纳米银在饱和多孔介质含水层中迁移主控机理和影响特征

纳米银(AgNP)作为应用最广、生态毒性最强的工程纳米材料之一,一旦进入地下水环境,将引发环境问题。目前,环境因素对纳米银在地下水环境中运移的影响机理尚不清楚。通过室内柱实验,研究了流速(1、2ml·min~(-1))和介质粒径特征(0.605、0.115 mm以及混合粒径的玻璃珠)对纳米银在饱和多孔介质中迁移的影响。研究结果表明纳米银在粒径较大(0.605 mm)的介质中的迁移主要受吸附沉降控制;在小粒径介质中(0.115 mm以及混合粒径玻璃珠),迁移过程同时受吸附沉降和阻塞沉降两种机理的控制,且阻塞效应主要受小粒径部分介质控制。水流速度提高能降低大粒径介质中纳米银颗粒的沉降效率,从而提高其迁移能力。而对于小粒径介质和混合粒径介质,流速提高除了降低纳米银的沉降效率,还能降低阻塞效应和促进尺寸排除效应,不但能更显著地降低纳米银在介质中的衰减,还能提高纳米银在介质中的穿透速度。研究成果对于理解复杂的场地条件下纳米材料的迁移分布动态具有理论价值。     

纳米银在饱和多孔介质含水层中迁移主控机理和影响特征

纳米银（AgNP）作为应用最广、生态毒性最强的工程纳米材料之一，一旦进入地下水环境，将引发环境问题。目前，环境因素对纳米银在地下水环境中运移的影响机理尚不清楚。通过室内柱实验，研究了流速（1、2 ml·min^-1）和介质粒径特征（0.605、0.115 mm以及混合粒径的玻璃珠）对纳米银在饱和多孔介质中迁移的影响。研究结果表明纳米银在粒径较大（0.605 mm）的介质中的迁移主要受吸附沉降控制；在小粒径介质中（0.115 mm以及混合粒径玻璃珠），迁移过程同时受吸附沉降和阻塞沉降两种机理的控制，且阻塞效应主要受小粒径部分介质控制。水流速度提高能降低大粒径介质中纳米银颗粒的沉降效率，从而提高其迁移能力。而对于小粒径介质和混合粒径介质，流速提高除了降低纳米银的沉降效率，还能降低阻塞效应和促进尺寸排除效应，不但能更显著地降低纳米银在介质中的衰减，还能提高纳米银在介质中的穿透速度。研究成果对于理解复杂的场地条件下纳米材料的迁移分布动态具有理论价值。     

银纳米微粒接枝木纤维的制备及抗菌性能研究

以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为稳定剂和分散剂,硼氢化钠为还原剂制备了聚乙烯吡咯烷酮-银纳米微粒(PVP-Ag NPs),并将其通过硅烷偶联剂接枝到木纤维上,得到了具有抗菌活性的木纤维。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和傅里叶-红外光谱(FT-IR)对PVP-Ag NPs接枝的木纤维进行了结构形貌的表征,并且通过热重分析仪(TG)分析其热稳定性能。结果表明,PVP-Ag NPs接枝木纤维的最佳反应条件是硅烷偶联剂用量4%、偶合时间5 h及接枝时间10 h,此条件下得到PVP-Ag NPs接枝木纤维的接枝率为5.8%;PVP-Ag NPs接枝的木纤维对革兰氏阳性菌金黄色葡萄球菌、蜡状芽疱杆菌、革兰氏阴性菌大肠埃希氏菌以及耐药性细菌耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌这4种菌种的抑菌率均大于95%,此外,PVP-Ag NPs接枝到木纤维板上的抗菌效果也较好。     

环境因素对纳米银体系稳定性的影响

为了提高纳米银抗菌剂在储存和运输过程中的稳定性,延长产品有效期,以通过苯扎溴铵为保护剂、硼氢化钠为还原剂制备的纳米银溶液为对象,分别在不同温度、紫外光照和初始pH条件下储存不同时间,期间以紫外-可见光谱和动态光散射法研究纳米银溶液粒径和Zeta电位的变化情况。结果表明,随着存储温度的升高,纳米银胶团更容易发生团聚,导致溶液稳定性降低;纳米银溶液经受紫外光辐照后,会出现粒径增加但Zeta电位绝对值降低的现象;提高纳米银溶液初始pH不利于胶体体系的稳定性,而降低初始pH有助于提高胶体体系稳定性。总之,为了提高纳米银溶液在存放过程中的稳定性,可以采取降低环境温度、避光和酸化等措施。本研究所得结果可作为纳米银溶液生产、运输和储存时选择合理工艺参数和材料的依据。     

不同pH环境下CMS改性纳米铁在异质多孔介质中的迁移

纳米铁在污染土壤和地下水的修复中受到广泛关注。为进一步探究其在多孔介质的迁移行为,本研究采用羧甲基淀粉钠（CMS）对纳米零价铁（nZVI）进行包覆,进行了改性纳米零价铁的沉降试验,测量zeta电位与粒径分布探究其分散性;进行了不同pH条件下改性纳米零价铁在酸洗砂与水洗砂的柱实验,分析了化学异质性与pH对纳米铁在多孔介质迁移的影响。结果表明,CMS包覆纳米铁不仅使纳米颗粒本身稳定,而且还减少其在多孔介质表面沉积,大大提高了迁移性。pH=6～8时,nZVI的zeta电位由18.3mV减小到2.9mV,有效粒径由685nm增大到880nm,稳定性变差;而CMS-nZVI的zeta电位值由-19.7mV增大到-53.5mV,颗粒间静电排斥力增强稳定性变好。经能量色散X射线光谱（EDS）分析,水洗砂表面存在碳、铝、铁等氧化物杂质,这些杂质带有正电荷,会增强与带负电的CMS-nZVI的吸附作用,不利于其迁移;而经过酸洗后的石英砂,其表面杂质大大减少,在pH=8时,CMS-nZVI在酸洗砂最大迁移率为77.0%要好于水洗砂的63.0%。此外较高pH环境有助于增加石英砂介质的表面负电荷,减少颗粒与介质的吸附,促进纳米颗粒的迁移。     

环境因素对纳米银体系稳定性的影响

为了提高纳米银抗菌剂在储存和运输过程中的稳定性,延长产品有效期,以苯扎溴铵为保护剂、硼氢化钠为还原剂制备了纳米银溶液,分别在不同温度、紫外光照和初始pH条件下储存不同时间,以UV-Vis光谱和动态光散射法考察了纳米银溶液粒径和Zeta电位的变化情况.结果表明,随着储存温度的升高,纳米银胶团更容易发生团聚,导致溶液稳定性降低;纳米银溶液经紫外光辐照后,会出现粒径增加,Zeta电位绝对值降低的现象;提高纳米银溶液初始pH不利于胶体体系的稳定性,而降低初始pH有助于提高胶体体系稳定性.因此,可采取降低环境温度、避光和酸化等措施来提高纳米银溶液在储存过程中的稳定性.     

天然产物绿色合成单分散、小尺寸的稳定纳米银

利用液相化学还原法,以硝酸银作前驱体,采用天然产物壳聚糖和葡萄糖分别作稳定剂和还原剂制备了小尺寸的球形纳米银（Ag NPs）。运用紫外-可见分光光度计（UV-Vis）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）和X射线衍射（XRD）技术对一系列Ag NPs样品进行了表征,并考察了稳定剂、前驱体和还原剂的浓度、pH值、反应温度和时间等制备条件对Ag NPs成核或生长过程的影响。研究结果表明,通过微调制备条件可调控Ag NPs的尺寸分布,得到粒径分别为3? nm、6? nm和9? nm分散均匀且稳定的Ag NPs。     

纳米氧化锆在水中分散性研究

鉴于粉体分散对无机膜制备具有重要意义,研究了添加不同分散剂及其加入量对纳米氧化锆粉在水中的分散性,以及分散性与溶液pH值的关系。结果表明:悬浮液的分散性能受到分散剂及其加入量和pH值的影响,不同的分散剂在各自的加入范围内有其最佳加入量。通过对粒径和zeta电位分析,考察含分散剂时pH值对纳米氧化锆粉的分散性能,从中优选最佳pH值的范围。     

高压电场强化法制备荷电聚醚酰亚胺纳滤膜及其性能研究

采用一种新颖的方法,以聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)为原料,N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)为溶剂,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP K30)为添加剂,在高压静电场下采用浸没沉淀相转化法制备出荷电纳滤膜。首先研究了铸膜液组成及成膜条件对膜分离性能的影响。得到最佳制膜条件为:PEI质量分数为22%,静电场强度2 k V,所制备的荷电纳滤膜对聚乙二醇(PEG) 1000的截留率为77. 97%。接下来研究了成膜条件以及铸膜液组成对膜表面切向流动电位(zeta电位)的影响。结果表明,随着静电场强度的升高,zeta电位增大;添加PVP K30浓度过低或过高均导致zeta电位降低,当PVP K30质量分数为6%时,zeta电位最大,为96. 19 m V;添加不同相对分子量的PEG,zeta电位值变化并无明确规律,但添加PEG300、PEG600时,zeta电位值较大,分别为49. 98 m V、41. 51 m V。该研究结果对于进一步开发高性能荷电聚醚酰亚胺纳滤膜具有一定的参考价值。     

以ITO/TiO_2为基质采用不同条件电沉积CdSe异质结电极的光电性能研究

采用恒电位沉积法,以ITO/TiO_2为基质制备CdSe纳米粒子。EDX和SEM测试分析表明,Cd和Se粒子原子比已接近1∶1沉积在TiO_2表面及内部形成异质结,粒径分布比较均匀。通过调节电沉积的电位和沉积反应时间,可以控制CdSe的粒径。紫外-可见吸收光谱数据表明,不同沉积条件下制备的CdSe粒子展现出不同的光电性能。     

Dependence of Copper Phthalocyanine Photovoltaic Thin Film on the Sizes of Silver Nanoparticles

In this work, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared with different particle sizes (6 nm, 11 nm, and 14 nm) using chemical methods. The morphology, distribution, and account sizes have been studying from transmission electron microscope (TEM) images. The change of the surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) bands with the particle sizes clarified from ultraviolet-visible spectra. A thin film from copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and their doped by AgNPs was done using thermal evaporation technique and spin coater under vacuum. The surface morphology of the films was studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Films tested as photovoltaics (PV) cells. It turns out that, the calculated efficiencies were (0.237%, 0.266%, and 0.280%) when the size of AgNPs was (6 nm, 11 nm, and 14 nm) respectively. We concluded that the large size of AgNPs increases the efficiency of CuPc thin films due to the increase of the scattering and low reflection of the incident light at the surface of the thin films.

     

Ag NPs改性鱼鳞明胶-琼脂复合膜的制备及性能表征

利用鱼鳞明胶作为还原剂和稳定剂制备银纳米颗粒（silver nanoparticles, Ag NPs），研究Ag NPs添加量（0.04wt%-0.2wt%）对鱼鳞明胶-琼脂复合膜的理化性能和抗菌性能的影响。通过透射电子显微镜和X射线粉末衍射对合成的Ag NPs进行表征，结果表明制得Ag NPs为球形形貌，平均粒径为9.3 ?1.8 nm。随着Ag NPs添加量的增加，鱼鳞明胶-琼脂复合膜的色泽变黄渐深，透明度下降，对紫外和可见光的吸收增强，同时，复合膜的断裂延展性、水蒸气阻隔性能和耐水性能显著增强，而厚度和抗拉强度却无明显变化。FTIR和热重分析结果表明，Ag NPs与膜基质间存在化学相互作用，并在一定程度上改善了复合膜的热稳定性。抑菌环实验结果显示，复合膜可以在0.04wt%-0.2wt%较低的银浓度下实现良好的抗菌效果。研究结果将为鱼鳞明胶可降解抗菌包装材料的开发提供新思路。     

煤泥水的水质特性及处理技术

分别对长焰煤和无烟煤的煤泥水的性质、煤泥颗粒的粒度分布及干煤泥的矿物组成进行分析,对煤泥水采用混凝沉淀法处理进行了对比试验,最终确定了煤泥水处理用药剂及最佳试验条件.研究表明:洗选不同原煤所产生的煤泥水都是带负电的胶体分散体系,通过投加混凝剂,降低了煤泥胶体颗粒表面的ζ电位,形成了较小的絮体;高分子絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺加入后,通过架桥作用,絮体体积进一步增大,出水效果明显,有效地降低了煤泥水悬浮物浓度.     

Functionalized polymeric silver nanoparticle hybrid network as a dual antimicrobe: Synthesis,characterization, and antibacterial application

The present work describes a novel method for the synthesis of silver polymer nanocomposite for the delivery of amoxicillin (AMO). Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized with chitosan and silver nitrate. The reaction parameters were optimized. Three‐dimensional polymeric networks were synthesized by simple free‐radical graft copolymerization. UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, SEM, atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential analysis were used for the complete characterization of the samples. Swelling studies and swelling factors were evaluated. In vitro release of AMO and AgNPs at physiological pHs was analyzed using the Peppas kinetic model to explain the drug delivery mechanism. Cytotoxicity, free‐radical scavenging, and antibacterial activities were analyzed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43479.     

Production of silver‐doped analcime by isomorphous substitution technique

BACKGROUND: Metal‐exchanged zeolites have been reported to have significant limitations on cayalytic activity, such as counterbalancing the negative framework charges and limitation of active space. Alternative methods of incorporating silver ions into the framework of zeolites are therefore necessary. This paper reports on a technique for producing silver doped analcime by isomorphous substitution of silver ion into the framework of analcime. The amount of aluminium in the gel composition was reduced by a factor of 5%, 10% and 20% and an equivalent amount of silver was added to the gel and treated in a conventional manner for zeolite crystallisation. Some of the aluminium in the reaction gel was replaced with the silver. The silver‐doped analcime samples where characterised by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐rays (EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES) analysis. RESULTS: The amount of silver ions loaded for each reduction of aluminium as determined by EDX were found to be (w/w) 0.29%, 1.41% and 2.10%, respectively. XRD pattern SEM images of the silver‐doped analcime showed the presence of zeolite P in addition to analcime. CONCLUSION: Silver‐doped analcime was successfully produced with different silver loadings and may exhibit higher anti‐microbial activities than silver‐exchanged counterparts. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Multicolor Layer-by-Layer films using weak polyelectrolyte assisted synthesis of silver nanoparticles

In the present study, we show that silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with different shape, aggregation state and color (violet, green, orange) have been successfully incorporated into polyelectrolyte multilayer thin films using the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. In order to obtain colored thin films based on AgNPs is necessary to maintain the aggregation state of the nanoparticles, a non-trivial aspect in which this work is focused on. The use of Poly(acrylic acid, sodium salt) (PAA) as a protective agent of the AgNPs is the key element to preserve the aggregation state and makes possible the presence of similar aggregates (shape and size) within the LbLcolored films. This approach based on electrostatic interactions of the polymeric chains and the immobilization of AgNPs with different shape and size into the thin films opens up a new interesting perspective to fabricate multicolornanocomposites based on AgNPs.     

Analysis of particle contamination in plasma reactor by 2-sized particle growth model

Rapid particle growth in the silane plasma reactor by coagulation between 2-sized particles was analyzed for various process conditions. The particle coagulation rate was calculated considering the effects of particle charge distribution based on the Gaussian distribution function. The large size particles are charged more negatively than the small size particles. Some fractions of small size particles are in neutral state or charged positively, depending on the plasma conditions. The small size particle concentration increases at first and decreases later and reaches the steady state by the balance of generation rate and coagulation rate. The large size particles grow with discharge time by coagulation with small size particles and their size reaches the steady state, while the large size particle concentration increases with discharge time by faster generation rate and reaches the steady state by the balance of generation and disappearance rates. As the diameter of small size particles decreases, the diameter of large size particles increases more quickly by the faster coagulation with small size particles of higher concentration. As the residence time increases, the concentration and size of large size particles increase more quickly and the average charges per small size and large size particle decrease.     

A comparative study of two different approaches for the incorporation of silver nanoparticles into layer-by-layer films

In this work, a comparative study about the incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into thin films is presented using two alternative methods, the in situ synthesis process and the layer-by-layer embedding deposition technique. The influence of several parameters such as color of the films, thickness evolution, thermal post-treatment, or distribution of the AgNPs along the coatings has been studied. Thermal post-treatment was used to induce the formation of hydrogel-like AgNPs-loaded thin films. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy micrographs, atomic force microscopy images, and UV-vis spectra reveal significant differences in the size and distribution of the AgNPs into the films as well as the maximal absorbance and wavelength position of the localized surface plasmon resonance absorption bands before and after thermal post-treatment. This work contributes for a better understanding of these two approaches for the incorporation of AgNPs into thin films using wet chemistry.     

无患子提取液制备纳米银及其协同抗菌性研究

以无患子提取液为还原剂,制备了含有纳米银的无患子复合抗菌液,考察了无患子提取液用量、温度、硝酸银摩尔浓度等因素对纳米银形貌和粒径的影响,并借助UV-Vis可见分光光谱、X射线衍射(XRD)以及透射电子显微镜(TEM)对产物进行表征;通过抑菌环法探讨了复合抗菌液对大肠杆菌的抗菌活性。由UV-Vis图谱可知,复合抗菌液等离子体共振吸收峰(SPR)在418 nm左右,说明该复合抗菌液中有纳米银的存在;XRD图表明合成的纳米银为面心立方结构;TEM图表明合成纳米银粒径为10~40 nm。由此获得的含有纳米银的无患子复合抗菌液对大肠杆菌表现出显著协同抗菌活性,抑菌圈直径变大。     

Effect of plasma duty cycle on silver nanoparticles loading of cotton fabrics for durable antibacterial properties

A facile method for strongly anchoring silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) onto cotton fabrics was reported. It consists in loading AgNPs onto the cotton fiber preliminary coated with maleic anhydride plasma polymer layer. This results in hydrolyzis and ring opening of anhydride groups followed by electrovalent bonding of silver ions and reduction in NaBH₄. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to analyze changes in the surface chemical composition and morphology of the plasma modified fibers. The presence of AgNPs was confirmed by UV–Visible spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images. Remarkably, varying plasma duty cycle for plasma polymer deposition allowed tailoring the amount of loaded AgNPs. The highest amount of AgNPs was obtained with the lowest duty cycle values. Qualitative tests showed that silver containing plasma modified cotton displays significant antibacterial activity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41279.