性能和润湿性能的影响。实验结果表明,这类表面活性剂水溶液的胶束化过程是热力学自发的熵驱动的放热过程,其临界胶束浓度(cmc)值远远低于传统的单链表面活性剂十二烷基三甲基溴化铵,且有强烈的联接基效应,cmc值在n=4时达到最大值。在这类双子表面活性剂(12-n-12)中,12-10-12的乳化和润湿性能最好。     

糖基双子阳离子表面活性剂与十二烷基硫酸钠复配性能研究

测定了糖基双子阳离子表面活性剂(SGCS)与十二烷基硫酸钠(K_(12))复配体系的稳定性和表面性能。由实验结果可知,在宽的复配范围内不同碳链长度的SGCS与K_(12)均有良好的复配稳定性;C_(14)-SGCS/K_(12)复配体系表现出明显的协同增效作用,当n(C_(14)-SGCS)∶n(K_(12))为3∶5时复配溶液临界胶束浓度(cmc)、cmc时的表面张力(γ_(cmc))和降低表面张力的效率(pc_(20))分别为1.1×10~(-5) mol/L、23.69 mN/m和5.48,均明显优于C_(14)-SGCS和K_(12)自身的表面性能。     

N-酰基苯丙氨酸钠表面活性剂的合成和性能研究

以十二酰氯、十四酰氯、十六酰氯和苯丙氨酸为原料,肖顿鲍曼法合成了3种不同碳链长度的N-酰基苯丙氨酸钠表面活性剂:N-十二酰基苯丙氨酸钠(C_(12)PheNa)、N-十四酰基苯丙氨酸钠(C_(14)PheNa)和N-十六酰基苯丙氨酸钠(C_(16)PheNa)。通过红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振氢谱(¹H NMR)对产物的结构进行了表征。考察了三种表面活性剂的表面活性、泡沫、乳化、润湿性能。结果表明,随着碳链长度的增加(C_(12)～C_(16)),N-酰基苯丙氨酸钠表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(cmc)由0.15 mmol/L减少至0.02 mmol/L,对应的表面张力(γ_(cmc))由34.56 mN/m降低至31.52 mN/m;随着烷基碳链的增长,乳化性能越好,润湿性能越差;起泡性能随着烷基链的增加呈现先增加后减少,泡沫稳定性随着烷基链的增加而增加。     

N-酰基苯丙氨酸钠表面活性剂的合成和性能研究

以十二酰氯、十四酰氯、十六酰氯和苯丙氨酸为原料,肖顿鲍曼法合成了3种不同碳链长度的N-酰基苯丙氨酸钠表面活性剂:N-十二酰基苯丙氨酸钠(C_(12)PheNa)、N-十四酰基苯丙氨酸钠(C_(14)PheNa)和N-十六酰基苯丙氨酸钠(C_(16)PheNa)。通过红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振氢谱(~1H NMR)对产物的结构进行了表征。考察了三种表面活性剂的表面活性、泡沫、乳化、润湿性能。结果表明,随着碳链长度的增加(C_(12)～C_(16)),N-酰基苯丙氨酸钠表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(cmc)由0.15 mmol/L减少至0.02 mmol/L,对应的表面张力(γ_(cmc))由34.56 mN/m降低至31.52 mN/m;随着烷基碳链的增长,乳化性能越好,润湿性能越差;起泡性能随着烷基链的增加呈现先增加后减少,泡沫稳定性随着烷基链的增加而增加。     

羧基和磺基甜菜碱表面活性剂的合成与溶液性质研究

以棕榈酸和N,N-二甲基丙二胺为主要原料通过酰胺化缩合反应合成棕榈酰胺中间体,再分别与氯乙酸钠和3-氯-2-羟基丙磺酸钠经季铵化反应,合成棕榈酰胺二甲胺羧基甜菜碱(C16ZC)和棕榈酰胺二甲胺羟丙基磺基甜菜碱(C16ZS),测定了无机盐、温度对表面活性剂的表面张力(γ)和临界胶束浓度(cmc)的影响,用Gibbs胶束公式计算了表面性能参数,并探讨了无机盐对表面活性剂溶液黏度的影响。实验结果表明,C16ZC的cmc低于C16ZS,无机盐的加入对C16ZC的cmc以及临界胶束浓度下的表面张力(γcmc)的影响大于C16ZS,二价盐Ca Cl2对cmc的影响比一价盐Na Cl更大。温度上升,2种甜菜碱的cmc和γcmc略有降低。热力学参数表明,C16ZC的Gibbs自由能比C16ZS更小,易于形成胶束,且2种甜菜碱形成胶束的过程均属于熵驱动。适量无机盐的加入有利于甜菜碱表面活性剂的增稠,C16ZC的溶液黏度比C16ZS对无机盐更敏感。     

一种二聚甜菜碱型表面活性剂的合成及表面性能

以十四酸、四甲基乙二胺为主要原料,制备了二聚甜菜碱型表面活性剂双[亚甲基二甲基(十二烷基羧酸钠基次甲基)]溴化铵(BQS - 14),用红外光谱和元素分析对产物结构进行了分析表征,并测试了其表面性能.结果表明,BQS - 14的临界胶束浓度(cmc)为0.30 mmol·L-1,临界胶束浓度下的表面张力( γcmc)为36.9 mN· m-1;BQS - 14与十二烷基磺酸钠复配产生了协同作用,当物质的量比为1:2时,cmc降为0.12 mmol·L-1,γcmc为31.0 mN·m-1;BQS - 14还具有较好的稳泡性能.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。